2015 Edition

Background

The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 by a military coup that ushered in a period of democratic rule. President Alpha KONARE won Mali's first two democratic presidential elections in 1992 and 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou Toumani TOURE, who was elected to a second term in a 2007 election that was widely judged to be free and fair. Malian returnees from Libya in 2011 exacerbated tensions in northern Mali, and Tuareg ethnic militias rebelled in January 2012. Low- and mid-level soldiers, frustrated with the poor handling of the rebellion, overthrew TOURE on 22 March. Intensive mediation efforts led by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) returned power to a civilian administration in April with the appointment of Interim President Dioncounda TRAORE. The post-coup chaos led to rebels expelling the Malian military from the country's three northern regions and allowed Islamic militants to set up strongholds. Hundreds of thousands of northern Malians fled the violence to southern Mali and neighboring countries, exacerbating regional food shortages in host communities. An international military intervention to retake the three northern regions began in January 2013 and within a month most of the north had been retaken. In a democratic presidential election conducted in July and August of 2013, Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA was elected president.

Area

land

1,220,190 sq km

total

1,240,192 sq km

water

20,002 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Climate

subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

highest point

Hombori Tondo 1,155 m

lowest point

Senegal River 23 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching

Environment - international agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

per capita

545.4 cu m/yr (2000)

total

6.55 cu km/yr (9%/1%/90%)

Geographic coordinates

17 00 N, 4 00 W

Geography - note

landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern, cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the northern, arid Saharan

Irrigated land

2,358 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

border countries (7)

Algeria 1,359 km, Burkina Faso 1,325 km, Cote d'Ivoire 599 km, Guinea 1,062 km, Mauritania 2,236 km, Niger 838 km, Senegal 489 km

total

7,908 km

Land use

arable land 5.6%; permanent crops 0.1%; permanent pasture 28.4%

agricultural land

34.1%

forest

10.2%

other

55.7% (2011 est.)

Location

interior Western Africa, southwest of Algeria, north of Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, and Burkina Faso, west of Niger

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding

Natural resources

gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum, granite, hydropower

note

bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast

Total renewable water resources

100 cu km (2011)

Age structure

0-14 years

47.44% (male 4,038,801/female 4,005,256)

15-24 years

19.09% (male 1,543,751/female 1,693,410)

25-54 years

26.75% (male 2,106,889/female 2,428,643)

55-64 years

3.75% (male 317,513/female 317,957)

65 years and over

2.97% (male 251,693/female 251,623) (2015 est.)

Birth rate

44.99 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

percentage

36% (2010 est.)

total number

1,485,027

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

27.9% (2006)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

10.3% (2012/13)

Death rate

12.89 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

5%

potential support ratio

19.8% (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

100.2%

youth dependency ratio

95.1%

Drinking water source

urban: 96.5% of population

rural: 64.1% of population

total: 77% of population

urban: 3.5% of population

rural: 35.9% of population

total: 23% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

4.8% of GDP (2011)

Ethnic groups

Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Health expenditures

7.1% of GDP (2013)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

1.42% (2014 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

5,300 (2014 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

133,400 (2014 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.1 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate

female

95.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)

male

108.88 deaths/1,000 live births

total

102.23 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

French (official), Bambara 46.3%, Peul/foulfoulbe 9.4%, Dogon 7.2%, Maraka/soninke 6.4%, Malinke 5.6%, Sonrhai/djerma 5.6%, Minianka 4.3%, Tamacheq 3.5%, Senoufo 2.6%, unspecified 0.6%, other 8.5%

note

Mali has 13 national languages in addition to its official language

Life expectancy at birth

female

57.25 years (2015 est.)

male

53.48 years

total population

55.34 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

29.2% (2015 est.)

male

48.2%

total population

38.7%

Major infectious diseases

animal contact disease

rabies (2013)

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

respiratory disease

meningococcal meningitis

vectorborne diseases

malaria and dengue fever

water contact disease

schistosomiasis

Major urban areas - population

BAMAKO (capital) 2.515 million (2015)

Median age

female

16.8 years (2015 est.)

male

15.5 years

total

16.1 years

Nationality

adjective

Malian

noun

Malian(s)

Net migration rate

-2.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

5.7% (2014)

Physicians density

0.08 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population

16,955,536 (July 2015 est.)

