2017 Edition

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268

Data Records

71,914

Mali

2017 Edition · 326 data fields

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Introduction

Background

The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 by a military coup that ushered in a period of democratic rule. President Alpha KONARE won Mali's first two democratic presidential elections in 1992 and 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou Toumani TOURE, who was elected to a second term in a 2007 election that was widely judged to be free and fair. Malian returnees from Libya in 2011 exacerbated tensions in northern Mali, and Tuareg ethnic militias rebelled in January 2012. Low- and mid-level soldiers, frustrated with the poor handling of the rebellion, overthrew TOURE on 22 March. Intensive mediation efforts led by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) returned power to a civilian administration in April with the appointment of Interim President Dioncounda TRAORE. The post-coup chaos led to rebels expelling the Malian military from the country's three northern regions and allowed Islamic militants to set up strongholds. Hundreds of thousands of northern Malians fled the violence to southern Mali and neighboring countries, exacerbating regional food shortages in host communities. An international military intervention to retake the three northern regions began in January 2013 and within a month most of the north had been retaken. In a democratic presidential election conducted in July and August of 2013, Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA was elected president. The Malian Government and northern armed groups signed an internationally-mediated peace accord in June 2015.

Geography

Area

1,240,192 sq km 1,220,190 sq km 20,002 sq km
land: 1,220,190 sq km
total: 1,240,192 sq km
water: 20,002 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Climate

subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

343 m lowest point: Senegal River 23 m highest point: Hombori Tondo 1,155 m
elevation extremes: lowest point: Senegal River 23 m
highest point: Hombori Tondo 1,155 m
mean elevation: 343 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate supplies of potable water

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling none of the selected agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

17 00 N, 4 00 W

Geography - note

landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern, cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the northern, arid Saharan
landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern, cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the northern, arid Saharan

Irrigated land

3,780 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

7,908 km Algeria 1,359 km, Burkina Faso 1,325 km, Cote d'Ivoire 599 km, Guinea 1,062 km, Mauritania 2,236 km, Niger 838 km, Senegal 489 km
border countries (7): Algeria 1,359 km, Burkina Faso 1,325 km, Cote d'Ivoire 599 km, Guinea 1,062 km, Mauritania 2,236 km, Niger 838 km, Senegal 489 km
total: 7,908 km

Land use

34.1% arable land 5.6%; permanent crops 0.1%; permanent pasture 28.4% 10.2% 55.7% (2011 est.)
agricultural land: 34.1%
forest: 10.2%
other: 55.7% (2011 est.)

Location

interior Western Africa, southwest of Algeria, north of Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, and Burkina Faso, west of Niger

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding

Natural resources

gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum, granite, hydropower bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited
note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited

Population - distribution

the overwhelming majority of the population lives in the southern half of the country, with greater density along the border with Burkina Faso

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast

People and Society

Age structure

48.17% (male 4,330,370/female 4,285,171) 18.84% (male 1,604,914/female 1,765,479) 26.26% (male 2,171,171/female 2,525,109) 3.7% (male 335,023/female 326,910) 3.03% (male 270,856/female 270,242) (2017 est.)
0-14 years: 48.17% (male 4,330,370/female 4,285,171)
15-24 years: 18.84% (male 1,604,914/female 1,765,479)
25-54 years: 26.26% (male 2,171,171/female 2,525,109)
55-64 years: 3.7% (male 335,023/female 326,910)
65 years and over: 3.03% (male 270,856/female 270,242) (2017 est.)

Birth rate

43.9 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

15.6% (2015)

