2013 Edition

Background

The site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations - including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec - Mexico was conquered and colonized by Spain in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved its independence early in the 19th century. The global financial crisis beginning in late 2008 caused a massive economic downturn the following year, although growth returned quickly in 2010. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, underemployment for a large segment of the population, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. The elections held in 2000 marked the first time since the 1910 Mexican Revolution that an opposition candidate - Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) - defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but the PRI regained the presidency in 2012. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful drug-trafficking organizations have engaged in bloody feuding, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides.

Area

1,964,375 sq km 1,943,945 sq km 20,430 sq km

total

1,964,375 sq km

water

20,430 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate

varies from tropical to desert

Coastline

9,330 km

Elevation extremes

Laguna Salada -10 m Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,700 m

highest point

Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,700 m

lowest point

Laguna Salada -10 m

Environment - current issues

scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to urban migration; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation national security issues

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling none of the selected agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

80.4 cu km/yr (14%/9%/77%) 700.4 cu m/yr (2009)

per capita

700.4 cu m/yr (2009)

total

80.4 cu km/yr (14%/9%/77%)

Geographic coordinates

23 00 N, 102 00 W

Geography - note

strategic location on southern border of US; corn (maize), one of the world's major grain crops, is thought to have originated in Mexico

Irrigated land

64,600 sq km (2009)

Land boundaries

4,353 km Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,141 km

border countries

Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,141 km

total

4,353 km

Land use

12.98% 1.36% 85.66% (2011)

arable land

12.98%

other

85.66% (2011)

permanent crops

1.36%

Location

North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States

Map references

North America

Maritime claims

12 nm 24 nm 200 nm 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (elev. 3,850 m), which erupted in 2010, is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for causing periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a "Decade Volcano" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (elev. 5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana

volcanism

volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (elev. 3,850 m), which erupted in 2010, is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for causing periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a "Decade Volcano" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (elev. 5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana

Natural resources

petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

Terrain

high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert

Total renewable water resources

457.2 cu km (2011)

Age structure

27.4% (male 16,268,424/female 15,587,324) 18.1% (male 10,566,890/female 10,421,798) 40.7% (male 22,647,828/female 24,677,965) 6.9% (male 3,703,316/female 4,337,956) 6.9% (male 3,574,207/female 4,435,239) (2013 est.)

0-14 years

27.4% (male 16,268,424/female 15,587,324)

15-24 years

18.1% (male 10,566,890/female 10,421,798)

25-54 years

40.7% (male 22,647,828/female 24,677,965)

55-64 years

6.9% (male 3,703,316/female 4,337,956)

65 years and over

6.9% (male 3,574,207/female 4,435,239) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

18.61 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

1,105,617 5 % (2009 est.)

percentage

5 % (2009 est.)

total number

1,105,617

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

3.4% (2006)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

70.9% (2006)

Death rate

4.94 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Dependency ratios

53.6 % 43.7 % 9.8 % 10.2 (2013)

elderly dependency ratio

9.8 %

potential support ratio

10.2 (2013)

total dependency ratio

53.6 %

youth dependency ratio

43.7 %

Drinking water source

urban: 97% of population rural: 91% of population total: 96% of population urban: 3% of population rural: 9% of population total: 4% of population (2010 est.)

rural

9% of population

total

4% of population (2010 est.)

urban

3% of population

Education expenditures

5.3% of GDP (2009)

Ethnic groups

mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%

Health expenditures

6.4% of GDP (2009)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.3% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

220,000 (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

1.7 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate

16.26 deaths/1,000 live births 18.04 deaths/1,000 live births 14.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

female

14.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total

16.26 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Spanish only 92.7%, Spanish and indigenous languages 5.7%, indigenous only 0.8%, unspecified 0.8% indigenous languages include various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional languages (2005)

Life expectancy at birth

76.86 years 74.03 years 79.83 years (2013 est.)

female

79.83 years (2013 est.)

