1981 Edition

Area

168 km8

2,590 km2; 25% arable, 27% meadows and pasture, 15% waste or urban, 33% forested, negligible amount of inland water

Budget

(1979) revenues $113 million, expenditures $112 million, surplus $15 million

Electric power

23,000 kW capacity (1980); 57 million kWh produced (1980), 2,110 kWh per capita; power is exchanged with Switzerland, but net exports average 35 million kWh yearly

Land boundaries

76 km

356 km

Major trade partners

exports (1979)— $466 million; 42% EC, 32% EFTA (24% Switzerland), 26% other

Ethnic divisions

95% Germanic, 5% Italian and other

83% Luxembourger, including an estimated 5% of Italian descent; remainder French, German, Belgian, and other

Labor force

11,368, 5,078 foreign workers (mostly from Switzerland and Austria); 54.5% industry, trade, building trade; 41.6% services; 4.0% agriculture, forestry, and hunting

(1977) 147,300; one-third of labor force is foreign, comprised mostly of workers from Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and West Germany (1977); unemployment 0.9% (1981)

Language

German, Alemannic dialect

Luxembourgish, German, French; most educated Luxembourgers also speak English

Literacy

100%

98%

Nationality

noun — Liechtensteiner(s); adjective — Liechtenstein

noun — Luxembourger(s); adjective — Luxembourg

Population

26,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.7%

366,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.3%

Religion

82.7% Roman Catholic, 7.1% Protestant, 10.2% other

97% Roman Catholic, remaining 3% Protestant and Jewish

Branches

unicameral Parliament, hereditary Prince, independent judiciary

parliamentary democracy; seven ministers comprise Council of Government headed by President, LUXEMBOURG (Continued) which constitutes the executive; it is responsible to the unicatneral legislature, the Chamber of Deputies; the Council of State, appointed for indefinite term, exercises some powers of an upper house; judicial power exercised by independent courts

Capital

Vaduz

Luxembourg

Communists

none

500 party members (1981)

Elections

every 4 years; last election 1982 Political parties and leaders: Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto Hasler; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), Dr. Peter Marxer; Christian Social Party, Fritz Kaiser Voting strength (1978): FBP 51%, VU 49%; in 1982 elections Brunhart received 53.6% of the vote

every five years for entire Chamber of Deputies; latest elections June 1979 Political parties and leaders: Christian Social Party, Pierre Werner (parliamentary president) and Jacques Santer (party president); Socialist, Robert Krieps (party president); Social Democrat, Henry Cravatte (party president); Liberal, Colette Flesch; Communist, Dominique Urbany; Independent Socialists, Jean Gremling (party president); Enroles de Forces Voting strength in Chamber of Deputies (1979): Christian Socialist, 24; Socialist Workers, 14; Liberals, 15; Social Democrats, 1; Communists, 2; Independent Socialists, 1; Enroles de Force, 1

Government leaders

Head of State, H. S. H. Prince FRANZ Josef II; Head of Government (Prime Minister), Hans BRUNHART

Grand Duke JEAN, Head of State; Pierre WERNER, Prime Minister

Legal system

principality has its own civil and penal codes; lowest court is county court (Landgericht), presided over by one judge, which decides minor civil cases and summary criminal offenses; criminal court (Kriminalgericht), with a bench of five judges, is for major crimes; another court of mixed jurisdiction is the court of assizes (three judges) for misdemeanors; Superior Court (Obergericht) and Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) are courts of appeal for civil and criminal cases (five judges each); an administrative court of appeal from government actions and the State Court determine the constitutionality of laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

based on civil law system; constitution adopted 1868; judicial review of legislative acts in the Cassation Court only; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Member of

Council of Europe, EFTA, IAEA, INTELSAT, ITU, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WIPO; considering UN membership; under several post-World War I treaties Switzerland handles Liechtenstein's customs and postal telephone and telegraph systems and represents the principality abroad on a diplomatic and consular level whenever requested to do so by the Liechtenstein Government

Benelux, BLEU, Council of Europe, EC, ECSC, EEC, EIB, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

National holiday

23 June

Official name

Principality of Liechtenstein

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Other political or pressure groups

group of steel industries representing iron and steel industry, Centrale Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor unions, Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation

Political subdivisions

1 1 communes

unitary state, but for administrative purposes has 3 districts (Luxembourg, Diekirch, Greventnacher) and 12 cantons

Suffrage

males age 20 and over

universal and compulsory over age 18

Type

hereditary constitutional monarchy

constitutional monarchy

Agriculture

mixed farming; main crops — dairy products and wine

Budget

(1980) revenues $1,545 million, expenditures $1,566 million, deficit $20.5 million

Crude steel

4.6 million metric tons produced (1980), 14 metric tons per capita

Electric power

1,500,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.115 billion kWh produced (1980), 3,050 kWh per capita

Exports, Imports, Major trade partners

Luxembourg has a customs union with Belgium under which foreign trade is recorded jointly for the two countries; Luxembourg's principal exports are iron and steel products, principal imports are coal and consumer goods; most of its foreign trade is with Germany, Belgium, France, and other EC countries (for totals, see Belgium)

GNP

approximately $14,000 per capita (1978)

$5.8 billion, $15,950 per capita (1980); 46.6% private consumption, 13.0% government consumption, 20.0% investment, 1.6% stockbuilding, 17.5% foreign balance

Major industries

iron and steel (25% of GNP), food processing, chemicals, metal products and engineering, tires, and banking

Monetary conversion rate

LF29.24=US$1, 1980 average; under the BLEU agreement, the Luxembourg franc is equal in value to the Belgian franc which circulates freely in

Airfields

none

Civil air

no transport aircraft

Highways

130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads

Railroads

18.5 km, standard gauge (1.435 m), electrified; owned, operated, and included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways

Telecommunications

automatic telephone system serving about 18,000 telephones (72.0 per 100 popl.); no broadcast facilities DEFENSE FORCES Defense is responsibility of Switzerland i /-4^-~x —^i I f I \- U FEDERAL REPUBLIC ' f X5LG1B*' \ OF6ERMANY *%. ^ M FBAUGE