Death rate

9.8 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Demographic profile

Mali’s total population is expected to double by 2035; its capital Bamako is one of the fastest-growing cities in Africa. A young age structure, a declining mortality rate, and a sustained high total fertility rate of 6 children per woman – the third highest in the world – ensure continued rapid population growth for the foreseeable future. Significant outmigration only marginally tempers this growth. Despite decreases, Mali’s infant, child, and maternal mortality rates remain among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa because of limited access to and adoption of family planning, early childbearing, short birth intervals, the prevalence of female genital cutting, infrequent use of skilled birth attendants, and a lack of emergency obstetrical and neonatal care. Mali’s high total fertility rate has been virtually unchanged for decades, as a result of the ongoing preference for large families, early childbearing, the lack of female education and empowerment, poverty, and extremely low contraceptive use. Slowing Mali’s population growth by lowering its birth rate will be essential for poverty reduction, improving food security, and developing human capital and the economy. Mali has a long history of seasonal migration and emigration driven by poverty, conflict, demographic pressure, unemployment, food insecurity, and droughts. Many Malians from rural areas migrate during the dry period to nearby villages and towns to do odd jobs or to adjoining countries to work in agriculture or mining. Pastoralists and nomads move seasonally to southern Mali or nearby coastal states. Others migrate long term to Mali’s urban areas, Cote d’Ivoire, other neighboring countries, and in smaller numbers to France, Mali’s former colonial ruler. Since the early 1990s, Mali’s role has grown as a transit country for regional migration flows and illegal migration to Europe. Human smugglers and traffickers exploit the same regional routes used for moving contraband drugs, arms, and cigarettes. Between early 2012 and 2013, renewed fighting in northern Mali between government forces and Tuareg secessionists and their Islamist allies, a French-led international military intervention, as well as chronic food shortages, caused the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Malians. Most of those displaced domestically sought shelter in urban areas of southern Mali, except for pastoralist and nomadic groups, who abandoned their traditional routes, gave away or sold their livestock, and dispersed into the deserts of northern Mali or crossed into neighboring countries. Almost all Malians who took refuge abroad (mostly Tuareg and Maure pastoralists) stayed in the region, largely in Mauritania, Niger, and Burkina Faso.

Dependency ratios

101.9 96.8 5.1 19.5 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 5.1
potential support ratio: 19.5 (2015 est.)
total dependency ratio: 101.9
youth dependency ratio: 96.8

Drinking water source

urban: 96.5% of population rural: 64.1% of population total: 77% of population urban: 3.5% of population rural: 35.9% of population total: 23% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 35.9% of population
total: 23% of population (2015 est.)
urban: 3.5% of population

Education expenditures

3.6% of GDP (2014)

Ethnic groups

Bambara 34.1%, Fulani (Peul) 14.7%, Sarakole 10.8%, Senufo 10.5%, Dogon 8.9%, Malinke 8.7%, Bobo 2.9%, Songhai 1.6%, Tuareg 0.9%, other Malian 6.1%, from member of Economic Community of West African States 0.3%, other 0.4% (2012-13 est.)

Health expenditures

6.9% of GDP (2014)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

1% (2016 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

6,100 (2016 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

110,000 (2016 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.1 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate

69.5 deaths/1,000 live births 75.3 deaths/1,000 live births 63.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)
female: 63.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)
male: 75.3 deaths/1,000 live births
total: 69.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

French (official), Bambara 46.3%, Peul/Foulfoulbe 9.4%, Dogon 7.2%, Maraka/Soninke 6.4%, Malinke 5.6%, Sonrhai/Djerma 5.6%, Minianka 4.3%, Tamacheq 3.5%, Senoufo 2.6%, Bobo 2.1%, unspecified 0.7%, other 6.3% Mali has 13 national languages in addition to its official language (2009 est.)
note: Mali has 13 national languages in addition to its official language (2009 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

60.3 years 58.2 years 62.5 years (2017 est.)
female: 62.5 years (2017 est.)
male: 58.2 years
total population: 60.3 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 33.1% 45.1% 22.2% (2015 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
female: 22.2% (2015 est.)
male: 45.1%
total population: 33.1%

Major infectious diseases

very high bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever malaria and dengue fever schistosomiasis meningococcal meningitis rabies (2016)
animal contact disease: rabies (2016)
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis

Major urban areas - population

BAMAKO (capital) 2.515 million (2015)

Maternal mortality rate

587 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Median age

15.8 years 15.1 years 16.4 years (2017 est.)
female: 16.4 years (2017 est.)
male: 15.1 years
total: 15.8 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

18.8 years median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2012/13 est.)
note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2012/13 est.)

Nationality

Malian(s) Malian
adjective: Malian
noun: Malian(s)

Net migration rate

-3.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

8.6% (2016)

Physicians density

0.09 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population

17,885,245 (July 2017 est.)

Population distribution

the overwhelming majority of the population lives in the southern half of the country, with greater density along the border with Burkina Faso

Population growth rate

3.02% (2017 est.)

