1988 Edition

Boundary disputes

none; maritime dispute with USSR; territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land)

Administrative Line with PDRY; no defined boundary with most of UAE, Administrative Line in far north; no defined boundary with Saudi Arabia

none; territory of Macau will become a Special Administrative Region of China in 1999; East Timor question with Indonesia

UAE; territorial dispute with Bahrain over Hawar island and its ring of islets

Cambodia (three areas); occupies Cambodia; sporadic border clashes with China; involved in complex dispute over Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei; maritime dispute with China; dispute with China over Paracel Islands

Climate

varies from tropical to desert

Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers

temperate along coast, modified by Gulf Stream; colder interior

dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south

temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers

maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south

desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer

tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)

Coastline

9,330 km

4.1 km

21,925 km (3,419 km mainland; 2,413 km large islands; 16,093 km long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations)

2,092 km

491 km

1,793 km

563 km

3,444 km (excluding islands)

Comparative area

about three times the size of Texas

about one-hundredth the size of Washington, D.C.

slightly smaller than Indiana

about the size of Connecticut

Contiguous zone

10 nm

24 nm

Continental shelf

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

not specific

edge of continental margin or 200 nm

Environment

subject to destructive earthquakes in center and south; natural water resources scarce in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; deforestation; soil erosion widespread; desertification

almost entirely urban

air and water pollution; acid rain

summer winds often raise large sandstorms and duststorms in interior; sparse natural fresh water resources

plain crossed by a few north-flowing, meandering streams

Azores subject to severe earthquakes

haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited fresh water resources mean increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities

occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding

Ethnic divisions

60% mestizo (IndianSpanish), 30% Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian, 9% white or predominantly white, 1% other

Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic) and racial-cultural minority of 20,000 Lapps

almost entirely Arab, with small Baluchi, Zanzibar!, and Indian groups

98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrainian, 0.5% Byelorussian, less than 0.05% Jewish

homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000

85-90% predominantly Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic minorities include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham; other mountain tribes

Exclusive fishing zone

200 nm

as delimited with neighboring states, or to limit of shelf, or to median line

Extended economic zone

200 nm

200 nm

200 nm

200 nm

to median line

200 nm

Infant mortality rate

51.0/1,000 (1984)

7.9/1,000 (1983)

121/1,000 (1983)

19.3/1,000 (1984)

19/1,000 (1983)

53/1,000 (1983)

Labor force

26,320,000 (1985); 31.4% services; 26% agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing; 13.9% commerce; 12.8% manufacturing; 9.5% construction; 4.8% transportation; 1.3% mining and quarrying; 0.3% electricity; 10% unemployed, 40% underemployed

2.064 million (1985); 30.9% services; 19.6% mining and manufacturing; 16.7% commerce; 8.8% transportation; 7.6% construction; 7.2% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 5.7% banking and financial services (1983); 2.3% unemployed (1985)

430,000; 58% are non-Omani; est. 60% agriculture

17.54 million; 44% industry and commerce, 30% agriculture, 11% services, 8% government (1985)

4.59 million; 45% services, 34% industry, 21% agriculture; unemployment, 11.1% (1986 est.)

31.20 million, not including military

Land boundaries

4,220 km total

2,579 km total

1,384 km total

3,090 km total

56 km total

4,562 km total

Land boundary

3.7 km with France

1,207 km with Spain

Land use

12% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 39% meadows and pastures; 24% forest and woodland; 24% other; includes 3% irrigated

0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other

3% arable land; 0% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and pastures; 27% forest and woodland; 70% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

NEGL% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 5% meadows and pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 95% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

48% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 13% meadows and pastures; 29% forest and woodland; 9% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

32% arable land; 6% permanent crops; 6% meadows and pastures; 40% forest and woodland; 16% other; includes 7% irrigated

NEGL% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 5% meadows and pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 95% other

22% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures; 40% forest and woodland; 35% other; includes 5% irrigated

