2013 Edition

Background

Modern-day Laos has its roots in the ancient Lao kingdom of Lan Xang, established in the 14th century under King FA NGUM. For 300 years Lan Xang had influence reaching into present-day Cambodia and Thailand, as well as over all of what is now Laos. After centuries of gradual decline, Laos came under the domination of Siam (Thailand) from the late 18th century until the late 19th century when it became part of French Indochina. The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1907 defined the current Lao border with Thailand. In 1975, the communist Pathet Lao took control of the government ending a six-century-old monarchy and instituting a strict socialist regime closely aligned to Vietnam. A gradual, limited return to private enterprise and the liberalization of foreign investment laws began in 1988. Laos became a member of ASEAN in 1997 and the WTO in 2013.

Area

236,800 sq km 230,800 sq km 6,000 sq km

total

236,800 sq km

water

6,000 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly larger than Utah

Climate

tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

Mekong River 70 m Phu Bia 2,817 m

highest point

Phu Bia 2,817 m

lowest point

Mekong River 70 m

Environment - current issues

unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; most of the population does not have access to potable water

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection none of the selected agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

3.49 cu km/yr (4%/5%/91%) 588.9 cu m/yr (2005)

per capita

588.9 cu m/yr (2005)

total

3.49 cu km/yr (4%/5%/91%)

Geographic coordinates

18 00 N, 105 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; most of the country is mountainous and thickly forested; the Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand

Irrigated land

3,100 sq km (2005)

Land boundaries

5,083 km Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km, Thailand 1,754 km, Vietnam 2,130 km

border countries

Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km, Thailand 1,754 km, Vietnam 2,130 km

total

5,083 km

Land use

5.91% 0.42% 93.67% (2011)

arable land

5.91%

other

93.67% (2011)

permanent crops

0.42%

Location

Southeastern Asia, northeast of Thailand, west of Vietnam

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

floods, droughts

Natural resources

timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones

Terrain

mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus

Total renewable water resources

333.5 cu km (2011)

Age structure

35.5% (male 1,198,288/female 1,178,180) 21.3% (male 706,679/female 716,368) 34.6% (male 1,143,265/female 1,174,102) 4.9% (male 160,650/female 166,605) 3.7% (male 113,301/female 137,728) (2013 est.)

0-14 years

35.5% (male 1,198,288/female 1,178,180)

15-24 years

21.3% (male 706,679/female 716,368)

25-54 years

34.6% (male 1,143,265/female 1,174,102)

55-64 years

4.9% (male 160,650/female 166,605)

65 years and over

3.7% (male 113,301/female 137,728) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

25.23 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

175,138 11 % (2006 est.)

percentage

11 % (2006 est.)

total number

175,138

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

31.6% (2006)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

38.4% (2005)

Death rate

7.86 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Dependency ratios

63.8 % 57.6 % 6.2 % 16.1 (2013)

elderly dependency ratio

6.2 %

potential support ratio

16.1 (2013)

total dependency ratio

63.8 %

youth dependency ratio

57.6 %

Drinking water source

urban: 77% of population rural: 62% of population total: 67% of population urban: 23% of population rural: 38% of population total: 33% of population (2010 est.)

rural

38% of population

total

33% of population (2010 est.)

urban

23% of population

Education expenditures

3.3% of GDP (2010)

Ethnic groups

Lao 55%, Khmou 11%, Hmong 8%, other (over 100 minor ethnic groups) 26% (2005 census)

Health expenditures

2.8% of GDP (2011)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.2% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 200 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

8,500 (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.7 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate

56.13 deaths/1,000 live births 61.91 deaths/1,000 live births 50.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

female

50.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total

56.13 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Lao (official), French, English, various ethnic languages

Life expectancy at birth

63.14 years 61.2 years 65.17 years (2013 est.)

female

65.17 years (2013 est.)

total population

63.14 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 72.7% 82.5% 63.2% (2005 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

63.2% (2005 est.)

male

82.5%

total population

72.7%

Major infectious diseases

very high bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever dengue fever and malaria highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases

dengue fever and malaria

Major urban areas - population

VIENTIANE (capital) 799,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

470 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

21.6 years 21.4 years 21.9 years (2013 est.)

female

21.9 years (2013 est.)

male

21.4 years

total

21.6 years

Nationality

Lao(s) or Laotian(s) Lao or Laotian

adjective

Lao or Laotian

noun

Lao(s) or Laotian(s)

Net migration rate

-1.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

2.6% (2008)

Physicians density

0.19 physicians/1,000 population (2009)

Population

6,695,166 (July 2013 est.)

Population growth rate

1.63% (2013 est.)

