2019 Edition

CIA World Factbook 2019 Archive (Wayback Machine)

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Countries

267

Data Records

66,981

Lesotho

2019 Edition · 291 data fields

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Introduction

Background

Basutoland was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho upon independence from the UK in 1966. The Basotho National Party ruled the country during its first two decades. King MOSHOESHOE II was exiled in 1990, but returned to Lesotho in 1992 and was reinstated in 1995 and subsequently succeeded by his son, King LETSIE III, in 1996. Constitutional government was restored in 1993 after seven years of military rule. In 1998, violent protests and a military mutiny following a contentious election prompted a brief but bloody intervention by South African and Botswana military forces under the aegis of the Southern African Development Community. Subsequent constitutional reforms restored relative political stability. Peaceful parliamentary elections were held in 2002, but the National Assembly elections in 2007 were hotly contested and aggrieved parties disputed how the electoral law was applied to award proportional seats in the Assembly. In 2012, competitive elections involving 18 parties saw Prime Minister Motsoahae Thomas THABANE form a coalition government - the first in the country's history - that ousted the 14-year incumbent, Pakalitha MOSISILI, who peacefully transferred power the following month. MOSISILI returned to power in snap elections in February 2015 after the collapse of THABANE’s coalition government and an alleged attempted military coup. In June 2017, THABANE returned to become prime minister.

Geography

Area

Land: 30,355 sq km
Total: 30,355 sq km
Water: 0 sq km

Area Comparative

slightly smaller than Maryland

Climate

temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

Highest Point: Thabana Ntlenyana 3,482 m
Lowest Point: junction of the Orange and Makhaleng Rivers 1,400 m
Mean Elevation: 2,161 m

Environment Current Issues

population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion; desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and redirects water to South Africa

Environment International Agreements

Party To: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
Signed But Not Ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic Coordinates

29 30 S, 28 30 E

Geography Note

landlocked, an enclave of (completely surrounded by) South Africa; mountainous, more than 80% of the country is 1,800 m above sea level

Irrigated Land

30 sq km (2012)

Land Boundaries

Border Countries: South Africa 1106 km
Total: 1,106 km

Land Use

Agricultural Land: 76.1% (2011 est.)
Agricultural Land Arable Land: 10.1% (2011 est.)
Agricultural Land Permanent Crops: 0.1% (2011 est.)
Agricultural Land Permanent Pasture: 65.9% (2011 est.)
Forest: 1.5% (2011 est.)
Other: 22.4% (2011 est.)

Location

Southern Africa, an enclave of South Africa

Map References

Africa

Maritime Claims

none (landlocked)

Natural Hazards

periodic droughts

Natural Resources

water, agricultural and grazing land, diamonds, sand, clay, building stone

Population Distribution

relatively higher population density in the western half of the nation, with the capital of Maseru, and the smaller cities of Mafeteng, Teyateyaneng, and Leribe attracting the most people

Terrain

mostly highland with plateaus, hills, and mountains

People and Society

Age Structure

0 14 Years: 31.84% (male 314,155 /female 310,772)
15 24 Years: 19.34% (male 181,332 /female 198,236)
25 54 Years: 38.27% (male 366,652 /female 384,333)
55 64 Years: 5.02% (male 52,490 /female 46,016)
65 Years And Over: 5.53% (male 55,804 /female 52,671) (2018 est.)

Birth Rate

24.2 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Children Under The Age Of 5 Years Underweight

10.5% (2014)

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

60.2% (2014)

Current Health Expenditure

8.1% (2016)

