2019 Edition

Background

During the late 18th and 19th centuries, Great Britain established colonies and protectorates in the area of current Malaysia; these were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. In 1948, the British-ruled territories on the Malay Peninsula except Singapore formed the Federation of Malaya, which became independent in 1957. Malaysia was formed in 1963 when the former British colonies of Singapore, as well as Sabah and Sarawak on the northern coast of Borneo, joined the Federation. The first several years of the country's independence were marred by a communist insurgency, Indonesian confrontation with Malaysia, Philippine claims to Sabah, and Singapore's withdrawal in 1965. During the 22-year term of Prime Minister MAHATHIR Mohamad (1981-2003), Malaysia was successful in diversifying its economy from dependence on exports of raw materials to the development of manufacturing, services, and tourism. Prime Minister MAHATHIR and a newly-formed coalition of opposition parties defeated Prime Minister Mohamed NAJIB bin Abdul Razak's United Malays National Organization (UMNO) in May 2018, ending over 60 years of uninterrupted rule by UMNO.

Area

Land

328,657 sq km

Total

329,847 sq km

Water

1,190 sq km

Area Comparative

slightly larger than New Mexico

Climate

tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons

Coastline

4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)

Elevation

Highest Point

Gunung Kinabalu 4,095 m

Lowest Point

Indian Ocean 0 m

Mean Elevation

419 m

Environment Current Issues

air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze from Indonesian forest fires; endangered species; coastal reclamation damaging mangroves and turtle nesting sites

Environment International Agreements

Party To

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

Signed But Not Ratified

none of the selected agreements

Geographic Coordinates

2 30 N, 112 30 E

Geography Note

strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea

Irrigated Land

3,800 sq km (2012)

Land Boundaries

Border Countries

Brunei 266 km, Indonesia 1881 km, Thailand 595 km

Total

2,742 km

Land Use

Agricultural Land

23.2% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Arable Land

2.9% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Crops

19.4% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Pasture

0.9% (2011 est.)

Forest

62% (2011 est.)

Other

14.8% (2011 est.)

Location

Southeastern Asia, peninsula bordering Thailand and northern one-third of the island of Borneo, bordering Indonesia, Brunei, and the South China Sea, south of Vietnam

Map References

Southeast Asia

Maritime Claims

Continental Shelf

200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South China Sea

Exclusive Economic Zone

200 nm

Territorial Sea

12 nm

Natural Hazards

flooding; landslides; forest fires

Natural Resources

tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite

Population Distribution

a highly uneven distribution with over 80% of the population residing on the Malay Peninsula

Terrain

coastal plains rising to hills and mountains

Age Structure

0 14 Years

27.48% (male 4,498,796 /female 4,243,418)

15 24 Years

16.74% (male 2,704,318 /female 2,621,444)

25 54 Years

40.97% (male 6,587,529 /female 6,444,430)

55 64 Years

8.46% (male 1,364,858 /female 1,325,595)

65 Years And Over

6.35% (male 957,841 /female 1,061,431) (2018 est.)

Birth Rate

18.8 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Children Under The Age Of 5 Years Underweight

13.7% (2016)

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

52.2% (2014)

Current Health Expenditure

3.8% (2016)

Death Rate

5.2 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Dependency Ratios

Elderly Dependency Ratio

8.5 (2015 est.)

Potential Support Ratio

11.8 (2015 est.)

Total Dependency Ratio

44.6 (2015 est.)

Youth Dependency Ratio

36.1 (2015 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved Rural

93% of population

Improved Total

98.2% of population

Improved Urban

100% of population

Unimproved Rural

7% of population

Unimproved Total

1.8% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Urban

0% of population

Education Expenditures

4.7% of GDP (2017)

Ethnic Groups

Bumiputera 62% (Malays and indigenous peoples, including Orang Asli, Dayak, Anak Negeri), Chinese 20.6%, Indian 6.2%, other 0.9%, non-citizens 10.3% (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS Adult Prevalence Rate

0.4% (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS Deaths

2,600 (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS People Living With HIV/AIDS

87,000 (2018 est.)