Religions

Buddhist 67%, Christian 1.5%, other and unspecified 31.5% (2005 census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 89% of population rural: 50% of population total: 63% of population urban: 11% of population rural: 50% of population total: 37% of population (2010 est.)

rural

50% of population

total

37% of population (2010 est.)

urban

11% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

10 years 11 years 10 years (2011)

female

10 years (2011)

male

11 years

total

10 years

Sex ratio

1.04 male(s)/female 1.02 male(s)/female 0.99 male(s)/female 0.98 male(s)/female 0.96 male(s)/female 0.82 male(s)/female 0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

0-14 years

1.02 male(s)/female

15-24 years

0.99 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.98 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.82 male(s)/female

at birth

1.04 male(s)/female

total population

0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.98 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Urbanization

34.3% of total population (2011) 4.41% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

4.41% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

34.3% of total population (2011)

Administrative divisions

16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) and 1 capital city* (nakhon luang, singular and plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamxai, Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louangnamtha, Louangphabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, Salavan, Savannakhet, Viangchan (Vientiane)*, Viangchan, Xaignabouli, Xekong, Xiangkhouang

Capital

Vientiane (Viangchan) 17 58 N, 102 36 E UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

geographic coordinates

17 58 N, 102 36 E

name

Vientiane (Viangchan)

time difference

UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

previous 1947 (preindependence); latest promulgated 13-15 August 1991; amended 2003 (2003)

Country name

Lao People's Democratic Republic Laos Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao Pathet Lao (unofficial)

conventional long form

Lao People's Democratic Republic

conventional short form

Laos

local long form

Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao

local short form

Pathet Lao (unofficial)

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador David A. CLUNE (since 16 September 2013) 19 Rue Bartholonie, That Dam, Vientiane American Embassy Vientiane, APO AP 96546 [856] 21-26-7000 [856] 21-26-7190

chief of mission

Ambassador David A. CLUNE (since 16 September 2013)

embassy

19 Rue Bartholonie, That Dam, Vientiane

FAX

[856] 21-26-7190

mailing address

American Embassy Vientiane, APO AP 96546

telephone

[856] 21-26-7000

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador SENG Soukhathivong (since 4 June 2010) 2222 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 [1] (202) 332-6416 [1] (202) 332-4923

chancery

2222 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador SENG Soukhathivong (since 4 June 2010)

FAX

[1] (202) 332-4923

telephone

[1] (202) 332-6416

Executive branch

President Lt. Gen. CHOUMMALI Saignason (since 8 June 2006); Vice President BOUN-GNANG Volachit (since 8 June 2006) Prime Minister THONGSING Thammavong (since 24 December 2010); First Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. ASANG Laoli (since May 2002), Deputy Prime Ministers Maj. Gen. DOUANGCHAI Phichit (since 8 June 2006), SOMSAVAT Lengsavat (since 26 February 1998), and THONGLOUN Sisoulit (since 27 March 2001) Ministers appointed by president, approved by National Assembly president and vice president elected by National Assembly for five-year terms; election last held on 30 April 2011 (next to be held in 2016); prime minister nominated by the president and elected by the National Assembly for five-year term CHOUMMALI Saignason elected president; BOUN-GNANG Volachit elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - NA; THONGSING Thammavong elected prime minister; percent of National Assembly vote - NA

cabinet

Ministers appointed by president, approved by National Assembly

chief of state

President Lt. Gen. CHOUMMALI Saignason (since 8 June 2006); Vice President BOUN-GNANG Volachit (since 8 June 2006)

election results

CHOUMMALI Saignason elected president; BOUN-GNANG Volachit elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - NA; THONGSING Thammavong elected prime minister; percent of National Assembly vote - NA

elections

president and vice president elected by National Assembly for five-year terms; election last held on 30 April 2011 (next to be held in 2016); prime minister nominated by the president and elected by the National Assembly for five-year term

head of government

Prime Minister THONGSING Thammavong (since 24 December 2010); First Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. ASANG Laoli (since May 2002), Deputy Prime Ministers Maj. Gen. DOUANGCHAI Phichit (since 8 June 2006), SOMSAVAT Lengsavat (since 26 February 1998), and THONGLOUN Sisoulit (since 27 March 2001)

Flag description

three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a large white disk centered in the blue band; the red bands recall the blood shed for liberation; the blue band represents the Mekong River and prosperity; the white disk symbolizes the full moon against the Mekong River, but also signifies the unity of the people under the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, as well as the country's bright future

Government type

Communist state

Independence

19 July 1949 (from France)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ADB, ARF, ASEAN, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