Death Rate

15.1 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Demographic Profile

Lesotho faces great socioeconomic challenges. More than half of its population lives below the property line, and the country’s HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is the second highest in the world. In addition, Lesotho is a small, mountainous, landlocked country with little arable land, leaving its population vulnerable to food shortages and reliant on remittances. Lesotho’s persistently high infant, child, and maternal mortality rates have been increasing during the last decade, according to the last two Demographic and Health Surveys. Despite these significant shortcomings, Lesotho has made good progress in education; it is on-track to achieve universal primary education and has one of the highest adult literacy rates in Africa.Lesotho’s migration history is linked to its unique geography; it is surrounded by South Africa with which it shares linguistic and cultural traits. Lesotho at one time had more of its workforce employed outside its borders than any other country. Today remittances equal about 17% of its GDP. With few job options at home, a high rate of poverty, and higher wages available across the border, labor migration to South Africa replaced agriculture as the prevailing Basotho source of income decades ago. The majority of Basotho migrants were single men contracted to work as gold miners in South Africa. However, migration trends changed in the 1990s, and fewer men found mining jobs in South Africa because of declining gold prices, stricter immigration policies, and a preference for South African workers.Although men still dominate cross-border labor migration, more women are working in South Africa, mostly as domestics, because they are widows or their husbands are unemployed. Internal rural-urban flows have also become more frequent, with more women migrating within the country to take up jobs in the garment industry or moving to care for loved ones with HIV/AIDS. Lesotho’s small population of immigrants is increasingly composed of Taiwanese and Chinese migrants who are involved in the textile industry and small retail businesses.

Dependency Ratios

Elderly Dependency Ratio: 7.4 (2015 est.)
Potential Support Ratio: 13.5 (2015 est.)
Total Dependency Ratio: 66.9 (2015 est.)
Youth Dependency Ratio: 59.5 (2015 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved Rural: 77% of population
Improved Total: 81.8% of population
Improved Urban: 94.6% of population
Unimproved Rural: 23% of population
Unimproved Total: 18.2% of population (2015 est.)
Unimproved Urban: 5.4% of population

Education Expenditures

6.4% of GDP (2018)

Ethnic Groups

Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%

HIV/AIDS Adult Prevalence Rate

23.6% (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS Deaths

6,100 (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS People Living With HIV/AIDS

340,000 (2018 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Female: 40.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 48.1 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 44.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Languages

Sesotho (official) (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa

Life Expectancy at Birth

Female: 53.1 years
Male: 53 years
Total Population: 53 years (2018 est.)

Literacy

Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Female: 88.3% (2015)
Male: 70.1%
Total Population: 79.4%

Major Urban Areas Population

202,000 MASERU (capital) (2018)

Maternal Mortality Rate

544 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median Age

Female: 24.3 years
Male: 24.4 years
Total: 24.4 years (2018 est.)

Mother's Mean Age at First Birth

21 years (2014 est.)

Nationality

Adjective: Basotho
Noun: Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)

Net Migration Rate

-6.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Obesity Adult Prevalence Rate

16.6% (2016)

Physicians Density

0.07 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population

1,962,461 (July 2018 est.)

Population Growth Rate

0.24% (2018 est.)

Religions

Protestant 47.8% (Pentecostal 23.1%, Lesotho Evangelical 17.3%, Anglican 7.4%), Roman Catholic 39.3%, other Christian 9.1%, non-Christian 1.4%, none 2.3% (2014 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved Rural: 27.6% of population (2015 est.)
Improved Total: 30.3% of population (2015 est.)
Improved Urban: 37.3% of population (2015 est.)
Unimproved Rural: 72.4% of population (2015 est.)
Unimproved Total: 69.7% of population (2015 est.)
Unimproved Urban: 62.7% of population (2015 est.)

School Life Expectancy Primary To Tertiary Education

Female: 11 years (2015)
Male: 10 years
Total: 11 years

Sex Ratio

0 14 Years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15 24 Years: 0.91 male(s)/female
25 54 Years: 0.95 male(s)/female
55 64 Years: 1.14 male(s)/female
65 Years And Over: 1.06 male(s)/female
At Birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
Total Population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Total Fertility Rate

2.59 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Unemployment Youth Ages 15 24

Female: NA (2013 est.)
Total: 34.4%

Urbanization

Rate Of Urbanization: 2.83% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Urban Population: 28.6% of total population (2019)

Government

Administrative Divisions

10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka

Capital

Geographic Coordinates: 29 19 S, 27 29 E
Name: Maseru
Time Difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship By Birth: yes
Citizenship By Descent Only: yes
Dual Citizenship Recognized: no
Residency Requirement For Naturalization: 5 years

Constitution

Amendments: proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments affecting constitutional provisions, including fundamental rights and freedoms, sovereignty of the kingdom, the office of the king, and powers of Parliament, requires a majority vote by the National Assembly, approval by the Senate, approval in a referendum by a majority of qualified voters, and assent of the king; passage of amendments other than those specified provisions requires at least a two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Parliament; amended several times, last in 2011 (2017)
History: previous 1959, 1967; latest adopted 2 April 1993 (effectively restoring the 1967 version)