Hospital Bed Density

1.9 beds/1,000 population (2015)

Infant Mortality Rate

Female

10.1 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

14 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

12.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Languages

Bahasa Malaysia (official), English, Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai

Life Expectancy at Birth

Female

78.4 years

Male

72.6 years

Total Population

75.4 years (2018 est.)

Literacy

Definition

age 15 and over can read and write

Female

93.2% (2015)

Male

96.2%

Total Population

94.6%

Major Infectious Diseases

Degree Of Risk

intermediate (2016)

Food Or Waterborne Diseases

bacterial diarrhea (2016)

Vectorborne Diseases

dengue fever (2016)

Water Contact Diseases

leptospirosis (2016)

Major Urban Areas Population

7.78 million KUALA LUMPUR (capital), 1.003 million Johor Bahru, 800,000 Ipoh (2019)

Maternal Mortality Rate

29 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median Age

Female

29 years

Male

28.4 years

Total

28.7 years (2018 est.)

Nationality

Adjective

Malaysian

Noun

Malaysian(s)

Net Migration Rate

-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Obesity Adult Prevalence Rate

15.6% (2016)

Physicians Density

1.51 physicians/1,000 population (2015)

Population

31,809,660 (July 2018 est.)

Population Growth Rate

1.34% (2018 est.)

Religions

Muslim (official) 61.3%, Buddhist 19.8%, Christian 9.2%, Hindu 6.3%, Confucianism, Taoism, other traditional Chinese religions 1.3%, other 0.4%, none 0.8%, unspecified 1% (2010 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved Rural

95.9% of population (2015 est.)

Improved Total

96% of population (2015 est.)

Improved Urban

96.1% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Rural

4.1% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Total

4% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Urban

3.9% of population (2015 est.)

School Life Expectancy Primary To Tertiary Education

Female

14 years (2017)

Male

13 years

Total

13 years

Sex Ratio

0 14 Years

1.06 male(s)/female

15 24 Years

1.03 male(s)/female

25 54 Years

1.02 male(s)/female

55 64 Years

1.03 male(s)/female

65 Years And Over

0.9 male(s)/female

At Birth

1.07 male(s)/female

Total Population

1.03 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Total Fertility Rate

2.48 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Unemployment Youth Ages 15 24

Female

11.4% (2016 est.)

Male

9.8%

Total

10.5%

Urbanization

Rate Of Urbanization

2.13% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Urban Population

76.6% of total population (2019)

Administrative Divisions

13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri); Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu; and 1 federal territory (Wilayah Persekutuan) with 3 components, Kuala Lumpur, Labuan, and Putrajaya

Capital

Geographic Coordinates

3 10 N, 101 42 E

Name

Kuala Lumpur; note - nearby Putrajaya is referred to as a federal government administrative center but not the capital; Parliament meets in Kuala Lumpur

Time Difference

UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship By Birth

no

Citizenship By Descent Only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Malaysia

Dual Citizenship Recognized

no

Residency Requirement For Naturalization

10 out 12 years preceding application

Constitution

Amendments

proposed as a bill by Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Parliament membership in the bill’s second and third readings; a number of constitutional sections are excluded from amendment or repeal; amended many times, last in 2010 (2017)

History

previous 1948; latest drafted 21 February 1957, effective 27 August 1957

Country Name

Conventional Long Form

none

Conventional Short Form

Malaysia

Etymology

the name means "Land of the Malays"

Former

Federation of Malaya

Local Long Form

none

Local Short Form

Malaysia

Diplomatic Representation From The Us

Chief Of Mission

Ambassador Kamala Shirin LAKHDHIR (since 21 February 2017)

Embassy

376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur

Fax

[60] (3) 2142-2207

Mailing Address

US Embassy Kuala Lumpur, APO AP 96535-8152

Telephone

[60] (3) 2168-5000

Diplomatic Representation In The Us

Chancery

3516 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008

Chief Of Mission

Ambassador AZMIL Mohd Azbidi (since 8 April 2019)