People's Supreme Court (consists of NA judges) president of People's Supreme Court elected by National Assembly on recommendation of National Assembly Standing Committee; vice president of People's Supreme Court and judges appointed by National Assembly Standing Committee; term of office NA provincial, municipal, district, and military courts

highest court(s)

People's Supreme Court (consists of NA judges)

judge selection and term of office

president of People's Supreme Court elected by National Assembly on recommendation of National Assembly Standing Committee; vice president of People's Supreme Court and judges appointed by National Assembly Standing Committee; term of office NA

subordinate courts

provincial, municipal, district, and military courts

Legal system

civil law system similar in form to the French system

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly (132 seats; members elected by popular vote from a list of candidates selected by the Lao People's Revolutionary Party to serve five-year terms) last held on 30 April 2011 (next to be held in 2016) percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LPRP 128, independents 4

election results

percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LPRP 128, independents 4

elections

last held on 30 April 2011 (next to be held in 2016)

National anthem

"Pheng Xat Lao" (Hymn of the Lao People) SISANA Sisane/THONGDY Sounthonevichit music adopted 1945, lyrics adopted 1975; the anthem's lyrics were changed following the 1975 Communist revolution that overthrew the monarchy

lyrics/music

SISANA Sisane/THONGDY Sounthonevichit

name

"Pheng Xat Lao" (Hymn of the Lao People)

National holiday

Republic Day, 2 December (1975)

National symbol(s)

elephant

Political parties and leaders

Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [CHOUMMALI Saignason]; other parties proscribed

Political pressure groups and leaders

NA

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

sweet potatoes, vegetables, corn, coffee, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, tea, peanuts, rice; cassava (manioc), water buffalo, pigs, cattle, poultry

Budget

$2.122 billion $2.25 billion (2012 est.)

expenditures

$2.25 billion (2012 est.)

revenues

$2.122 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.4% of GDP (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate

4.3% (31 December 2010) 4% (31 December 2009)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

22.3% (31 December 2012 est.) 21.9% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

$-315.5 million (2012 est.) $-206.3 million (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$6.288 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $6.158 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

36.7 (2008) 34.6 (2002)

Economy - overview

The government of Laos, one of the few remaining one-party communist states, began decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986. The results, starting from an extremely low base, were striking - growth averaged 6% per year from 1988-2008 except during the short-lived drop caused by the Asian financial crisis that began in 1997. Laos' growth exceeded 7% per year during 2008-12. Despite this high growth rate, Laos remains a country with an underdeveloped infrastructure, particularly in rural areas. It has a basic, but improving, road system, and limited external and internal land-line telecommunications. Electricity is available 75% of the country. Laos' economy is heavily dependent on capital-intensive natural resource exports. The labor force, however, still relies on agriculture, dominated by rice cultivation in lowland areas, which accounts for about 30% of GDP and 75% of total employment. Economic growth has reduced official poverty rates from 46% in 1992 to 26% in 2010. The economy also has benefited from high-profile foreign direct investment in hydropower, copper and gold mining, logging, and construction though some projects in these industries have drawn criticism for their environmental impacts. Laos gained Normal Trade Relations status with the US in 2004. On the fiscal side, Laos initiated a VAT tax system in 2010. Simplified investment procedures and expanded bank credits for small farmers and small entrepreneurs will improve Laos'' economic prospects. The government appears committed to raising the country''s profile among investors, opening the country''s first stock exchange in 2011 and participating in regional economic cooperation initiatives. Laos was admitted to the WTO in 2012. The World Bank has declared that Laos'' goal of graduating from the UN Development Program''s list of least-developed countries by 2020 is achievable.

Exchange rates

kips (LAK) per US dollar - 8,007.3 (2012 est.) 8,030.1 (2011 est.) 8,258.8 (2010 est.) 8,516.04 (2009) 8,760.69 (2008)

Exports

$1.984 billion (2012 est.) $1.854 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

wood products, coffee, electricity, tin, copper, gold, cassava

Exports - partners

Thailand 34%, China 21.5%, Vietnam 12.2% (2012)

Fiscal year

1 October - 30 September

GDP - composition, by end use

69% 9.9% 29.6% -1.3% 39.6% -46.8% (2012 est.)

exports of goods and services

39.6%

government consumption

9.9%

household consumption

69%

imports of goods and services

-46.8%

investment in fixed capital

29.6%

investment in inventories

-1.3%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

26% 34% 40% (2012 est.)

agriculture

26%

industry

34%

services

40% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$2,800 (2012 est.) $2,700 (2011 est.) $2,500 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

7.9% (2012 est.) 8% (2011 est.) 8.1% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$9.047 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$18.92 billion (2012 est.) $17.54 billion (2011 est.) $16.23 billion (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

Gross national saving

26.2% of GDP (2012 est.) 25.2% of GDP (2011 est.) 24.7% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

3.3% 30.3% (2008)

highest 10%

30.3% (2008)

lowest 10%

3.3%

Imports

$2.744 billion (2012 est.) $2.423 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, consumer goods

Imports - partners

Thailand 62.1%, China 16.2%, Vietnam 7.3% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

11.4% (2012 est.)