Religions

Muslim 94.8%, Christian 2.4%, Animist 2%, none 0.5%, unspecified 0.3% (2009 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 37.5% of population rural: 16.1% of population total: 24.7% of population urban: 62.5% of population rural: 83.9% of population total: 75.3% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 83.9% of population
total: 75.3% of population (2015 est.)
urban: 62.5% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

8 years 9 years 7 years (2011)
female: 7 years (2011)
male: 9 years
total: 8 years

Sex ratio

1.03 male(s)/female 1.01 male(s)/female 0.91 male(s)/female 0.87 male(s)/female 1 male(s)/female 1 male(s)/female 0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.87 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1 male(s)/female
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Total fertility rate

6.01 children born/woman (2017 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

11.1% NA NA (2014 est.)
female: NA (2014 est.)
male: NA
total: 11.1%

Urbanization

41.4% of total population (2017) 4.97% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
rate of urbanization: 4.97% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
urban population: 41.4% of total population (2017)

Government

Administrative divisions

8 regions (regions, singular - region), 1 district*; District de Bamako*, Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou (Timbuktu); note - two new regions, Menaka and Taoudenni, were reportedly created in early 2016, but these have not yet been vetted by the US Board on Geographic Names

Capital

Bamako 12 39 N, 8 00 W UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
geographic coordinates: 12 39 N, 8 00 W
name: Bamako
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

no at least one parent must be a citizen of Mali yes 5 years
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Mali
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Constitution

several previous; latest drafted August 1991, approved by referendum 12 January 1992, effective 25 February 1992, suspended briefly in 2012 roposed by the president of the republic or by members of the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly and approval in a referendum; constitutional sections on the integrity of the state, its republican and secular form of government, and its multiparty system cannot be amended; amended 1999 (2017)
amendments: roposed by the president of the republic or by members of the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly and approval in a referendum; constitutional sections on the integrity of the state, its republican and secular form of government, and its multiparty system cannot be amended; amended 1999 (2017)
history: several previous; latest drafted August 1991, approved by referendum 12 January 1992, effective 25 February 1992, suspended briefly in 2012

Country name

Republic of Mali Mali Republique de Mali Mali French Sudan and Sudanese Republic name derives from the West African Mali Empire of the 13th to 16th centuries A.D.
conventional long form: Republic of Mali
conventional short form: Mali
etymology: name derives from the West African Mali Empire of the 13th to 16th centuries A.D.
former: French Sudan and Sudanese Republic
local long form: Republique de Mali
local short form: Mali

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador Paul A. FOLMSBEE (since 3 June 2015) located off the Roi Bin Fahad Aziz Bridge west of the Bamako central district ACI 2000, Rue 243, Porte 297, Bamako [223] 2070-2300 [223] 2070-2479
chief of mission: Ambassador Paul A. FOLMSBEE (since 3 June 2015)
embassy: located off the Roi Bin Fahad Aziz Bridge west of the Bamako central district
FAX: [223] 2070-2479
mailing address: ACI 2000, Rue 243, Porte 297, Bamako
telephone: [223] 2070-2300

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mohamed CISSE (since 13 April 2017) 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 [1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950 [1] (202) 332-6603
chancery: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mohamed CISSE (since 13 April 2017)
FAX: [1] (202) 332-6603
telephone: [1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950

Executive branch

President Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (since 4 September 2013) Prime Minister Abdoulaye Idrissa MAIGA (since 8 April 2017) Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 July 2013 with a runoff on 11 August 2013 (election delayed from April 2012 due to a coup in March 2012); prime minister appointed by the president Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA elected president in second round; percent of vote - Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (RPM) 77.6%, Soumaila CISSE (URD) 22.4%
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
chief of state: President Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (since 4 September 2013)
election results: Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA elected president in second round; percent of vote - Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (RPM) 77.6%, Soumaila CISSE (URD) 22.4%
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 July 2013 with a runoff on 11 August 2013 (election delayed from April 2012 due to a coup in March 2012); prime minister appointed by the president
head of government: Prime Minister Abdoulaye Idrissa MAIGA (since 8 April 2017)

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Senegal (which has an additional green central star) and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Senegal (which has an additional green central star) and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea

Government type

semi-presidential republic

Independence

22 September 1960 (from France)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 19 members organized into 3 civil chambers and a criminal chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members) Supreme Court members appointed by the Ministry of Justice to serve 5-year terms; Constitutional Court members selected - 3 each by the president, the National Assembly, and the Supreme Council of the Magistracy; members serve single renewable 7-year terms Court of Appeal; High Court of Justice (jurisdiction limited to cases of high treason or criminal offenses by the president or ministers while in office); magistrate courts; first instance courts; labor dispute courts; special court of state security
highest court(s): Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 19 members organized into 3 civil chambers and a criminal chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court members appointed by the Ministry of Justice to serve 5-year terms; Constitutional Court members selected - 3 each by the president, the National Assembly, and the Supreme Council of the Magistracy; members serve single renewable 7-year terms
subordinate courts: Court of Appeal; High Court of Justice (jurisdiction limited to cases of high treason or criminal offenses by the president or ministers while in office); magistrate courts; first instance courts; labor dispute courts; special court of state security

Legal system

civil law system based on the French civil law model and influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Constitutional Court

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed; 13 seats reserved for citizens living abroad; members serve 5-year terms) last held on 24 November and 15 December 2013 (next to be held in 2018); note - the scheduled July 2012 election was canceled due to a coup d'etat and the Tuareg Rebellion percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RPM 66, URD 17, ADEMA 16, FARE 6, CODEM 5, SADI 5, CNID 4, other 24, independent 4
description: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed; 13 seats reserved for citizens living abroad; members serve 5-year terms)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RPM 66, URD 17, ADEMA 16, FARE 6, CODEM 5, SADI 5, CNID 4, other 24, independent 4
elections: last held on 24 November and 15 December 2013 (next to be held in 2018); note - the scheduled July 2012 election was canceled due to a coup d'etat and the Tuareg Rebellion

National anthem

"Le Mali" (Mali) Seydou Badian KOUYATE/Banzoumana SISSOKO adopted 1962; also known as "Pour L'Afrique et pour toi, Mali" (For Africa and for You, Mali) and "A ton appel Mali" (At Your Call, Mali)
lyrics/music: Seydou Badian KOUYATE/Banzoumana SISSOKO
name: "Le Mali" (Mali)
note: adopted 1962; also known as "Pour L'Afrique et pour toi, Mali" (For Africa and for You, Mali) and "A ton appel Mali" (At Your Call, Mali)

National holiday

Independence Day, 22 September (1960)

National symbol(s)

Great Mosque of Djenne; national colors: green, yellow, red
Great Mosque of Djenne; national colors: green, yellow, red

Political parties and leaders

African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO] Alliance for Democracy in Mali-Pan-African Party for Liberty, Solidarity, and Justice or ADEMA-PASJ [Tiemoko SANGARE] Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP (coalition includes ADEMA and URD) Alliance for the Solidarity of Mali-Convergence of Patriotic Forces or ASMA-CFP [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA] Alternative Forces for Renewal and Emergence or FARE [Modibo SIDIBE] Convergence for the Development of Mali or CODEM [Housseyni Amion GUINDO] Economic and Social Development Party or PDES [Jamille BITTAR] Front for Democracy and the Republic or FDR (coalition of smaller opposition parties) National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL] Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME] Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel Kokalla MAIGA] Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA] Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Younoussi TOURE]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Malian Company for Textile Development or CMDT Malian Defence Force Islamic authorities
other: Islamic authorities

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Economy

Agriculture - products

cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats

Budget

$2.567 billion $3.12 billion (2016 est.)
expenditures: $3.12 billion (2016 est.)
revenues: $2.567 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Central bank discount rate

16% (31 December 2010) 4.25% (31 December 2009)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

5.3% (31 December 2016 est.) 5.15% (31 December 2015 est.)

Current account balance

$-996 million (2016 est.) $-685.1 million (2015 est.)