total population

76.86 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 93.5% 94.8% 92.3% (2011 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

92.3% (2011 est.)

male

94.8%

total population

93.5%

Major infectious diseases

intermediate bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A dengue fever (2013)

degree of risk

intermediate

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A

vectorborne disease

dengue fever (2013)

Major urban areas - population

MEXICO CITY (capital) 19.319 million; Guadalajara 4.338 million; Monterrey 3.838 million; Puebla 2.278 million; Tijuana 1.629 million (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

50 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

27.7 years 26.6 years 28.8 years (2013 est.)

female

28.8 years (2013 est.)

male

26.6 years

total

27.7 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

21.3 Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2006 est.)

Nationality

Mexican(s) Mexican

adjective

Mexican

noun

Mexican(s)

Net migration rate

-2.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

32.1% (2008)

Physicians density

1.96 physicians/1,000 population (2009)

Population

116,220,947 (July 2013 est.)

Population growth rate

1.07% (2013 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 82.7%, Protestant 1.6%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.4%, other Evangelical Churches 5%, other 1.9%, none 4.7%, unspecified 2.7% (2000 census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 87% of population rural: 79% of population total: 85% of population urban: 13% of population rural: 21% of population total: 15% of population (2010 est.)

rural

21% of population

total

15% of population (2010 est.)

urban

13% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

14 years 14 years 14 years (2011)

female

14 years (2011)

male

14 years

total

14 years

Sex ratio

1.05 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 1.01 male(s)/female 0.92 male(s)/female 0.86 male(s)/female 0.81 male(s)/female 0.96 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.01 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.92 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.86 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.81 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.96 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.25 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

9.8% 9.5% 10.4% (2011)

female

10.4% (2011)

total

9.8%

Urbanization

78% of total population (2010) 1.2% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) Mexico City is the second-largest urban agglomeration in the Western Hemisphere, after Sao Paulo (Brazil), but before New York-Newark (US)

rate of urbanization

1.2% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

78% of total population (2010)

Administrative divisions

31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro de Arteaga, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (Veracruz), Yucatan, Zacatecas

Capital

Mexico City (Distrito Federal) 19 26 N, 99 08 W UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard Time) +1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in October Mexico is divided into three time zones

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in October

geographic coordinates

19 26 N, 99 08 W

name

Mexico City (Distrito Federal)

time difference

UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917; amended many times, last in 2012 (2012)

Country name

United Mexican States Mexico Estados Unidos Mexicanos Mexico

conventional long form

United Mexican States

conventional short form

Mexico

local long form

Estados Unidos Mexicanos

local short form

Mexico

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador Earl Anthony WAYNE (since 2 August 2011) Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 06500 Mexico, Distrito Federal P. O. Box 9000, Brownsville, TX 78520-9000 [52] (55) 5080-2000 [52] (55) 5080-2834 Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, Merida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Tijuana

chief of mission

Ambassador Earl Anthony WAYNE (since 2 August 2011)

consulate(s) general

Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, Merida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Tijuana

embassy

Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 06500 Mexico, Distrito Federal

FAX

[52] (55) 5080-2834

mailing address

P. O. Box 9000, Brownsville, TX 78520-9000

telephone

[52] (55) 5080-2000

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Eduardo MEDINA MORA Icaza (since 11 January 2013) 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006 [1] (202) 728-1600 [1] (202) 728-1698 Anchorage, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso (TX), Houston, Laredo (TX), Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Nogales (AZ), Phoenix, Sacramento (CA), San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Saint Paul (MN) Albuquerque, Anchorage (AK), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit, Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), McAllen (TX), Midland (TX), New Orleans, Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia, Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Raleigh (NC), Salt Lake City, San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle, Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ); note - Washington DC Consular Section located in a separate building from the Mexican Embassy and has jurisdiction over DC, parts of Virginia, Maryland, and West Virginia

chancery

1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006

chief of mission

Ambassador Eduardo MEDINA MORA Icaza (since 11 January 2013)

consulate(s)