Language

Spanish

Norwegian (official); small Lappand Finnish-speaking minorities

Arabic (official); English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects

Polish, no significant dialects

Portuguese

Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)

Life expectancy

65.4

men 72.7, women 79.5

men 51, women 54

71.6

73

men 62, women 66

Literacy

88.1%

100%

20%

98%

83%

78%

Nationality

noun — Mexican(s); adjectiveMexican

noun — Norwegian(s); adjective— Norwegian

noun — Omani(s); adjective — Omani

noun — Pole(s); adjective — Polish

noun — Portuguese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Portuguese

noun — Vietnamese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Vietnamese

Organized labor

35% of total labor force

66% of labor force (1985)

new government trade unions formed following dissolution of Solidarity and all government unions in October 1982

about 55% of Portuguese labor is organized; the Communistdominated General Confederation of Portuguese Workers — Intersindical (CGTP-IN) represents more than half of theunionized labor force; its main competition, the General Workers Union (UGT), is organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats and represents less than half of unionized labor

Population

81,860,566 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.09%

4,178,545 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.30%

1,226,923 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 3.10%

37,726,699 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.67%

10,314,727 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.74%

63,585,121 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.49%

Religion

97% nominally Roman Catholic, 3% Protestant

94% Evangelical Lutheran (state church), 4% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% other

75% Ibadhi Muslim; remainder Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, some Hindu

95% Roman Catholic (about 75% practicing), 5% Uniate, Greek Orthodox, Protestant, and other

97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant sects, 2% other

Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic, Protestant

Special notes

strategic location on southern border of US

second smallest independent state in world (after Vatican City) .

strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest coastlines in world; Norway and Turkey only NATO members having a boundary with the USSR

strategic location with small foothold on Musandam Peninsula controlling Strait of Hormuz (17% of world's daily oil production transits this point going from Persian Gulf to Arabian Sea)

historic area on North European Plain for conflict because of flat terrain and lack of natural barriers

Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

strategic location in central Persian Gulf and close proximity to region's important crude oil sources

none

Terrain

mostly high, rugged mountains with low coastal plains and high plateaus

hilly, rugged, rocky

glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north

vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south

mostly flat plain, mountains along southern border

mountainous north of Tagus River, rolling plains in south

mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel

low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest

Territorial sea

2 nm

12 nm

4 nm

12 nm

12 nm

12 nm

3 nm

12 nm

Total area

1,972,550 km2; land area: 1,923,040 km2

1.9 km2; land area: 1.9 km2

92,080 km2; land area: 91,640 km2

11,000 km2; land area: 11,000 km2

Ethnic divisions

47% French, 16% Monegasque, 16% Italian, 21% other

40% Arab, 18% Pakistani, 18% Indian, 10% Iranian

Labor force

104,000 (1983); 85% nonQatari in private sector

Language

French (official), English, Italian, Monegarque

Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language

Life expectancy

72

Literacy

99%

40%

Nationality

noun — Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s); adjective — Monacan or Monegasque

noun — Qatari(s); adjective — Qatari

Population

28,641 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.99%

315,741 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 3.96%

Religion

95% Roman Catholicism

95% Muslim

Administrative divisions

31 states and the Federal District

20 counties, 407 communes, 47 towns

1 province (Dhofar), 2 governorates (Musandam and Muscat), and numerous districts (wilayats)

49 provinces

18 districts on the mainland, 3 in the Azores, 1 in the Madeira Islands

40 provinces, under central government control

Branches

dominant executive, bicameral legislature (National Congress — Senate, Federal Chamber of Deputies), Supreme Court

legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament (Storting — Lagting, upper house; Odelsting, lower house); executive power vested in Crown but exercised by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 5 superior courts, 104 lower courts

executive — Sultan, who appoints 45-member State Consultative Assembly to advise him; judicial — traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court system

unicameral legislature (Sejm), executive, judicial system dominated by parallel Communist party apparatus

executive with President and Prime Minister; unicameral legislature (popularly elected 250-seat Assembly of the Republic); independent judiciary

executive — Amir and Council of Ministers; legislature — State Advisory Council

unicameral legislature (National Assembly); highest authority of the land is technically the Council of State, whose chairman serves as the country's President; Council of Ministers oversees implementation of party policies — chairman is equivalent of premier