Consulate's General

Los Angeles, New York

Fax

[1] (202) 572-9882

Telephone

[1] (202) 572-9700

Executive Branch

Cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among members of Parliament with the consent of the king

Chief Of State

King Sultan ABDULLAH Sultan Ahmad Shah (since 24 January 2019); note - King MUHAMMAD V (formerly known as Tuanku Muhammad Faris Petra) (selected on 14 October 2016; installed on 13 December 2016) resigned on 6 January 2019; the position of the king is primarily ceremonial, but he is the final arbiter on the appointment of the prime minister

Elections Appointments

king elected by and from the hereditary rulers of 9 states for a 5-year term; election is on a rotational basis among rulers of the 9 states; election last held on 24 January 2019 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister designated from among members of the House of Representatives; following legislative elections, the leader who commands support of the majority of members in the House becomes prime minister

Head Of Government

Prime Minister MAHATHIR Mohamad (since 10 May 2018); Deputy Prime Minister WAN AZIZAH Wan Ismail (since 21 May 2018) (2019)

Flag Description

14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow 14-pointed star; the flag is often referred to as Jalur Gemilang (Stripes of Glory); the 14 stripes stand for the equal status in the federation of the 13 member states and the federal government; the 14 points on the star represent the unity between these entities; the crescent is a traditional symbol of Islam; blue symbolizes the unity of the Malay people and yellow is the royal color of Malay rulers

Government Type

federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Independence

31 August 1957 (from the UK)

International Law Organization Participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International Organization Participation

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, C, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial Branch

Highest Courts

Federal Court (consists of the chief justice, president of the Court of Appeal, chief justice of the High Court of Malaya, chief judge of the High Court of Sabah and Sarawak, 8 judges, and 1 "additional" judge); note - Malaysia has a dual judicial hierarchy of civil and religious (sharia) courts

Judge Selection And Term Of Office

Federal Court justices appointed by the monarch on advice of the prime minister; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 66 with the possibility of a single 6-month extension

Subordinate Courts

Court of Appeal; High Court; Sessions Court; Magistrates' Court

Legal System

mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic (sharia) law, and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Federal Court at request of supreme head of the federation

Legislative Branch

Description

bicameral Parliament of Malaysia or Parlimen Malaysia consists of: Senate or Dewan Negara (70 seats; 44 members appointed by the king and 26 indirectly elected by 13 state legislatures; members serve 3-year terms) House of Representatives or Dewan Rakyat (222 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms) (2019)

Election Results

Senate - appointed; composition - men 54, women 14, percent of women 20.6% House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - PH 45.6%, BN 33.8%, PAS 16.9%, WARISAN 2.3%, other 1.4%; seats by party/coalition - PH 113, BN 79, PAS 18, WARISAN 8, USA 1, independent 3; composition - men 199, women 23, percent of women 10.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 12.8%

Elections

Senate - appointed House of Representatives - last held on 9 May 2018 (next to be held no later than May 2023)

National Anthem

Lyrics Music

collective, led by Tunku ABDUL RAHMAN/Pierre Jean DE BERANGER

Name

"Negaraku" (My Country)

National Holiday

Independence Day (or Merdeka Day), 31 August (1957) (independence of Malaya); Malaysia Day, 16 September (1963) (formation of Malaysia)