Population growth rate

2.98% (2015 est.)

Religions

Muslim 94.8%, Christian 2.4%, Animist 2%, none 0.5%, unspecified 0.3% (2009 Census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 37.5% of population

rural: 16.1% of population

total: 24.7% of population

urban: 62.5% of population

rural: 83.9% of population

total: 75.3% of population (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

7 years (2011)

male

9 years

total

8 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.01 male(s)/female

15-24 years

0.91 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.87 male(s)/female

55-64 years

1 male(s)/female

65 years and over

1 male(s)/female

at birth

1.03 male(s)/female

total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)

Total fertility rate

6.06 children born/woman (2015 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

5.08% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

39.9% of total population (2015)

Administrative divisions

8 regions (regions, singular - region), 1 district*; District de Bamako*, Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou (Timbuktu)

Capital

geographic coordinates

12 39 N, 8 00 W

name

Bamako

time difference

UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest drafted August 1991, approved by referendum 12 January 1992, effective 25 February 1992; amended 1999; note - suspended briefly in 2012 (2012)

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Mali

conventional short form

Mali

former

French Sudan and Sudanese Republic

local long form

Republique de Mali

local short form

Mali

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Paul A. FOLMSBE (since 2015)

embassy

located just off the Roi Bin Fahad Aziz Bridge just west of the Bamako central district

FAX

[223] 2070-2479

mailing address

ACI 2000, Rue 243, Porte 297, Bamako

telephone

[223] 2070-2300

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Tiena COULIBALY (since 18 November 2014)

FAX

[1] (202) 332-6603

telephone

[1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

chief of state

President Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (since 4 September 2013)

election results

Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (RPM) 77.6%, Soumaila CISSE (URD) 22.4%

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 July 2013 with a runoff on 11 August 2013 (election delayed from April 2012 due to a coup in March 2012); prime minister appointed by the president

head of government

Prime Minister Modibo KEITA (since 8 January 2015)

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red

note

uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Senegal (which has an additional green central star) and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea

Government type

republic

Independence

22 September 1960 (from France)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 19 members organized into 3 civil chambers and a criminal chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court members appointed by the Ministry of Justice to serve 5-year terms; Constitutional Court members selected - 3 each by the president, the National Assembly, and the Supreme Council of the Magistracy; members serve single renewable 7-year terms

subordinate courts

High Court of Justice (jurisdiction limited to cases of high treason or criminal offenses by the president or ministers while in office)

Legal system

civil law system based on the French civil law model and influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court

Legislative branch

description

unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in two rounds if needed; members serve 5-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FDR coalition 64 (RPM 61, PARENA 3), ADP coalition 42 (ADEMA 20, URD 18, CNID 4), FARE 5, CODEM 5, SADI 4, ASMA-CFP 4, Yelema 2, independent 16, other 5; note - 13 seats were from voters abroad

elections

last held in two rounds on 24 November 2013 and on 15 December 2013 (next to be held in 2018); note - the scheduled July 2012 election was cancelled due to a coup d'etat and the Tuareg Rebellion

National anthem

lyrics/music

Seydou Badian KOUYATE/Banzoumana SISSOKO

name

"Le Mali" (Mali)

note

adopted 1962; also known as "Pour L'Afrique et pour toi, Mali" (For Africa and for You, Mali) and "A ton appel Mali" (At Your Call, Mali)

National holiday

Independence Day, 22 September (1960)

National symbol(s)

Great Mosque of Djenne; national colors: green, yellow, red

Political parties and leaders

African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO, Secretary General]

Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Dionconda TRAORE]

Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP (a coalition of political parties including ADEMA and URD formed in December 2006 to support the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE)

Alliance for Democratic Change (political group comprised mainly of Tuareg from Mali's northern region)

Alliance for the Solidarity of Mali-Convergence of Patriotic Forces or ASMA-CFP [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA]