Capital

Mexico

Oslo

Muscat

Warsaw

Lisbon

Doha

Hanoi

Communists

15,500 est; 5,500 Norwegian Communist Party (NKP); 10,000 Workers Communist Party Marxist-Leninist (AKP-ML, pro-Chinese)

2.1 million (1986)

Portuguese Communist Party claims membership of 200,753 (December 1983)

Dependent area

Macau

Dependent areas

Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Peter I Island, Svalbard

Elections

next presidential election to be held in 1988 Political parties and leaders: (recognized parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Jorge de la Vega; National Action Party (PAN), Pablo Emilio Madero; Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Jorge Cruickshank Garcia; Unified Socialist Party of Mexico (PSUM), Pablo Gomez Alvarez; Mexican Democratic Party (PDM), Ignacio Gonzalez Gollaz; Socialist Workers Party (PST), Pedro Etiene; Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT), Ricardo Pascoe Pierce; Mexican Workers Party (PMT), Heberto Castillo Martinez; Authentic Party of the Revolution (PARM), Carlos Enrique Cantu Rosas

held every four years (next in 1989) Political parties and leaders: Labor, Gro Harlem Brundtland; Conservative, Rolf Presthus; Center, Johan J. Jakobsen; Christian People's, Kjell Magne Bondevik; Liberal, Arne Fjortoft; Socialist Left, Theo Koritzinsky; Norwegian Communist, Hans I. Kleven; Progressive, Carl I. Hagen

parliamentary and local government every four years; last election held October 1985 Political party and leader: Polish United (Communist) Workers' Party (PZPR), Poland (continued) Portugal Wojciech Jaruzelski, First Secretary (since October 1981)

national elections for Assembly of the Republic normally to be held every four years; Assembly elections held October 1985; national election for President to be held every five years (last held JanuaryFebruary 1986); local elections to be held every three years (last held December 1985) Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal Cavaco Silva; Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), Vitor Constancio; Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Antonio Ramalho Eanes; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Alvaro Cunhal; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Adriano Moreira

constitution calls for elections for part of State Advisory Council, a consultative body, but no elections have been held Political parties and leaders: none

pro forma elections held .for national and local assemblies; last election for National Assembly held on 25 April Political party and leader: Vietnam Communist Party (VCP), Nguyen Van Linh

Government leader

Miguel DE LA MADRID Hurtado, President (since December 1982)

QABOOS bin Said, Sultan (since July 1970)

Khalifa bin Hamad Al THANI, Amir and Prime Minister (since February 1972)

Nguyen Van LINH, Secretary General of the Communist Party (since December 1986)

Government leaders

OLAV V, King (since 1957); Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND, Prime Minister (since May 1986)

Zbigniew MESSNER, Chairman of Council of Ministers (Premier; since November 1985); Army Gen. Wojciech JARUZELSKI, Chairman of Council of State (President; since November 1985)

Mario SOARES, President since (February 1986); Anibal Cavaco SILVA, Prime Minister (since October 1985)

Legal system

mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; constitution established in 1917; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; constitution adopted in 1814 and modified in 1884; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

based on English common law and Islamic law; no constitution; ultimate appeal to the Sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1952; court system parallels administrative divisions with Supreme Court, composed of 104 justices, at apex; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

civil law system; constitution adopted April 1976 and revised October 1982; next round of discussions on constitutional revision slated for October 1987; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

discretionary system of law controlled by the ruler, although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters; a constitution was promulgated in 1970

based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system

Member of

FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE — Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC — International Whaling Commission, LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO, Group of Six

ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA (associate member), IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG

Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO

CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ICES, IHO, ILO, Indochina Truce Commission, IMO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, Korea Truce Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, Warsaw Pact, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Council of Europe, EC, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDE— InterAmerican Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC — International Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG

Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDE — Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

National holiday

Independence Day, 16 September

Constitution Day, 17 May

National Day, 18-19 November

National Liberation Day, 22 July

25 April

Independence Day, 3 September

2 September

Official name

United Mexican States

Kingdom of Norway

Sultanate of Oman

Polish People's Republic

Portuguese Republic

State of Qatar

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Other political or pressure groups

Roman Catholic Church, Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), Confederation of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN), Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce (CONCANACO), National Peasant Confederation (CNC), National Confederation of Popular Organizations (CNOP), Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants (CROC)

outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in South Yemen

United Peasant Party (ZSL), Democratic Party (SD); powerful Roman Catholic Church, Patriotic Movement of National Rebirth (PRON)

a few small clandestine organizations

Political parties

none

Suffrage

universal over age 18; compulsory but unenforced

universal at age 18 but not compulsory

universal and compulsory over age 18

universal over age 18

no specific provisions for suffrage laid down

universal over age 18

Type

federal republic operating under a centralized government

constitutional monarchy

absolute monarchy; independent, with residual UK influence

Communist state

republic

traditional monarchy; independence declared in 1971

Communist state

Voting strength

(1985 congressional election) 66% PRI, 15% PAN, 3% PSUM, 3% PDM, 2% PST, 2% PPS, 2% PARM, 2% PMT, 1% PRT, 4% other parties or annulled

(1985 election) Labor, 40.8%; Conservative, 30.4%; Christian People's, 8.3%; Center, 6.6%; Socialist Left (Socialist Electoral Alliance), 5.5%; Progressive, 3.7%; Liberal, 3.1%; Red Electoral Alliance, 0.6%; Liberal People's Party (antitax), 0.5%; Norwegian Communist, 0.2%; other 0.4%

(October 1985 election) 78.86% voted for Communist-approved candidates

(1985 parliamentary election) Social Democrats, 29.87%; Socialists, 20.77%; Democratic Renewal, 17.92%; Communists (in a front coalition called the United Peoples Alliance— APU), 15.49%; Center Democrats, 9.6%

Agriculture

corn, cotton, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, sorghum, oilseed, pulses, and vegetables; an illegal producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade Mexico (continued) Monaco

animal husbandry predominates; main crops — feed grains, potatoes, fruits, vegetables; 40% self-sufficient; food shortages — food grains, sugar

self-sufficient for minimum requirements; main crops — grain, sugar beets, oilseed, potatoes, exporter of livestock products and sugar; importer of grains

generally underdeveloped; main crops — grains, potatoes, olives, grapes for wine; deficit foods — sugar, grain, meat, fish, oilseed

Aid

US, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $2.9 billion; (ODA and OOF) Western (non-US) countries (1970-84), $4.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-85), $110 million

donor — ODA and OOF commitments (1970-84), $2.4 billion

US, including Ex-Im, $1.6 billion (FY70-85); other Western countries (ODA and OOF), $848 million (1970-84)

Budget

(at average controlled rate of exchange) public sector, budgeted revenues, $73.3 billion; budgeted expenditures, $86.5 billion (1985)

revenues $25.9 billion, expenditures, $23.1 billion, (converted at 1985 exchange rate of Nkr 8.597=US$1)

(1985) expenditures, $8.5 billion; revenues, $6.0 billion; deficit, $2.5 billion

Crude petroleum

785,000 b/d, exports $6.5 billion (1985)

Crude steel

10 million metric tons capacity (1984); 7.3 million metric tons produced, 95 kg per capita (1985)

924,000 metric tons produced (1985), 228 kg per capita

16.1 million metric tons produced, about 430 kg per capita (1985)

420,000 tons produced, 40 kg per capita (1985 est.)