Industries

mining (copper, tin, gold, and gypsum); timber, electric power, agricultural processing, rubber, construction, garments, cement, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

4.3% (2012 est.) 7.6% (2011 est.)

Labor force

3.308 million (2012 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

75.1% NA (2010 est.)

agriculture

75.1%

industry and services

NA (2010 est.)

Population below poverty line

26% (2010 est.)

Public debt

49.1% of GDP (2012 est.) 49.5% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$796.9 million (31 December 2012 est.) $757.2 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$3.556 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $3.155 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$4.034 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $2.653 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$1.154 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $971.9 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

23.5% of GDP (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate

2.5% (2009 est.) 2.4% (2005 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

1.404 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2013 es)

Electricity - consumption

2.355 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - exports

2.02 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

2.6% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

97.4% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

1 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

1.895 million kW (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

3.629 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2013 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

3,391 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

3,160 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

6 TV stations operating out of Vientiane - 3 government-operated and the others commercial; 17 provincial stations operating with nearly all programming relayed via satellite from the government-operated stations in Vientiane; Chinese and Vietnamese programming relayed via satellite from Lao National TV; broadcasts available from stations in Thailand and Vietnam in border areas; multi-channel satellite and cable TV systems provide access to a wide range of foreign stations; state-controlled radio with state-operated Lao National Radio (LNR) broadcasting on 5 frequencies - 1 AM, 1 SW, and 3 FM; LNR's AM and FM programs are relayed via satellite constituting a large part of the programming schedules of the provincial radio stations; Thai radio broadcasts available in border areas and transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are also accessible (2012)

Internet country code

.la

Internet hosts

1,532 (2012)

Internet users

300,000 (2009)

Telephone system

service to general public is improving; the government relies on a radiotelephone network to communicate with remote areas 4 service providers with mobile cellular usage growing very rapidly country code - 856; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) and a second to be developed by China (2012)

domestic

4 service providers with mobile cellular usage growing very rapidly

general assessment

service to general public is improving; the government relies on a radiotelephone network to communicate with remote areas

international

country code - 856; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) and a second to be developed by China (2012)

Telephones - main lines in use

112,000 (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

6.492 million (2012)

Airports

41 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

4

2,438 to 3,047 m

3

914 to 1,523 m

1 (2013)

total

8

Airports - with unpaved runways

22 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

2

914 to 1,523 m

9

total

33

Pipelines

refined products 540 km (2013)

Roadways

39,568 km 530 km 39,038 km (2007)

total

39,568 km

unpaved

39,038 km (2007)

Waterways

4,600 km (primarily on the Mekong River and its tributaries; 2,900 additional km are intermittently navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m) (2012)

Manpower available for military service

1,574,362 1,607,856 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

1,607,856 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

1,574,362

Manpower fit for military service

1,111,629 1,190,035 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

1,190,035 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

1,111,629

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

71,400 73,038 (2010 est.)

female

73,038 (2010 est.)

male

71,400

Military - note

serving one of the world's least developed countries, the Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF) is small, poorly funded, and ineffectively resourced; its mission focus is border and internal security, primarily in countering ethnic Hmong insurgent groups; together with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the government, the Lao People's Army (LPA) is the third pillar of state machinery, and as such is expected to suppress political and civil unrest and similar national emergencies, but the LPA also has upgraded skills to respond to avian influenza outbreaks; there is no perceived external threat to the state and the LPA maintains strong ties with the neighboring Vietnamese military (2008)

Military branches

Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF): Lao People's Army (LPA; includes Riverine Force), Air Force (2011)

Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF)

Lao People's Army (LPA; includes Riverine Force), Air Force (2011)

Military expenditures

0.2% of GDP (2012)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - minimum 18-months (2012)

Disputes - international

southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion of demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over islands in the Mekong River; concern among Mekong River Commission members that China's construction of dams on the Mekong River and its tributaries will affect water levels; Cambodia and Vietnam are concerned about Laos' extensive upstream dam construction

Illicit drugs

estimated opium poppy cultivation in 2008 was 1,900 hectares, about a 73% increase from 2007; estimated potential opium production in 2008 more than tripled to 17 metric tons; unsubstantiated reports of domestic methamphetamine production; growing domestic methamphetamine problem (2007)