1985 Edition

Agriculture

cash crops — tobacco, tea, sugar, peanuts, cotton, tung, maize; subsistence crops — corn, sorghum, millet, pulses, root crops, fruit, vegetables, rice; self-sufficient in food production

Aid

economic commitments — Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (197082), $1.1 billion; US authorized (FY70-83), $45 million

Airfields

50 total, 47 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,4403,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Malawi (continued) Malaysia

135 total, 133 usable; 29 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,2202,439 m

Area

1 18,484 km2; the size of Pennsylvania; 34% of land area arable (of which 86% is cultivated), nearly 25% forest, 6% meadow and pasture, 38% other

Branches

strong presidential system with Cabinet appointed by President; unicameral National Assembly of 87 elected and up to 15 nominated members; High Court with Chief Justice and at least two justices

Army, Army Air Wing, Army Naval Detachment, paramilitary Police Mobile Unit

nine state rulers alternate as Paramount Ruler for five-year terms; locus of executive power vested in Prime Minister and Cabinet, who are responsible to bicameral Parliament (Senate, House of Representatives); following communal rioting in May 1969, government imposed state of emergency and suspended constitutional rights of all parliamentary bodies; parliamentary democracy resumed in February

Royal Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force, Royal Malaysian Police Force

Budget

1983 revenues $211.9 million, expenditures $231.9 million

1985 operating expenditures, $9.1 billion; development expenditures, $2.8 billion; deficit, $2.7 billion

Capital

Lilongwe „ *

Civil air

4 major transport aircraft

approximately 28 major transport aircraft

Coastline

2,068 km Peninsular Malaysia, 2,607 km East Malaysia People

Communists

no Communist party

East Malaysia

136 km 1.000-meter gauge in Sabah

about 5,426 km total (1,644 km in Sarawak, 3,782 km in SabahJ; 819 km hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface treatment), 2,936 km gravel or crushed stone, 1,671 km earth

4,200 km (1,569 km in Sabah, 2,518 km in Sarawak)

3 major, 12 minor (2 major, 3 minor in Sabah; 1 major, 9 minor in Sarawak)

Elections

President Banda designated President for Life in 1970; parliamentary elections last held June 1983, next scheduled for 1988 Political parties and leaders: Malawi Congress Party (MCP), post of secretary general unfilled since death of Dick Matenje in May

minimum of every five years; last elections April 1982 Political parties and leaders:

Electric power

175,000 kW capacity (1984); 458 million kWh produced (1984), 67 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Asian, European

50% Malay, 36% Chinese, 10% Indian, 4% other

Exports

$203.5 million (c.i.f., 1983); tobacco, tea, sugar, peanuts, cotton, corn

$14.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); natural rubber, palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum, light manufactures

Fiscal year

1 April-31 March Communications

calendar year Communications

Fishing

catch 683,000 metric tons (1982)

GDP

$1.34 billion (1982), $213 per capita; real growth rate 3.0% (1982)

GNP

$25.1 billion (1981), $1,750 per capita; annual growth 5.6% (1983)

Government leader

Dr. Hastings Kamuzu BANDA, President (since 1966)

Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad, Prime Minister (since July 1981)

Highways

10,775 km total; 2,364 km paved; 381 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 8,569 km improved earth

Imports

$273.5 billion (c.i.f., 1983); manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, building and construction materials, fuel, fertilizer

$1 1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1983)

Inland waterways

Lake Malawi, 1,290 km; Shire River, 144 km, 3 lake ports

Labor force

344,052 wage earners employed in Malawi (1982); 52% agriculture, 16% personal services, 9% manufacturing, 7% construction, 6% commerce, 4% miscellaneous services, 5% other permanently employed

Land boundaries

2,881 km People

509 km Peninsular Malaysia, 1,786 km East Malaysia Water

Language

English and Chichewa (official); Tombuka is second African language

Legal system

based on English common law and customary law; constitution adopted 1964; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeals; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on English common law; constitution came into force 1963; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of Supreme Head of the Federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)

Literacy

25%

Major industries

agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement, consumer goods

Major trade partners

exports — UK, FRG, US, Netherlands, South Africa; imports — South Africa, UK, Japan, US, FRG

exports — 22% Singapore, 20% Japan, 15% EC, 13% US; imports— 25% Japan, 16% US, 14% EC, 14% Singapore (1983)

Malaysia

5.58 million (1983); 37% agriculture, forestry, livestock, and fishing; 39% trade, transport, and services; 22% manufacturing and construction

constitutional monarchy nominally headed by Paramount Ruler (King); a bicameral Parliament consisting of a 58member Senate and a 154-member House of Representatives

Member of

AfDB, Commonwealth, EC (associated member), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy

ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Association of Tin Producing Countries, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic Development Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 March 1984 $20.1 million; about 6.1% of central government budget Sec region*! m*p IX

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, $1.82 million; about 15% of central government budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 1,498,000; about 854,000 fit for military service

males 15-49, 3,997,000; 2,535,000 fit for military service; 174,000 reach military age (21) annually External defense dependent on loose Five Power Defense Agreement (FPDA), which replaced Anglo-Malayan Defense Agreement of 1957 as amended in 1963

Monetary conversion rate

1.33 Malawi kwacha=US$l (June 1984)

2.371 ringgits=US$l (September 1984)