Debt - external

$3.981 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $3.668 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

40.1 (2001) 50.5 (1994)

Economy - overview

Among the 25 poorest countries in the world, landlocked Mali depends on gold mining and agricultural exports for revenue. The country's fiscal status fluctuates with gold and agricultural commodity prices and the harvest; cotton and gold exports make up around 80% of export earnings. Mali remains dependent on foreign aid. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger River; about 65% of Mali’s land area is desert or semidesert. About 10% of the population is nomadic and about 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. The government subsidizes the production of cereals to decrease the country’s dependence on imported foodstuffs and to reduce its vulnerability to food price shocks. Mali is developing its iron ore extraction industry to diversify foreign exchange earnings away from gold, but the pace will depend on global price trends. Although the political coup in 2012 slowed Mali’s growth, the economy has since bounced back, with GDP growth above 5% in 2014-16, although physical insecurity, high population growth, corruption, weak infrastructure, and low levels of human capital continue to constrain economic development. Higher rainfall should help boost cotton output in 2017, and the country’s 2017 budget calls for a more than 10% increase in spending, much of which will be devoted to infrastructure and agriculture. However, strong downside risks exist in the form of renewed political turmoil. Corruption is endemic.

Exchange rates

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 593.01 (2016 est.) 593.01 (2015 est.) 591.45 (2014 est.) 494.42 (2013 est.) 510.53 (2012 est.)

Exports

$2.803 billion (2016 est.) $2.715 billion (2015 est.)

Exports - commodities

cotton, gold, livestock

Exports - partners

Switzerland 30.4%, India 12.2%, Ukraine 5.1%, China 5.1%, Burkina Faso 4.9%, Senegal 4.3%, France 4%, South Africa 4% (2016)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

72.6% 16.5% 17.1% 0.4% 20.4% -27% (2016 est.)
exports of goods and services: 20.4%
government consumption: 16.5%
household consumption: 72.6%
imports of goods and services: -27% (2016 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 17.1%
investment in inventories: 0.4%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

40.7% 19% 40.2% (2016 est.)
agriculture: 40.7%
industry: 19%
services: 40.2% (2016 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$2,100 (2016 est.) $2,000 (2015 est.) $2,000 (2014 est.) data are in 2016 dollars
note: data are in 2016 dollars

GDP - real growth rate

5.8% (2016 est.) 6% (2015 est.) 7% (2014 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$14.04 billion (2016 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$38.25 billion (2016 est.) $35.7 billion (2015 est.) $33.33 billion (2014 est.) data are in 2016 dollars
note: data are in 2016 dollars

Gross national saving

10.3% of GDP (2016 est.) 12.1% of GDP (2015 est.) 12.9% of GDP (2014 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

3.5% 25.8% (2010 est.)
highest 10%: 25.8% (2010 est.)
lowest 10%: 3.5%

Imports

$3.443 billion (2016 est.) $3.192 billion (2015 est.)

Imports - commodities

petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners

Senegal 12.2%, China 12.2%, France 10.3%, Benin 8.6%, Cote dIvoire 8.4% (2016)

Industrial production growth rate

1.9% (2016 est.)

Industries

food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

-1.8% (2016 est.) 1.4% (2015 est.)

Labor force

6.272 million (2016 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

80% 20% (2005 est.)
agriculture: 80%
industry and services: 20% (2005 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

36.1% (2005 est.)

Public debt

29.7% of GDP (2016 est.) 29.3% of GDP (2015 est.)

Stock of broad money

$3.858 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $3.715 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$62.2 million (31 December 2016 est.) $54.2 million (31 December 2015 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$3.266 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $3.101 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$2.931 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $2.822 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$2.687 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $2.573 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

18.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Unemployment rate

8.1% (2016 est.) 8.1% (2015 est.)

Broadcast media

national public TV broadcaster; 2 privately owned companies provide subscription services to foreign multi-channel TV packages; national public radio broadcaster supplemented by a large number of privately owned and community broadcast stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)

Internet country code

.ml

Internet users

1,940,978 11.1% (July 2016 est.)
percent of population: 11.1% (July 2016 est.)
total: 1,940,978

Telephone system

domestic system improving; increasing use of local radio loops to extend network coverage to remote areas fixed-line subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has increased sharply to over 115 per 100 persons country code - 223; satellite communications center and fiber-optic links to neighboring countries; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean) (2016)
domestic: fixed-line subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has increased sharply to over 115 per 100 persons
general assessment: domestic system improving; increasing use of local radio loops to extend network coverage to remote areas
international: country code - 223; satellite communications center and fiber-optic links to neighboring countries; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean) (2016)

Telephones - fixed lines

200,812 1 (July 2016 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (July 2016 est.)
total subscriptions: 200,812

Telephones - mobile cellular

20,182,160 116 (July 2016 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 116 (July 2016 est.)
total: 20,182,160