National Symbol S

tiger, hibiscus; national colors: gold, black

Political Parties And Leaders

National Front (Barisan Nasional) or BN: Malaysian Chinese Association (Persatuan China Malaysia) or MCA [LIOW Tiong Lai] Malaysian Indian Congress (Kongres India Malaysia) or MIC [S. SUBRAMANIAM] United Malays National Organization or UMNO [MOHAMAD Hasan, acting] Coalition of Hope (Pakatan Harapan) or PH (formerly the People's Alliance): Democratic Action Party (Parti Tindakan Demokratik) or DAP [TAN Kok Wai] Malaysian United Indigenous Party (Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia) or PPBM [MAHATHIR bin Mohamad] National Trust Party (Parti Amanah Negara) or AMANAH [Mohamad SABU] People's Justice Party (Parti Keadilan Rakyat) or PKR [ANWAR Ibrahim] Other: Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (Parti Islam se Malaysia) or PAS [Abdul HADI Awang] Progressive Democratic Party or PDP [TIONG King Sing] Sabah Heritage Party (Parti Warisan Sabah) or WARISAN [SHAFIE Apdal] Sarawak Parties Alliance (Gabungan Parti Sarawak) or GPS [ABANG JOHARI Openg] (includes PBB, SUPP, PRS, PDP) Sarawak People's Party (Parti Rakyat Sarawak) or PRS [James MASING] Sarawak United People's Party (Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sarawak) or SUPP [Dr. SIM Kui Hian] United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organization (Pertubuhan Pasko Momogun Kadazan Dusun Bersatu) or UPKO [Wilfred Madius TANGAU] United Sabah Alliance or USA (Gabungan Sabah) United Sabah Party (Parti Bersatu Sabah) or PBS [Maximus ONGKILI] United Sabah People's (Party Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah) or PBRS [Joseph KURUP] United Traditional Bumiputera Party (Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersata) or PBB; note - PBB is listed under GPS above

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal (2019)

Agriculture Products

Peninsular Malaysia - palm oil, rubber, cocoa, rice;Sabah - palm oil, subsistence crops; rubber, timber;Sarawak - palm oil, rubber, timber; pepper

Budget

Expenditures

60.63 billion (2017 est.)

Revenues

51.25 billion (2017 est.)

Budget Surplus Or Deficit

-3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Central Bank Discount Rate

31 December 2010

2.83%

31 December 2011

3%

Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate

31 December 2016

4.52%

31 December 2017

4.61%

Current Account Balance

2016

$7.236 billion

2017

$9.296 billion

Debt External

31 December 2016

$195.3 billion

31 December 2017

$217.2 billion

Distribution Of Family Income Gini Index

1997

49.2

2009

46.2

Economy Overview

Malaysia, an upper middle-income country, has transformed itself since the 1970s from a producer of raw materials into a multi-sector economy. Under current Prime Minister NAJIB, Malaysia is attempting to achieve high-income status by 2020 and to move further up the value-added production chain by attracting investments in high technology, knowledge-based industries and services. NAJIB's Economic Transformation Program is a series of projects and policy measures intended to accelerate the country's economic growth. The government has also taken steps to liberalize some services sub-sectors. Malaysia is vulnerable to a fall in world commodity prices or a general slowdown in global economic activity.The NAJIB administration is continuing efforts to boost domestic demand and reduce the economy's dependence on exports. Domestic demand continues to anchor economic growth, supported mainly by private consumption, which accounts for 53% of GDP. Nevertheless, exports - particularly of electronics, oil and gas, and palm oil - remain a significant driver of the economy. In 2015, gross exports of goods and services were equivalent to 73% of GDP. The oil and gas sector supplied about 22% of government revenue in 2015, down significantly from prior years amid a decline in commodity prices and diversification of government revenues. Malaysia has embarked on a fiscal reform program aimed at achieving a balanced budget by 2020, including rationalization of subsidies and the 2015 introduction of a 6% value added tax. Sustained low commodity prices throughout the period not only strained government finances, but also shrunk Malaysia’s current account surplus and weighed heavily on the Malaysian ringgit, which was among the region’s worst performing currencies during 2013-17. The ringgit hit new lows following the US presidential election amid a broader selloff of emerging market assets.Bank Negara Malaysia (the central bank) maintains adequate foreign exchange reserves; a well-developed regulatory regime has limited Malaysia's exposure to riskier financial instruments, although it remains vulnerable to volatile global capital flows. In order to increase Malaysia’s competitiveness, Prime Minister NAJIB raised possible revisions to the special economic and social preferences accorded to ethnic Malays under the New Economic Policy of 1970, but retreated in 2013 after he encountered significant opposition from Malay nationalists and other vested interests. In September 2013 NAJIB launched the new Bumiputra Economic Empowerment Program, policies that favor and advance the economic condition of ethnic Malays.Malaysia signed the 12-nation Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) free trade agreement in February 2016, although the future of the TPP remains unclear following the US withdrawal from the agreement. Along with nine other ASEAN members, Malaysia established the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015, which aims to advance regional economic integration.