Electric power

23,054,000 kW capacity; 90,490 million kWh produced, 1,110 kWh per capita (1986)

23,435,000 kW capacity; 122,650 million kWh produced, 29,450 kWh per capita (1986)

30,737,000 kW capacity; 141,500 million kWh produced, 3,740 kWh per capita (1986)

5,615,000 kW capacity; 17,240 million kWh produced, 1,710 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$21.866 billion (f.o.b., 1985); cotton, coffee, nonferrous minerals (including lead and zinc), shrimp, petroleum, sulfur, salt, cattle and meat, fresh fruit, tomatoes, machinery and equipment

$18.7 billion (f.o.b., 1985); oil, natural gas, metals, chemicals, machinery, fish and fish products, pulp and paper, ships

$17.8 billion (f.o.b., 1985); 39.7% machinery and equipment; 23.8% fuels, minerals, and metals; 9.5% chemicals, 7.4% manufactured consumer goods; 4.7% agricultural and forestry products; 14.9% other (1985)

$5.7 billion (f.o.b., 1985); cotton textiles, cork and cork products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber products, resin, machinery, and appliances

Fiscal year

calendar year

calendar year

calendar year

calendar year

Fishing

catch 1,500,000 metric tons (1985); exports valued at $481 million, imports at $21.9 million (1982)

catch 2.48 million metric tons (1984); exports $765 million (1985)

catch 650,000 million metric tons (1985)

catch 254,577 metric tons (1985)

GDP

$147.2 billion, $1,870 per capita; 62% private consumption, 11% private investment, 9% public consumption, 7% public investment; net foreign balance 5%; real growth rate, 2.7%; average inflation rate 58% (1985)

$56.7 billion in 1984, $13,700 per capita; 49.6% private consumption; 18.9% government consumption; 25.4% gross fixed investment; 3.3% change in stockbuilding; net exports of goods and services 8.0%; real growth rate 3.5% (1985)

GNP

$240.6 billion (1985), $6,420 per capita; growth rate 1.6%; inflation rate 15% (1985)

$20.7 billion (1985); 68% private consumption; 23% fixed capital formation, 16% government consumption, —0.5% change in stocks; —5% net exports; real growth rate 3.3% (1985)

Imports

$13.460 billion (f.o.b., 1985); machinery, equipment, industrial vehicles, and intermediate goods

$14.5 billion (c.i.f., 1985); machinery, fuels and lubricants, transport equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, clothing, ships

$17.4 billion (f.o.b., 1985); 33.7% machinery and equipment; 30.4% fuels, minerals, and metals; 14.2% chemicals, 7.3% manufactured consumer goods, 4.7% agricultural and forestry products; 9.7% other (1985)

$7.1 billion (c.i.f., 1985); petroleum, cotton, foodgrains, industrial machinery, iron and steel, chemicals

Major industries

processing of food, beverages, and tobacco; chemicals, basic metals and metal products, petroleum products, mining, textiles and clothing, and transport equipment

oil and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, wood pulp, paper products, metals, chemicals

machinebuilding, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing

textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning;

Major trade partners

exports — 60% US, 10% EC, 8% Japan (1985); imports— 67% US, 11% EC, 5% Japan

exports — 68.8% EC (35.6% UK, 15.6% FRG), 8.8% Sweden, 8.1% LDC, 5.17 US; imports— 47.4% EC (16.1% FRG, 10.0% UK), 17.8% Sweden, 7.2% US, 6.7% LDC (1985)

$34.6 billion (1985); 61% Communist countries, 32% developed countries, 7% less developed countries

47% EC, 10% US, 2% Communist countries, 19% other developed countries, 22% less developed countries

Military transfers

US (FY70-85), $8 million

US, $605 million (FY70-85)

Monetary conversion rate

dual exchange rates — controlled rate 1,022 pesos=US$l; free rate 1,019=US$1 (both rates as of 16 February 1987, set daily by the Mexican Government)

7.5 Norwegian kroners=US$l (October 1986)

148 zlotys= US$1 (December 1985)

149.40 escudos=US$l (November 1986)