Transportation

Airports

25 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2017)
over 3,047 m: 1
total: 8

Airports - with unpaved runways

5 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 9
total: 17
under 914 m: 5 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

TZ, TT (2016)

Heliports

2 (2013)

National air transport system

2 (2015)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 2 (2015)
number of registered air carriers: 1

Ports and terminals

Koulikoro (Niger)
river port(s): Koulikoro (Niger)

Railways

593 km 593 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)
narrow gauge: 593 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)
total: 593 km

Roadways

22,474 km 5,522 km 16,952 km (2009)
paved: 5,522 km
total: 22,474 km
unpaved: 16,952 km (2009)

Waterways

1,800 km (downstream of Koulikoro; low water levels on the River Niger cause problems in dry years; in the months before the rainy season the river is not navigable by commercial vessels) (2011)

Military and Security

Military branches

Malian Armed Forces: Army (Armee de Terre), Republic of Mali Air Force (Force Aerienne de la Republique du Mali, FARM), National Guard (Garde National du Mali) (2013)
Malian Armed Forces: Army (Armee de Terre), Republic of Mali Air Force (Force Aerienne de la Republique du Mali, FARM), National Guard (Garde National du Mali) (2013)

Military expenditures

2.63% of GDP (2016) 2.43% of GDP (2015) 1.56% of GDP (2014) 1.2% of GDP (2013) 1.2% of GDP (2012)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation (2012)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international

demarcation is underway with Burkina Faso

Refugees and internally displaced persons

15,298 (Mauritania) (2016) 58,594 (Tuareg rebellion since 2012) (2017)
IDPs: 58,594 (Tuareg rebellion since 2012) (2017)
refugees (country of origin): 15,298 (Mauritania) (2016)

Trafficking in persons

Mali is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; internal trafficking is more prevalent than transnational trafficking, but foreign women and girls are forced into domestic servitude, agricultural labor, and support roles in gold mines, as well as subjected to sex trafficking; Malian boys are forced to work in agricultural settings, gold mines, the informal commercial sector and to beg within Mali and neighboring countries; Malians and other Africans who travel through Mali to Mauritania, Algeria, or Libya in hopes of reaching Europe are particularly at risk of becoming victims of human trafficking; men and boys, primarily of Songhai ethnicity, are subjected to debt bondage in the salt mines of Taoudenni in northern Mali; some members of Mali's Tamachek community are subjected to hereditary slavery-related practices; Malian women and girls are victims of sex trafficking in Gabon, Libya, Lebanon, and Tunisia; the recruitment of child soldiers by armed groups in northern Mali decreased Tier 2 Watch List - Mali does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, Mali was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; officials failed to distribute the 2012 anti-trafficking law to judicial and law enforcement personnel, perpetuating a lack of understanding and awareness of the legislation; anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts decreased in 2014, with only one case investigated and no prosecutions or convictions; fewer victims were identified, and the government did not support the privately funded NGOs and international organizations it relied upon to provide victims with services; the government did not conduct any awareness-raising campaigns, workshops, or training sessions (2015)
current situation: Mali is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; internal trafficking is more prevalent than transnational trafficking, but foreign women and girls are forced into domestic servitude, agricultural labor, and support roles in gold mines, as well as subjected to sex trafficking; Malian boys are forced to work in agricultural settings, gold mines, the informal commercial sector and to beg within Mali and neighboring countries; Malians and other Africans who travel through Mali to Mauritania, Algeria, or Libya in hopes of reaching Europe are particularly at risk of becoming victims of human trafficking; men and boys, primarily of Songhai ethnicity, are subjected to debt bondage in the salt mines of Taoudenni in northern Mali; some members of Mali's Tamachek community are subjected to hereditary slavery-related practices; Malian women and girls are victims of sex trafficking in Gabon, Libya, Lebanon, and Tunisia; the recruitment of child soldiers by armed groups in northern Mali decreased
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Mali does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, Mali was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; officials failed to distribute the 2012 anti-trafficking law to judicial and law enforcement personnel, perpetuating a lack of understanding and awareness of the legislation; anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts decreased in 2014, with only one case investigated and no prosecutions or convictions; fewer victims were identified, and the government did not support the privately funded NGOs and international organizations it relied upon to provide victims with services; the government did not conduct any awareness-raising campaigns, workshops, or training sessions (2015)