Albuquerque, Anchorage (AK), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit, Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), McAllen (TX), Midland (TX), New Orleans, Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia, Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Raleigh (NC), Salt Lake City, San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle, Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ); note - Washington DC Consular Section located in a separate building from the Mexican Embassy and has jurisdiction over DC, parts of Virginia, Maryland, and West Virginia

consulate(s) general

Anchorage, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso (TX), Houston, Laredo (TX), Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Nogales (AZ), Phoenix, Sacramento (CA), San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Saint Paul (MN)

FAX

[1] (202) 728-1698

telephone

[1] (202) 728-1600

Executive branch

President Enrique PENA NIETO (since 1 December 2012); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government President Enrique PENA NIETO (since 1 December 2012) Cabinet appointed by the president; note - appointment of attorney general, the head of the Bank of Mexico, and senior treasury officials require consent of the Senate president elected by popular vote for a single six-year term; election last held on 1 July 2012 (next to be held July 2018) Enrique PENA NIETO elected president; percent of vote - Enrique PENA NIETO (PRI) 38.21%, Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR (PRD) 31.59%, Josefina Eugenia VAZQUEZ Mota (PAN) 25.41%, other 4.79%

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president; note - appointment of attorney general, the head of the Bank of Mexico, and senior treasury officials require consent of the Senate

chief of state

President Enrique PENA NIETO (since 1 December 2012); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

election results

Enrique PENA NIETO elected president; percent of vote - Enrique PENA NIETO (PRI) 38.21%, Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR (PRD) 31.59%, Josefina Eugenia VAZQUEZ Mota (PAN) 25.41%, other 4.79%

elections

president elected by popular vote for a single six-year term; election last held on 1 July 2012 (next to be held July 2018)

head of government

President Enrique PENA NIETO (since 1 December 2012)

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a cactus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of red and green, and does not have anything in its white band

Government type

federal republic

Independence

16 September 1810 (declared); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

APEC, BCIE, BIS, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-3, G-15, G-24, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nacion (consists of 21 ministers or judges and 5 supernumerary judges) judges nominated by the president and approved by the Senate; judges serve for life federal level includes Electoral Tribunal, circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state level and district level courts

highest court(s)

Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nacion (consists of 21 ministers or judges and 5 supernumerary judges)

judge selection and term of office

judges nominated by the president and approved by the Senate; judges serve for life

subordinate courts

federal level includes Electoral Tribunal, circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state level and district level courts

Legal system

civil law system with US constitutional law theory influence; judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Union consists of the Senate or Camara de Senadores (128 seats; 96 members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms, and 32 seats allocated on the basis of each party's popular vote) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (500 seats; 300 members are elected by popular vote; remaining 200 members are allocated on the basis of each party's popular vote; members to serve three-year terms) Senate - last held on 1 July 2012 for all of the seats (next to be held on 1 July 2018); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 1 July 2012 (next to be held on 5 July 2015) Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRI 52, PAN 38, PRD 22, PVEM 9, PT 4, Movimiento Ciudadano 2, PANAL 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRI 208, PAN 114, PRD 100, PVEM 33, PT 19, Movimiento Ciudadano 16, PANAL 10

election results

Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRI 52, PAN 38, PRD 22, PVEM 9, PT 4, Movimiento Ciudadano 2, PANAL 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRI 208, PAN 114, PRD 100, PVEM 33, PT 19, Movimiento Ciudadano 16, PANAL 10

elections

Senate - last held on 1 July 2012 for all of the seats (next to be held on 1 July 2018); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 1 July 2012 (next to be held on 5 July 2015)

National anthem

"Himno Nacional Mexicano" (National Anthem of Mexico) Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA/Jaime Nuno ROCA adopted 1943, in use since 1854; the anthem is also known as "Mexicanos, al grito de Guerra" (Mexicans, to the War Cry); according to tradition, Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA, an accomplished poet, was uninterested in submitting lyrics to a national anthem contest; his fiancee locked him in a room and refused to release him until the lyrics were completed

lyrics/music

Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA/Jaime Nuno ROCA

name

"Himno Nacional Mexicano" (National Anthem of Mexico)