Alternative Forces for Renewal and Emergence or FARE [Modibo SIDIBE]

Convergence for the development of Mali or CODEM [Housseyni GUINDO]

Economic and Social Development Party or PDES [Jamille BITTAR]

Front for Democracy and the Republic or FDR (a coalition of political parties including RPM and PARENA formed to oppose the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE)

Movement for a Common Destiny or MODEC [Koniba SIDIBE]

National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL]

Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Mady KONATE]

Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME]

Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel Kokalla MAIGA]

Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Amadou Ali NIANGADOU]

Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA] (ruling party)

Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE]

Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Tieman Hubert COULIBALY]

Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Younoussi TOURE]

Yelema [Moussa MARA]

Political pressure groups and leaders

other

the army; Islamic authorities; state-run cotton company CMDT

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats

Budget

expenditures

$3.265 billion (2014 est.)

revenues

$2.698 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-4.7% of GDP (2014 est.)

Central bank discount rate

16% (31 December 2010)

4.25% (31 December 2009)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

9.3% (31 December 2014 est.)

9.3% (31 December 2013 est.)

Current account balance

-$949 million (2014 est.)

$232.4 million (2013 est.)

Debt - external

$3.737 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$3.431 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

40.1 (2001)

50.5 (1994)

Economy - overview

Among the 25 poorest countries in the world, Mali is a landlocked country that depends on gold mining and agricultural exports for revenue. The country's fiscal status fluctuates with gold and agricultural commodity prices and the harvest; cotton and gold exports make up around 80% of export earnings. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger River and about 65% of its land area is desert or semidesert. About 10% of the population is nomadic and about 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Mali remains dependent on foreign aid. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. Mali is developing its iron ore extraction industry to diversify foreign exchange earnings away from gold, but the pace will largely depend on global price trends. The government is subsidizing the production of cereals to decrease the country’s dependence on imported foodstuffs and to reduce its vulnerability to food price shocks. The main threat to Mali’s economy is a return to physical insecurity. Other long term threats to the economy include high population growth, corruption, a weak infrastructure, and low levels of human capital. The administration’s purchase of a presidential jet for $40 million and inflated defense contracts damaged it’s credibility and led the IMF to temporarily suspend aid in 2014.

Exchange rates

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -

491.2 (2014 est.)

494.04 (2013 est.)

510.53 (2012 est.)

471.87 (2011 est.)

495.28 (2010 est.)

Exports

$2.763 billion (2014 est.)

$3.081 billion (2013 est.)

Exports - commodities

cotton, gold, livestock

Exports - partners

China 18.8%, India 14.4%, Indonesia 11.1%, Bangladesh 9.6%, Thailand 8.3%, Australia 4.3% (2014)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

(2014 est.)

exports of goods and services

26.5%

government consumption

16.6%

household consumption

78.4%

imports of goods and services

-36.2%

investment in fixed capital

14.8%

investment in inventories

0%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

38%

industry

23.3%

services

38.7% (2014 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$1,700 (2014 est.)

$1,600 (2013 est.)

$1,600 (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

6.8% (2014 est.)

1.7% (2013 est.)

0% (2012 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$11.92 billion (2014 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$27.31 billion (2014 est.)

$25.56 billion (2013 est.)

$25.13 billion (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

Gross national saving

18.2% of GDP (2014 est.)

15.3% of GDP (2013 est.)

15.7% of GDP (2012 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

25.8% (2010 est.)

lowest 10%

3.5%

Imports

$2.995 billion (2014 est.)

$2.964 billion (2013 est.)

Imports - commodities

petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners

France 11.7%, Senegal 10.6%, Cote dIvoire 9%, China 7.7% (2014)

Industrial production growth rate

5.5% (2014 est.)

Industries

food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

0.9% (2014 est.)

-0.6% (2013 est.)

Labor force

5.538 million (2014 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

80%

industry and services

20% (2005 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

36.1% (2005 est.)

Public debt

32.1% of GDP (2014 est.)

29.1% of GDP (2013 est.)

Stock of broad money

$3.984 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$3.817 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$61.2 million (31 December 2014 est.)