National holiday

Republic Day, 6 July

31 August

Nationality

noun — Malawian(s); adjective— Malawian

noun — Malaysian(s); adjective— Malaysian

NOTE

Established on 16 September 1963, Malaysia consists of Peninsular Malaysia, which includes 1 1 states of the former Federation of Malaya, plus East Malaysia, which includes the two former colonies of North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak Land

Official name

Republic of Malawi

Malaysia

Organized labor

small minority of wage earners are unionized Government

612,000 (November 1983), about 11% of total labor force; unemployment about 6.0% of total labor force (1983), but higher in urban areas Government

Peninsular Malaysia

131,313 km2; larger than New Mexico; 26% forest reserve, 20% cultivated, 54% other;

12,854,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.0%

Malays nearly all Muslim, Chinese predominantly Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu

Malay (official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil

75%

Kuala Lumpur

executive branches of 11 states vary in detail but are similar in design; a Chief Minister, appointed by hereditary ruler or Governor, heads an executive council (cabinet), which is responsible to an elected, unicameral legislature Sarawak and Sabah: executive branch headed by Governor appointed by central government, largely Ceremonial role; executive power exercised by Chief Minister who heads parliamentafy cabinet responsible to unicameral legislature; judiciary part of Malaysian judicial system

National Front, a confederation of 10 political parties dominated by United Malay National Organization (UMNO), Mahathir bin Mohamad; opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP), Chen Man Hin; and Islamic Party (PAS), Yusof Rawa

(1982 election) lower house of parliament; National Front, 132 seats; Democratic Action Party, 9 seats; Islamic Party, 5 seats; independents, 8 seats

approximately 3,000 armed insurgents on Thailand side of Thai/Malaysia border; approximately 300 full-time inside Peninsular Malaysia

natural rubber, oil palm, rice; 10-15% of rice requirements imported

rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing timber

2,500,OOOkW capacity (1984); 10.156 billion kWh produced (1984), 806 kWh per capita

1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double track; government owned

19,753 km total; 15,900 km hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface treatment), 3,000 km crushed stone/gravel, 883 km improved or unimproved earth

3,209 km

3 major, 14 minor

good intercity service provided mainly by microwave relay; international service good; good coverage by radio and television broadcasts; 609,288 telephones (5.13 per 100 popl.); 26 AM, 1 FM, 20 TV stations; IOCON submarine cables extend to India; connected to SEACOM submarine cable terminal at Singapore by microwave relay; 2 international ground satellite stations; 1 domestic ground satellite station

Peninsular Malaysian states

hereditary rulers in all but Penang and Malacca where Governors appointed by Malaysian Government; powers of state governments limited by federal constitution

Pipelines

crude oil, 707 km; natural gas, 379 km

Political subdivisions

3 administrative regions and 24 districts

Instates (including Sabah and Sarawak)

Population

7,056,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.3%

15,664,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.2%

Railroads

754 km 1.067-meter gauge

Religion

55% Protestant, 20% Roman Catholic, 20% Muslim; traditional indigenous beliefs are also practiced by some members of these groups

Sabah

76,146 km; smaller than Nebraska; 34% forest reserve, 13% cultivated, 53% other

1,279, 000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.9%

38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45% other

English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Mandarin and Hakka dialects predominate among Chinese

58%

self-governing state within Malaysia in which it holds 16 seats in House of Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government

Kota Kinabalu

Berjaya Party, Datuk Harris Salleh; Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party (SCCP); opposition United Sabah National Organization (USNO), Tun Datuk Mustapha; opposition Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputra Sabah (Perkasa), Datuk Pengiran Othman Rauf

(March 1981 election) State Assembly—Berjaya Party, 43 seats; USNO, 3 seats; SCCP, 1 seat; 1 seat vacant

insignificant

mainly subsistence; main crops — rubber, timber, coconut, rice; food deficit — rice

logging, petroleum production Malaysia (continued)

206,000 kW capacity (1984); 604 million kWh produced (1984), 490 kWh per capita

adequate intercity radio-relay network extends to Sarawak via Brunei; 43,000 telephones (3. 94 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 1 FM, 7 TV stations; SEACOM submarine cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore; 1 ground satellite station

Sarawak

125,097 km; larger than New Mexico; 24% forest reserves, 21% cultivated, 55% other

1,532,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.4%

35% tribal religion, 24% Buddhist and Confucianist, 16% Christian, 2% other

English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages

55%

self-governing state within Malaysia in which it holds 24 seats in House of Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, and internal security, and other powers are delegated to federal government

Kuching

coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka Bumipatra Bersatu (PPBB), Datuk Abdul Taib; the United People's Party (SUPP), Wong Soon Kai; and the Sarawak National Party (SNAP), Datuk James Wong; opposition is Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Leo Maggie

(1979 election) State Assembly National Front controls 45 of 48 seats

125 armed insurgents in Sarawak

main crops — rubber, timber, pepper; food deficit — rice

agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging

155,000 kW capacity (1984); 388 million kWh produced (1984), 260 kWh per capita

adequate intercity radio-relay net work extends to Sabah via Brunei; 64,512 telephones (4. 65 per 100 popl.); 5 AM stations, no FM, 6 TV stations Defense Forces

Suffrage

universal over age 18

universal over age 20

Telecommunications

fair system of openwire lines, radio-relay links, and radio communication stations; 29,000 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 13 FM, no TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces

Type

one-party state