Country Name

Conventional Long Form: Kingdom of Lesotho
Conventional Short Form: Lesotho
Etymology: the name translates as "Land of the Sesotho Speakers"
Former: Basutoland
Local Long Form: Kingdom of Lesotho
Local Short Form: Lesotho

Diplomatic Representation From The Us

Chief Of Mission: Ambassador Rebecca E. GONZALES (since 8 February 2018)
Embassy: 254 Kingsway Road, Maseru West
Fax: [266] 22 310 116
Mailing Address: P.O. Box 333, Maseru 100, Lesotho
Telephone: [266] 22 312 666

Diplomatic Representation In The Us

Chancery: 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Chief Of Mission: Ambassador Sankatana Gabriel MAJA (since 22 June 2018)
Fax: [1] (202) 234-6815
Telephone: [1] (202) 797-5533

Executive Branch

Cabinet: consists of the prime minister, appointed by the King on the advice of the Council of State, the deputy prime minister, and 26 other ministers
Chief Of State: King LETSIE III (since 7 February 1996); note - King LETSIE III formerly occupied the throne from November 1990 to February 1995 while his father was in exile
Elections Appointments: the monarchy is hereditary, but under the terms of the constitution that came into effect after the March 1993 election, the monarch is a "living symbol of national unity" with no executive or legislative powers; under traditional law, the college of chiefs has the power to depose the monarch, to determine next in line of succession, or to serve as regent in the event that a successor is not of mature age; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the Assembly automatically becomes prime minister
Head Of Government: Prime Minister Thomas Motsoahae THABANE (since 16 June 2017)

Flag Description

three horizontal stripes of blue (top), white, and green in the proportions of 3:4:3; the colors represent rain, peace, and prosperity respectively; centered in the white stripe is a black Basotho hat representing the indigenous people; the flag was unfurled in October 2006 to celebrate 40 years of independence

Government Type

parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Independence

4 October 1966 (from the UK)

International Law Organization Participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International Organization Participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial Branch

Highest Courts: Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, such number of justices of appeal as set by Parliament, and the Chief Justice and the puisne judges of the High Court ex officio); High Court (consists of the chief justice and such number of puisne judges as set by Parliament); note - both the Court of Appeal and the High Court have jurisdiction in constitutional issues
Judge Selection And Term Of Office: Court of Appeal president and High Court chief justice appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; puisne judges appointed by the monarch on advice of the Judicial Service Commission, an independent body of judicial officers and officials designated by the monarch; judges of both courts can serve until age 75
Subordinate Courts: Magistrate Courts; customary or traditional courts; military courts

Legal System

mixed legal system of English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal

Legislative Branch

Description: bicameral Parliament consists of: Senate (33 seats; 22 principal chiefs and 11 other senators nominated by the king with the advice of the Council of State, a 13-member body of key government and non-government officials; members serve 5-year terms) National Assembly (120 seats; 80 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 40 elected through proportional representation; members serve 5-year terms)
Election Results: Senate - percent of votes by party - NA, seats by party - NA; composition - men 25, women 8, percent of women 24.2% National Assembly - percent of votes by party - ABC 40.5%, DC 25.8%, LCD 9%, AD 7.3%, MEC 5.1%, BNP 4.1, PFD 2.3%, other 5.9%; seats by party - ABC 51, DC 30, LCD 11, AD 9, MEC 6, BNP 5, PFD 3, other 5; composition - men 95, women 27, percent of women 22.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 22.9%
Elections: Senate - last nominated by the king 11 July 2017 (next NA) National Assembly - last held on 3 June 2017 (next to be held in 2022)

National Anthem

Lyrics Music: Francois COILLARD/Ferdinand-Samuel LAUR
Name: "Lesotho fatse la bo ntat'a rona" (Lesotho, Land of Our Fathers)

National Holiday

Independence Day, 4 October (1966)

National Symbol S

mokorotio (Basotho hat); national colors: blue, white, green, black

Political Parties And Leaders

All Basotho Convention or ABC [Thomas Motsoahae THABANE] Alliance of Democrats or AD [Monyane MOLELEKI] Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Thulo MAHLAKENG] Basotho National Party or BNP [Thesele MASERIBANE] Democratic Congress or DC [Pakalitha MOSISILI] Democratic Party of Lesotho or DPL [Limpho TAU] Lesotho Congress for Democracy or LCD [Mothetjoa METSING] Movement of Economic Change or MEC [Selibe MOCHOBOROANE] National Independent Party or NIP [Kimetso MATHABA] Popular Front for Democracy of PFD [Lekhetho RAKUOANE] Reformed Congress of Lesotho or RCL [Keketso RANTSO]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Economy

Agriculture Products

corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley; livestock

Budget

Expenditures: 1.255 billion (2017 est.)
Revenues: 1.09 billion (2017 est.)