Exchange Rates

2013

3.27

2014

3.91

2015

4.15

2016

4.15

2017

4.343

Currency

ringgits (MYR) per US dollar -

Exports

2016

$165.3 billion

2017

$187.9 billion

Exports Commodities

semiconductors and electronic equipment, palm oil, petroleum and liquefied natural gas, wood and wood products, palm oil, rubber, textiles, chemicals, solar panels

Exports Partners

Singapore 15.1%, China 12.6%, US 9.4%, Japan 8.2%, Thailand 5.7%, Hong Kong 4.5% (2017)

Fiscal Year

calendar year

GDP Composition By End Use

Exports Of Goods And Services

71.4% (2017 est.)

Government Consumption

12.2% (2017 est.)

Household Consumption

55.3% (2017 est.)

Imports Of Goods And Services

-64.4% (2017 est.)

Investment In Fixed Capital

25.3% (2017 est.)

Investment In Inventories

0.3% (2017 est.)

GDP Composition By Sector Of Origin

Agriculture

8.8% (2017 est.)

Industry

37.6% (2017 est.)

Services

53.6% (2017 est.)

GDP Official Exchange Rate

$312.4 billion (2017 est.)

GDP Per Capita Ppp

2015

$27,100

2016

$27,900

2017

$29,100

GDP Purchasing Power Parity

2015

$845.6 billion

2016

$881.3 billion

2017

$933.3 billion

GDP Real Growth Rate

2015

5.1%

2016

4.2%

2017

5.9%

Gross National Saving

2015

28.2% of GDP

2016

28.3% of GDP

2017

28.5% of GDP

Household Income Or Consumption By Percentage Share

Highest 10

34.7% (2009 est.)

Lowest 10

1.8%

Imports

2016

$141 billion

2017

$160.7 billion

Imports Commodities

electronics, machinery, petroleum products, plastics, vehicles, iron and steel products, chemicals

Imports Partners

China 19.9%, Singapore 10.8%, US 8.4%, Japan 7.6%, Thailand 5.8%, South Korea 4.5%, Indonesia 4.4% (2017)

Industrial Production Growth Rate

5% (2017 est.)

Industries

Peninsular Malaysia - rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, petroleum and natural gas, light manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, medical technology, electronics and semiconductors, timber processing;Sabah - logging, petroleum and natural gas production;Sarawak - agriculture processing, petroleum and natural gas production, logging

Inflation Rate Consumer Prices

2016

2.1%

2017

3.8%

Labor Force

14.94 million (2017 est.)

Labor Force By Occupation

Agriculture

11%

Industry

36%

Services

53% (2012 est.)

Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares

31 December 2013

$500.4 billion

31 December 2014

$459 billion

31 December 2015

$383 billion

Population Below Poverty Line

3.8% (2009 est.)

Public Debt

2016

56.2% of GDP

2017

54.1% of GDP

Reserves Of Foreign Exchange And Gold

31 December 2016

$94.5 billion

31 December 2017

$102.4 billion

Stock Of Broad Money

31 December 2016

$84.9 billion

31 December 2017

$107.5 billion

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment Abroad

31 December 2016

$126.9 billion

31 December 2017

$128.5 billion

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment at Home

31 December 2016

$121.6 billion

31 December 2017

$139.5 billion

Stock Of Domestic Credit

31 December 2016

$398.3 billion

31 December 2017

$482.7 billion

Stock Of Narrow Money

31 December 2016

$84.9 billion

31 December 2017

$107.5 billion

Taxes And Other Revenues

16.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment Rate

2016

3.5%

2017

3.4%

Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption Of Energy

226.8 million Mt (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Exports

326,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Imports

166,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Production

647,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude Oil Proved Reserves

3.6 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity Access

100% (2016)

Electricity Consumption

136.9 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Exports

3 million kWh (2015 est.)