National holiday

Independence Day, 16 September (1810)

National symbol(s)

golden eagle

Political parties and leaders

Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) [Luis WALTON Aburto] Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI [Cesar CAMACHO Quiroz] Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez] Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de Mexico) or PVEM [vacant] National Action Party (Partido Accion Nacional) or PAN [Gustavo MADERO Munoz] New Alliance Party (Partido Nueva Alianza) or PNA/PANAL [Luis CASTRO Obregon] Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolucion Democratica) or PRD [Jesus ZAMBRANO Grijalva]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Businessmen's Coordinating Council or CCE Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic or COPARMEX Confederation of Industrial Chambers or CONCAMIN Confederation of Mexican Workers or CTM Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce or CONCANACO Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business Organizations or COECE Federation of Unions Providing Goods and Services or FESEBES National Chamber of Transformation Industries or CANACINTRA National Peasant Confederation or CNC National Small Business Chamber or CANACOPE National Syndicate of Education Workers or SNTE National Union of Workers or UNT Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca or APPO Roman Catholic Church

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced)

Agriculture - products

corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, beans, cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; beef, poultry, dairy products; wood products

Budget

$266.9 billion $297.7 billion (2012 est.)

expenditures

$297.7 billion (2012 est.)

revenues

$266.9 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.7% of GDP (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate

4.5% (31 December 2012 est.) 4.5% (31 December 2011 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

4.73% (31 December 2012 est.) 4.92% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

$-14.18 billion (2012 est.) $-11.84 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$347.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $287 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

48.3 (2008) 53.1 (1998)

Economy - overview

Mexico has a free market economy in the trillion dollar class. It contains a mixture of modern and outmoded industry and agriculture, increasingly dominated by the private sector. Recent administrations have expanded competition in seaports, railroads, telecommunications, electricity generation, natural gas distribution, and airports. Per capita income is roughly one-third that of the US; income distribution remains highly unequal. Since the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, Mexico's share of US imports has increased from 7% to 12%, and its share of Canadian imports has doubled to 5.5%. Mexico has free trade agreements with over 50 countries including Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, the European Free Trade Area, and Japan - putting more than 90% of trade under free trade agreements. In 2012 Mexico formally joined the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations and in July it formed the Pacific Alliance with Peru, Colombia and Chile. In 2007, during its first year in office, the Felipe CALDERON administration was able to garner support from the opposition to successfully pass pension and fiscal reforms. The administration passed an energy reform measure in 2008 and another fiscal reform in 2009. Mexico's GDP plunged 6.2% in 2009 as world demand for exports dropped, asset prices tumbled, and remittances and investment declined. GDP posted positive growth of 5.6% in 2010 with exports - particularly to the United States - leading the way. Growth slowed to 3.9% in 2011 and slightly recovered to 4% in 2012. In November 2012, Mexico's legislature passed a comprehensive labor reform which was signed into law by former President Felipe CALDERON. Mexico's new PRI government, led by President Enrique PENA NIETO, has said it will prioritize structural economic reforms and competitiveness. The new president signed the Pact for Mexico, an agreement that lists 95 priority commitments, along with the leaders of the country's three main political parties: the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the National Action Party (PAN) and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD).

Mexico has a free market economy in the trillion dollar class. It contains a mixture of modern and outmoded industry and agriculture, increasingly dominated by the private sector. Recent administrations have expanded competition in seaports, railroads, te

the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the National Action Party (PAN) and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD).