Budget Surplus Or Deficit

-6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Central Bank Discount Rate

2 February 2016: 6.75%
31 December 2015: 6.25%

Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate

31 December 2016: 11.58%
31 December 2017: 11.58%

Current Account Balance

2016: -$201 million
2017: -$102 million

Debt External

31 December 2016: $921.3 million
31 December 2017: $934.6 million

Distribution Of Family Income Gini Index

1995: 63.2

Economy Overview

Small, mountainous, and completely landlocked by South Africa, Lesotho depends on a narrow economic base of textile manufacturing, agriculture, remittances, and regional customs revenue. About three-fourths of the people live in rural areas and engage in animal herding and subsistence agriculture, although Lesotho produces less than 20% of the nation's demand for food. Agriculture is vulnerable to weather and climate variability.Lesotho relies on South Africa for much of its economic activity; Lesotho imports 85% of the goods it consumes from South Africa, including most agricultural inputs. Households depend heavily on remittances from family members working in South Africa in mines, on farms, and as domestic workers, though mining employment has declined substantially since the 1990s. Lesotho is a member of the Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU), and revenues from SACU accounted for roughly 26% of total GDP in 2016; however, SACU revenues are volatile and expected to decline over the next 5 years. Lesotho also gains royalties from the South African Government for water transferred to South Africa from a dam and reservoir system in Lesotho. However, the government continues to strengthen its tax system to reduce dependency on customs duties and other transfers.The government maintains a large presence in the economy - government consumption accounted for about 26% of GDP in 2017. The government remains Lesotho's largest employer; in 2016, the government wage bill rose to 23% of GDP – the largest in sub-Saharan Africa. Lesotho's largest private employer is the textile and garment industry - approximately 36,000 Basotho, mainly women, work in factories producing garments for export to South Africa and the US. Diamond mining in Lesotho has grown in recent years and accounted for nearly 35% of total exports in 2015. Lesotho managed steady GDP growth at an average of 4.5% from 2010 to 2014, dropping to about 2.5% in 2015-16, but poverty remains widespread around 57% of the total population.

Exchange Rates

2013: 10.85
2014: 12.76
2015: 14.71
2016: 14.71
2017: 14.48
Currency: maloti (LSL) per US dollar -

Exports

2016: $894 million
2017: $1.028 billion

Exports Commodities

manufactures (clothing, footwear), wool and mohair, food and live animals, electricity, water, diamonds

Exports Partners

South Africa 57%, US 33.5% (2017)

Fiscal Year

1 April - 31 March

GDP Composition By End Use

Exports Of Goods And Services: 40.8% (2017 est.)
Government Consumption: 26.4% (2017 est.)
Household Consumption: 69.2% (2017 est.)
Imports Of Goods And Services: -54.4% (2017 est.)
Investment In Fixed Capital: 31.4% (2017 est.)
Investment In Inventories: -13.4% (2017 est.)

GDP Composition By Sector Of Origin

Agriculture: 5.8% (2016 est.)
Industry: 39.2% (2016 est.)
Services: 54.9% (2017 est.)

GDP Official Exchange Rate

$2.749 billion (2017 est.)

GDP Per Capita Ppp

2015: $3,300
2016: $3,400
2017: $3,300

GDP Purchasing Power Parity

2015: $6.561 billion
2016: $6.762 billion
2017: $6.656 billion

GDP Real Growth Rate

2015: 2.5%
2016: 3.1%
2017: -1.6%

Gross National Saving

2015: 24.7% of GDP
2016: 19.7% of GDP
2017: 20.3% of GDP

Household Income Or Consumption By Percentage Share

Highest 10: 39.4% (2003)
Lowest 10: 1%

Imports

2016: $1.613 billion
2017: $1.826 billion

Imports Commodities

food; building materials, vehicles, machinery, medicines, petroleum products

Imports Partners

South Africa 87.2% (2017)

Industrial Production Growth Rate

12.5% (2017 est.)