Electricity From Fossil Fuels

78% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity From Hydroelectric Plants

18% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Nuclear Fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Other Renewable Sources

4% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity Imports

33 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Installed Generating Capacity

33 million kW (2016 est.)

Electricity Production

148.3 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Natural Gas Consumption

30.44 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Exports

38.23 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Imports

2.803 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Production

69.49 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Proved Reserves

1.183 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Consumption

704,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Exports

208,400 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Imports

304,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Production

528,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

9 (2017 est.)

Total

2,687,800

Broadcast Media

state-owned TV broadcaster operates 2 TV networks with relays throughout the country, and the leading private commercial media group operates 4 TV stations with numerous relays throughout the country; satellite TV subscription service is available; state-owned radio broadcaster operates multiple national networks, as well as regional and local stations; many private commercial radio broadcasters and some subscription satellite radio services are available; about 55 radio stations overall (2019)

Internet Country Code

.my

Internet Users

Percent Of Population

78.8% (July 2016 est.)

Total

24,384,952

Telephone System

Domestic

fixed-line 21 per 100 and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 135 per 100 persons; domestic satellite system with 2 earth stations (2018)

General Assessment

modern system featuring good intercity services mainly by microwave radio relay and an adequate intercity microwave radio relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via Brunei; international service excellent; one of the most advanced telecom networks; roll-out of a national broadband network (2018)

International

country code - 60; landing points for BBG, FEA, SAFE, SeaMeWe-3 & 4 & 5, AAE-1, JASUKA, BDM, Dumai-Melaka Cable System, BRCS, ACE, AAG, East-West Submarine Cable System, SEAX-1, SKR1M, APCN-2, APG, BtoBe, MCT, BaSICS, and Labuan-Brunei Submarine cable providing connectivity via international submarine cable networks to Asia, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Australia and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Pacific Ocean) (2019)

Telephones Fixed Lines

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

21 (2017 est.)

Total Subscriptions

6,578,200

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

135 (2017 est.)

Total Subscriptions

42,338,500

Airports

114 (2013)

Airports With Paved Runways

1 524 To 2 437 M

7 (2017)

2 438 To 3 047 M

8 (2017)

914 To 1 523 M

8 (2017)

Over 3 047 M

8 (2017)

Total

39 (2017)

Under 914 M

8 (2017)

Airports With Unpaved Runways

914 To 1 523 M

6 (2013)

Total

75 (2013)

Under 914 M

69 (2013)

Civil Aircraft Registration Country Code Prefix

9M (2016)

Heliports

4 (2013)

Merchant Marine

By Type

bulk carrier 15, container ship 22, general cargo 182, oil tanker 137, other 1348 (2018)

Total

1,704

National Air Transport System

Annual Freight Traffic On Registered Air Carriers

2,005,979,379 mt-km (2015)

Annual Passenger Traffic On Registered Air Carriers

50,347,149 (2015)

Inventory Of Registered Aircraft Operated By Air Carriers

263 (2015)

Number Of Registered Air Carriers

12 (2015)

Pipelines

354 km condensate, 6439 km gas, 155 km liquid petroleum gas, 1937 km oil, 43 km oil/gas/water, 114 km refined products, 26 km water (2013)

Ports And Terminals

Container Port's Teus

Port Kelang (Port Klang) (11,978,000), Tanjung Pelepas (8,260,000) (2017)

Lng Terminal's Export

Bintulu (Sarawak)

Lng Terminal's Import

Sungei Udang

Major Seaport S

Bintulu, Johor Bahru, George Town (Penang), Port Kelang (Port Klang), Tanjung Pelepas

Railways

Narrow Gauge

1,792 km 1.000-m gauge (339 km electrified) (2014)

Standard Gauge

59 km 1.435-m gauge (59 km electrified) (2014)

Total

1,851 km (2014)

Roadways

Paved

116,169 km (includes 1,821 km of expressways) (2010)

Total

144,403 km (excludes local roads) (2010)

Unpaved

28,234 km (2010)

Waterways

7,200 km (Peninsular Malaysia 3,200 km; Sabah 1,500 km; Sarawak 2,500 km) (2011)