Exchange rates

Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar - 13.17 (2012 est.) 12.42 (2011 est.) 12.64 (2010 est.) 13.51 (2009) 11.02 (2008)

Exports

$371.4 billion (2012 est.) $349.9 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

manufactured goods, oil and oil products, silver, fruits, vegetables, coffee, cotton

Exports - partners

US 78% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

68.1% 11.6% 22.6% 0.3% 32.9% -35.5% (2012 est.)

exports of goods and services

32.9%

government consumption

11.6%

household consumption

68.1%

imports of goods and services

-35.5%

investment in fixed capital

22.6%

investment in inventories

0.3%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

3.6% 35.8% 60.7% (2012 est.)

agriculture

3.6%

industry

35.8%

services

60.7% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$15,400 (2012 est.) $15,000 (2011 est.) $14,600 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

3.6% (2012 est.) 4% (2011 est.) 5.1% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1.161 trillion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$1.798 trillion (2012 est.) $1.736 trillion (2011 est.) $1.669 trillion (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

Gross national saving

21.7% of GDP (2012 est.) 21.4% of GDP (2011 est.) 21.8% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

1.5% 41.4% (2008)

highest 10%

41.4% (2008)

lowest 10%

1.5%

Imports

$371.2 billion (2012 est.) $351.2 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

metalworking machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts for motor vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts

Imports - partners

US 49.9%, China 15.4%, Japan 4.8% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

2.8% (2012 est.)

Industries

food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

4.1% (2012 est.) 3.4% (2011 est.)

Labor force

50.64 million (2012 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

13.7% 23.4% 62.9% (2005)

agriculture

13.7%

industry

23.4%

services

62.9% (2005)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$408.7 billion (31 December 2011) $454.3 billion (31 December 2010) $340.6 billion (31 December 2009)

Population below poverty line

51.3% based on food-based definition of poverty; asset based poverty amounted to more than 47% (2010 est.)

Public debt

35.8% of GDP (2012 est.) 35.2% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$167.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $149.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$738 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $684.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$133 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $98.52 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$400.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $351 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$404.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $359.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$175.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $148.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

23% of GDP (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate

5% (2012 est.) 5.2% (2011 est.) underemployment may be as high as 25%

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

462.3 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

1.46 million bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

2.936 million bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

10.26 billion bbl (1 January 2013 es)

Electricity - consumption

212.3 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - exports

1.286 billion kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

76.2% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

18.3% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

2.2% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

3.3% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

603 million kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

62 million kW (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

257.9 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

59.15 billion cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - exports

11 million cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - imports

17.24 billion cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - production

53.96 billion cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

487.7 billion cu m (1 January 2013 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

2.133 million bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

189,100 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

607,400 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

1.364 million bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

many TV stations and more than 1,400 radio stations with most privately owned; the Televisa group once had a virtual monopoly in TV broadcasting, but new broadcasting groups and foreign satellite and cable operators are now available (2012)

Internet country code

.mx

Internet hosts

16.233 million (2012)

Internet users

31.02 million (2009)

Telephone system

adequate telephone service for business and government; improving quality and increasing mobile cellular availability, with mobile subscribers far outnumbering fixed-line subscribers; domestic satellite system with 120 earth stations; extensive microwave radio relay network; considerable use of fiber-optic cable and coaxial cable despite the opening to competition in January 1997, Telmex remains dominant; Fixed-line teledensity is less than 20 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is about 80 per 100 persons country code - 52; Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Spain, and Italy; the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) and the MAYA-1 submarine cable system together provide access to Central America, parts of South America and the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth stations - 120 (32 Intelsat, 2 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing domestic communications), 1 Panamsat, numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations); linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections (2011)

domestic

despite the opening to competition in January 1997, Telmex remains dominant; Fixed-line teledensity is less than 20 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is about 80 per 100 persons

general assessment

adequate telephone service for business and government; improving quality and increasing mobile cellular availability, with mobile subscribers far outnumbering fixed-line subscribers; domestic satellite system with 120 earth stations; extensive microwave radio relay network; considerable use of fiber-optic cable and coaxial cable

international

country code - 52; Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Spain, and Italy; the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) and the MAYA-1 submarine cable system together provide access to Central America, parts of South America and the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth stations - 120 (32 Intelsat, 2 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing domestic communications), 1 Panamsat, numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations); linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