Industries

food, beverages, textiles, apparel assembly, handicrafts, construction, tourism

Inflation Rate Consumer Prices

2016: 6.2%
2017: 5.3%

Labor Force

930,800 (2017 est.)

Labor Force By Occupation

Agriculture: 86%
Industry And Services: 14% (2002 est.)

Population Below Poverty Line

57% (2016 est.)

Public Debt

2016: 36.2% of GDP
2017: 33.7% of GDP

Reserves Of Foreign Exchange And Gold

31 December 2016: $925.2 million
31 December 2017: $657.7 million

Stock Of Broad Money

31 December 2016: $356.3 million
31 December 2017: $420.8 million

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment Abroad

31 December 2016: $206.9 million
31 December 2017: $122 million

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment at Home

31 December 2016: $456.5 million
31 December 2017: $497.7 million

Stock Of Domestic Credit

31 December 2016: $230.9 million
31 December 2017: $442.3 million

Stock Of Narrow Money

31 December 2016: $356.3 million
31 December 2017: $420.8 million

Taxes And Other Revenues

39.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment Rate

2008: 25%
2014: 28.1%

Energy

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants: less than 1 (2017 est.)
Total: 4,984

Broadcast Media

1 state-owned TV station and 2 state-owned radio stations; government controls most private broadcast media; satellite TV subscription service available; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters obtainable (2019)

Internet Country Code

.ls

Internet Users

Percent Of Population: 27.4% (July 2016 est.)
Total: 534,360

Telephone System

Domestic: mobile-cellular service dominates the market with a subscribership now over 122 per 100 persons; fixed-line is 1 per 100 subscriptions (2018)
General Assessment: rudimentary system consisting of a modest number of landlines, a small microwave radio relay system, and a small radiotelephone communication system; fixed-line teledensity is low; mobile-cellular telephone system is expanding; commercial services with LTE technology (2018)
International: country code - 266; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Internet accessibility has improved with several submarine fibre optic cables that land on African east and west coasts, but the country's land locked position makes access prices expensive (2019)

Telephones Fixed Lines

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants: 1 (2017 est.)
Total Subscriptions: 10,637

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants: 122 (2017 est.)
Total Subscriptions: 2,380,804

Transportation

Airports

24 (2013)

Airports With Paved Runways

914 To 1 523 M: 1 (2017)
Over 3 047 M: 1 (2017)
Total: 3 (2017)
Under 914 M: 1 (2017)

Airports With Unpaved Runways

914 To 1 523 M: 5 (2013)
Total: 21 (2013)
Under 914 M: 16 (2013)

Civil Aircraft Registration Country Code Prefix

7P (2016)

Roadways

Paved: 1,069 km (2011)
Total: 5,940 km (2011)
Unpaved: 4,871 km (2011)

Military and Security

Military And Security Forces

Lesotho Defense Force (LDF): Army (includes Air Wing) (2012)

Military Expenditures

2014: 1.84% of GDP
2015: 1.85% of GDP
2016: 1.83% of GDP
2017: 2.01% of GDP
2018: 1.81% of GDP

Military Note

Lesotho's declared policy for its military is the maintenance of the country's sovereignty and the preservation of internal security; in practice, external security is guaranteed by South Africa

Military Service Age And Obligation

18-24 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women serve as commissioned officers (2012)

Transnational Issues

Disputes International

South Africa has placed military units to assist police operations along the border of Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique to control smuggling, poaching, and illegal migration

Trafficking In Persons

Current Situation: Lesotho is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking and for men subjected to forced labor; in Lesotho and South Africa, Basotho women and children are subjected to domestic servitude, and Basotho children increasingly endure commercial sexual exploitation; some Basotho men who voluntarily migrate to South Africa for work become victims of forced labor in agriculture and mining or are coerced into committing crimes; foreign nationals continue to traffic fellow citizens in Lesotho
Tier Rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Lesotho does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, Lesotho was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; the government failed to initiate any prosecutions against alleged traffickers and has not convicted any offenders under the 2011 anti-trafficking act, which remains unimplemented for a fifth year; authorities did not develop formal victim identification and referral procedures, did not establish victim care centers, as required under the 2011 anti-trafficking act, and did not support NGOs offering victims protective services (2015)