Maritime Threats

the International Maritime Bureau reports that the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea remain high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; in the past, commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift; 11 attacks were reported in 2018 including eight ships boarded and seven crew taken hostage

Military And Security Forces

Malaysian Armed Forces (Angkatan Tentera Malaysia, ATM): Malaysian Army (Tentera Darat Malaysia), Royal Malaysian Navy (Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia, TLDM), Royal Malaysian Air Force (Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia, TUDM) (2019)

Military Expenditures

2014

1.46% of GDP

2015

1.53% of GDP

2016

1.41% of GDP

2017

1.12% of GDP

2018

0.98% of GDP

Military Service Age And Obligation

17 years 6 months of age for voluntary military service (younger with parental consent and proof of age); mandatory retirement age 60; women serve in the Malaysian Armed Forces; no conscription (2017)

Disputes International

while the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions over the Spratly Islands, it is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties, which is currently being negotiated between China and ASEAN; Malaysia was not party to the March 2005 joint accord among the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam on conducting marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; disputes continue over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's land reclamation, bridge construction, and maritime boundaries in the Johor and Singapore Straits; in 2008, ICJ awarded sovereignty of Pedra Branca (Pulau Batu Puteh/Horsburgh Island) to Singapore, and Middle Rocks to Malaysia, but did not rule on maritime regimes, boundaries, or disposition of South Ledge; land and maritime negotiations with Indonesia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim southern provinces prompts measures to close and monitor border with Malaysia to stem terrorist activities; Philippines retains a dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo; per Letters of Exchange signed in 2009, Malaysia in 2010 ceded two hydrocarbon concession blocks to Brunei in exchange for Brunei's sultan dropping claims to the Limbang corridor, which divides Brunei; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait

Illicit Drugs

drug trafficking prosecuted vigorously, including enforcement of the death penalty; heroin still primary drug of abuse, but synthetic drug demand remains strong; continued ecstasy and methamphetamine producer for domestic users and, to a lesser extent, the regional drug market

Refugees And Internally Displaced Persons

Refugees Country Of Origin

114,227 (Burma) (2018)

Stateless Persons

9,631 (2018); note - Malaysia's stateless population consists of Rohingya refugees from Burma, ethnic Indians, and the children of Filipino and Indonesian illegal migrants; Burma stripped the Rohingya of their nationality in 1982; Filipino and Indonesian children who have not been registered for birth certificates by their parents or who received birth certificates stamped "foreigner" are not eligible to attend government schools; these children are vulnerable to statelessness should they not be able to apply to their parents' country of origin for passports

Trafficking In Persons

Current Situation

Malaysia is a destination and, to a lesser extent, a source and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and women and children subjected to sex trafficking; Malaysia is mainly a destination country for foreign workers who migrate willingly from countries, including Indonesia, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Nepal, Burma, and other Southeast Asian countries, but subsequently encounter forced labor or debt bondage in agriculture, construction, factories, and domestic service at the hands of employers, employment agents, and labor recruiters; women from Southeast Asia and, to a much lesser extent, Africa, are recruited for legal work in restaurants, hotels, and salons but are forced into prostitution; refugees, including Rohingya adults and children, are not legally permitted to work and are vulnerable to trafficking; a small number of Malaysians are trafficked internally and subjected to sex trafficking abroad

Tier Rating

Tier 2 Watch list - Malaysia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, amendments to strengthen existing anti-trafficking laws, including enabling victims to move freely and to work and for NGOs to run protective facilities, were drafted by the government and are pending approval from Parliament; authorities more than doubled investigations and prosecutions but convicted only three traffickers for forced labor and none for sex trafficking, a decline from 2013 and a disproportionately small number compared to the scale of the country’s trafficking problem; NGOs provided the majority of victim rehabilitation and counseling services with no financial support from the government (2015)

Terrorist Groups Foreign Based

aim(s): enhance networks in Malaysia and, ultimately, overthrow the secular Malaysian Government and establish a pan-Islamic state across Southeast Asia area(s) of operation: maintains a recruitment and operational presence, primarily in major cities (2018)