$52.28 million (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$2.812 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$2.412 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$2.484 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$2.37 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$2.833 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$2.772 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

22.4% of GDP (2014 est.)

Unemployment rate

30% (2004 est.)

8.1% (2012 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

773,900 Mt (2012 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2014 est.)

Electricity - consumption

483.6 million kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2013 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

48.4% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

51.6% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2013 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

304,000 kW (2011 est.)

Electricity - production

520 million kWh (2011 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

5,440 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

4,698 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

national public TV broadcaster; 2 privately owned companies provide subscription services to foreign multi-channel TV packages; national public radio broadcaster supplemented by a large number of privately owned and community broadcast stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)

Internet country code

.ml

Internet users

percent of population

75.2% (2014 est.)

total

12.4 million

Radio broadcast stations

AM 1, FM 230 (27 regional and government stations, and 203 private stations), shortwave 1 (2001)

Telephone system

domestic

fixed-line subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has increased sharply to about 70 per 100 persons

general assessment

domestic system unreliable but improving; increasing use of local radio loops to extend network coverage to remote areas

international

country code - 223; satellite communications center and fiber-optic links to neighboring countries; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean) (2010)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

1 (2014 est.)

total subscriptions

160,000

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

143 (2014 est.)

total

23.5 million

Television broadcast stations

2 (plus repeaters) (2007)

Airports

25 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

2

2,438 to 3,047 m

4

914 to 1,523 m

1 (2013)

over 3,047 m

1

total

8

Airports - with unpaved runways

5 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

3

914 to 1,523 m

9

total

17

Heliports

2 (2013)

Ports and terminals

river port(s)

Koulikoro (Niger)

Railways

narrow gauge

593 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)

total

593 km

Roadways

paved

5,522 km

total

22,474 km

unpaved

16,952 km (2009)

Waterways

1,800 km (downstream of Koulikoro; low water levels on the River Niger cause problems in dry years; in the months before the rainy season the river is not navigable by commercial vessels) (2011)

Manpower available for military service

females age 16-49

2,981,106 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

2,848,412

Manpower fit for military service

females age 16-49

1,968,563 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

1,825,779

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

female

159,733 (2010 est.)

male

158,031

Military branches

Malian Armed Forces: Army (Armee de Terre), Republic of Mali Air Force (Force Aerienne de la Republique du Mali, FARM), National Guard (Garde National du Mali) (2013)

Military expenditures

1.44% of GDP (2012)

1.51% of GDP (2011)

1.44% of GDP (2010)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation (2012)

Disputes - international

demarcation is underway with Burkina Faso

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

61,920 (Tuareg rebellion since 2012) (2015)

refugees (country of origin)

12,898 (Mauritania) (2014)

Trafficking in persons

current situation

Mali is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; women and girls are forced into domestic servitude, agricultural labor, and support roles in gold mines, as well as subjected to sex trafficking; Malian boys are found in conditions of forced labor in agricultural settings, gold mines, and the informal commercial sector, as well as forced begging within Mali and neighboring countries; Malians and other Africans who travel through Mali to Mauritania, Algeria, or Libya in hopes of reaching Europe are particularly at risk of becoming victims of human trafficking; men and boys, primarily of Songhai ethnicity, are subjected to the longstanding practice of debt bondage in the salt mines of Taoudenni in northern Mali; some members of Mali's black Tamachek community are subjected to traditional slavery-related practices, and this involuntary servitude reportedly has extended to their children; there has been a decrease in the recruitment of Malian children as combatants, cooks, porters, guards, spies, and sex slaves by non-governmental armed groups in northern Mali

tier rating

Tier 2 Watch List - Mali does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; although the government enacted a comprehensive anti-trafficking law in 2012, it did not demonstrate evidence of overall increasing efforts to address human trafficking over the previous year; the government failed to prosecute or convict any trafficking offenders because the law had not yet been distributed to judges and a significant lack of awareness of the law within the judiciary remained; authorities did not provide any direct services to victims and did not make any tangible prevention efforts; NGOs provided care to victims without government funding; no awareness-raising campaigns or anti-trafficking training were carried out (2014)