20.22 million (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

100.786 million (2012)

Airports

1,714 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

33 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

80

2,438 to 3,047 m

32

914 to 1,523 m

86

over 3,047 m

12

total

243

under 914 m

33 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

1,471 1,146 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

42

2,438 to 3,047 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

281

over 3,047 m

1

total

1,471

Heliports

1 (2013)

Merchant marine

bulk carrier 5, cargo 3, chemical tanker 11, liquefied gas 3, passenger/cargo 10, petroleum tanker 17, roll on/roll off 3 5 (France 1, Greece 2, South Africa 1, UAE 1) 12 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Marshall Islands 2, Panama 5, Portugal 1, Spain 1, Venezuela 1, unknown 1) (2010)

foreign-owned

5 (France 1, Greece 2, South Africa 1, UAE 1)

registered in other countries

12 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Marshall Islands 2, Panama 5, Portugal 1, Spain 1, Venezuela 1, unknown 1) (2010)

total

52

Pipelines

gas 18,074 km; liquid petroleum 2,102 km; oil 8,775 km; oil/gas/water 369 km; refined products 7,565 km; water 123 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Lazaro Cardenas, Manzanillo, Salina Cruz, Veracruz Cayo Arcas terminal, Dos Bocas terminal

oil terminals

Cayo Arcas terminal, Dos Bocas terminal

Railways

17,166 km 17,166 km 1.435-m gauge (22 km electrified) (2008)

total

17,166 km

Roadways

377,660 km 137,544 km (includes 7,176 km of expressways) 240,116 km (2012)

total

377,660 km

unpaved

240,116 km (2012)

Waterways

2,900 km (navigable rivers and coastal canals mostly connected with ports on the country's east coast) (2012)

Manpower available for military service

28,815,506 30,363,558 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

30,363,558 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

28,815,506

Manpower fit for military service

23,239,866 25,642,549 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

25,642,549 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

23,239,866

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

1,105,371 1,067,007 (2010 est.)

female

1,067,007 (2010 est.)

male

1,105,371

Military branches

Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, Sedena): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, Semar): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM); includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM)) (2013)

Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, Sedena)

Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, Semar): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM); includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM)) (2013)

Military expenditures

0.5% of GDP (2012)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript service obligation is 12 months; 16 years of age with consent for voluntary enlistment; conscripts serve only in the Army; Navy and Air Force service is all voluntary; women are eligible for voluntary military service; cadets enrolled in military schools from the age of 15 are considered members of the armed forces (2012)

Disputes - international

abundant rainfall in recent years along much of the Mexico-US border region has ameliorated periodically strained water-sharing arrangements; the US has intensified security measures to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commodities across its border with Mexico; Mexico must deal with thousands of impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the porous border looking for work in Mexico and the United States; Belize and Mexico are working to solve minor border demarcation discrepancies arising from inaccuracies in the 1898 border treaty

Illicit drugs

major drug-producing and transit nation; world's second largest opium poppy cultivator; opium poppy cultivation in 2009 rose 31% over 2008 to 19,500 hectares yielding a potential production of 50 metric tons of pure heroin, or 125 metric tons of "black tar" heroin, the dominant form of Mexican heroin in the western United States; marijuana cultivation increased 45% to 17,500 hectares in 2009; government conducts the largest independent illicit-crop eradication program in the world; continues as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America, with an estimated 95% of annual cocaine movements toward the US stopping in Mexico; major drug syndicates control the majority of drug trafficking throughout the country; producer and distributor of ecstasy; significant money-laundering center; major supplier of heroin and largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamine to the US market (2007)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

160,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region; drug cartel violence and government's military response since 2007; violence between and within indigenous groups) (2011) 7 (2012)

IDPs

160,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region; drug cartel violence and government's military response since 2007; violence between and within indigenous groups) (2011)

stateless persons

7 (2012)