Natural resources

petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

oil, copper, gas, pyrites, nickel, iron, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydroelectric power

coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver

fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron, uranium ores

Shortages

most raw materials except timber, petroleum, iron, copper, and ilmenite ore; dairy products and fish

Airfields

1,905 total, 1,715 usable; 182 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 28 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 273 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

160 total; 36 with runways 2,500 m or longer

69 total, 65 usable; 35 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps

Ground Forces, National Air Defense Forces, Air Force Command, Navy

Army, Navy, Air Force

Civil air

174 major transport aircraft

42 major transport aircraft

34 major transport aircraft

Freight carried

rail — 419.4 million metric tons, 120.6 billion metric ton/km (1985); highway — 1,394 million metric tons, 36.5 billion metric ton/km (1985); inland waterway— 14.54 million metric tons, 1.41 billion metric ton/km (1985); ocean — 177.75 billion metric ton/km (1985)

Highways

210,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone, 60,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction, 55,000 km unimproved earth roads

79,540 km total; 18,600 km concrete, bituminous, stone block; 19,980 km bituminous treated; 40,960 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth

299,887 km total; 130,000 km improved hard service (concrete, asphalt, stone block); 24,000 km unimproved hard service (crushed stone, gravel); 100,000 km earth; 4,588 km other urban roads (1985)

57,499 km total; 61,599 km paved (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; plus an additional 4,100 km of unimproved earth roads (motorable tracks)

Inland waterways

2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals

1,577 km; 1.5-2.4 m draft vessels maximum

3,989 km navigable rivers and canals (1985)

820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 297-metric-ton cargo capacity

Military budget

for year ending 31 December 1986, $630.1 million; 1.2% of central government expenditures, including support of parastatals 1 km Mediterranean Sea Se« regional mip V

announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, 371.6 billion zlotys; 8.1% of total budget Azores and Madeira Islands are not shown Set rtfionil map V«nd VII

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $899 million; about 8.3% of central government budget 50 km Hawar Islands are disputed between Bahrain and Qatar Persian Gulf Boundary representation is iOt necessarily authoritative.

Military manpower

males 15-49, 19,784,000; 14,489,000 fit for military service; 1,030,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 9,398,000; 7,453,000 fit for military service; 267,000 reach military age (19) annually

males 15-49, 2,517,000; 2,048,000 fit for military service; 87,000 reach military age (20) annually

Pipelines

crude oil, 4,100 km; refined products, 6,875 km; natural gas, 11,900 km

4,500 km for natural gas; 1,986 km for crude oil (1984); 360 km for refined products

crude oil, 11 km; refined products, 58 km Portugal (continued) Qatar

Ports

1 1 major, 20 minor

4 major (Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie), 12 minor (1979); principal inland waterway ports are Gliwice, Wroclaw, and Warsaw (1979)

7 major, 34 minor

Railroads

20,680 km total; 19,950 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 730 km 0.914-meter narrow gauge

4,242 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates 4,242 km (2,442 km electrified and 96 km double track)

27,092 km total; 23,961 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 397 km 1.524-meter broad gauge, 2,734 km narrow gauge; 8,964 km double track; 8,902 km electrified; government owned (1985)

3,630 km total: state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 760 km 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435meter gauge) electrified, double track, privately owned

Telecommunications

highly developed system with extensive radio-relay links; connection into Central American microwave net; 6.41 million telephones (8.9 per 100 popl.); 650 AM, 120 TV, and about 180 low-power TV relay stations; 120 domestic satellite terminals; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground antennas Defense Forces

24 AM, 28 FM, 41 TV stations; 4 Soviet TV relays; 8,864,768 TV sets; 9,286,663 receiver sets; at least 1 satellite ground station Defense Forces

facilities are generally adequate; 1.8 million telephones (16.6 per 100 popl.); 56 AM, 64 FM, 66 TV stations; 6 submarine cables; 3 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas (on mainland and Azores) Defense Forces