2012 Edition

Background

The Gilbert Islands became a British protectorate in 1892 and a colony in 1915; they were captured by the Japanese in the Pacific War in 1941. The islands of Makin and Tarawa were the sites of major US amphibious victories over entrenched Japanese garrisons in 1943. The Gilbert Islands were granted self-rule by the UK in 1971 and complete independence in 1979 under the new name of Kiribati. The US relinquished all claims to the sparsely inhabited Phoenix and Line Island groups in a 1979 treaty of friendship with Kiribati.

Area

811 sq km 811 sq km 0 sq km includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands

total

811 sq km

water

0 sq km

Area - comparative

four times the size of Washington, DC

Climate

tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds

Coastline

1,143 km

Elevation extremes

Pacific Ocean 0 m unnamed elevation on Banaba 81 m

highest point

unnamed elevation on Banaba 81 m

lowest point

Pacific Ocean 0 m

Environment - current issues

heavy pollution in lagoon of south Tarawa atoll due to heavy migration mixed with traditional practices such as lagoon latrines and open-pit dumping; ground water at risk

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling none of the selected agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

1 25 N, 173 00 E

Geography - note

21 of the 33 islands are inhabited; Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia, and Nauru; Kiribati is the only country in the world to fall into all four hemispheres (northern, southern, eastern, and western)

Irrigated land

NA

Land boundaries

0 km

Land use

2.74% 47.95% 49.31% (2005)

arable land

2.74%

other

49.31% (2005)

permanent crops

47.95%

Location

Oceania, group of 33 coral atolls in the Pacific Ocean, straddling the Equator, as well as the International Date Line; the capital Tarawa is about half way between Hawaii and Australia

Map references

Oceania

Maritime claims

12 nm 200 nm

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; occasional tornadoes; low level of some of the islands make them sensitive to changes in sea level

Natural resources

phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)

Terrain

mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs

Age structure

33.1% (male 17,196/ female 16,561) 63.1% (male 31,289/ female 33,082) 3.8% (male 1,512/ female 2,358) (2012 est.)

0-14 years

33.1% (male 17,196/ female 16,561)

15-64 years

63.1% (male 31,289/ female 33,082)

65 years and over

3.8% (male 1,512/ female 2,358) (2012 est.)

Birth rate

22.45 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)

Death rate

7.31 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)

Education expenditures

NA

Ethnic groups

Micronesian 98.8%, other 1.2% (2000 census)

Health expenditures

3.3% of GDP (2009)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Hospital bed density

1.8 beds/1,000 population (2008)

Infant mortality rate

37.68 deaths/1,000 live births 38.91 deaths/1,000 live births 36.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

female

36.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

total

37.68 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

I-Kiribati, English (official)

Life expectancy at birth

64.76 years 62.37 years 67.26 years (2012 est.)

female

67.26 years (2012 est.)

total population

64.76 years

Literacy

NA

Major cities - population

TARAWA (capital) 43,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

9 deaths/100,000 live births (2008)

Median age

22.9 years 22.1 years 23.7 years (2012 est.)

female

23.7 years (2012 est.)

male

22.1 years

total

22.9 years

Nationality

I-Kiribati (singular and plural) I-Kiribati

adjective

I-Kiribati

noun

I-Kiribati (singular and plural)

Net migration rate

-2.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

50.6% (2006)

Physicians density

0.297 physicians/1,000 population (2006)

Population

101,998 (July 2012 est.)

Population growth rate

1.228% (2012 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 55%, Protestant 36%, Mormon 3.1%, Baha'i 2.2%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.9%, other 1.8% (2005 census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 47% of population rural: 22% of population total: 33% of population urban: 53% of population rural: 78% of population total: 67% of population

rural

78% of population

total

67% of population

urban

53% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

12 years 12 years 13 years (2008)

female

13 years (2008)

male

12 years

total

12 years

Sex ratio

1.05 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 0.95 male(s)/female 0.64 male(s)/female 0.96 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

15-64 years

0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.64 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.96 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

under 15 years

1.04 male(s)/female

Total fertility rate

2.71 children born/woman (2012 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

11.3% 11.8% 10% (2005)

female

10% (2005)

total

11.3%

Urbanization

44% of total population (2010) 1.9% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

1.9% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

44% of total population (2010)

Administrative divisions

3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands; note - in addition, there are 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, Line Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) and 21 island councils - one for each of the inhabited islands (Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Kanton, Kiritimati, Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea, Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, Teraina)

Capital

Tarawa 0 53 S, 169 32 E UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) on 1 January 1995, Kiribati proclaimed that all of its territory was in the same time zone as its Gilbert Islands group (UTC +12) even though the Phoenix Islands and the Line Islands under its jurisdiction were on the other side of the International Date Line

geographic coordinates

0 53 S, 169 32 E

name

Tarawa

time difference

UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

12 July 1979

Country name

Republic of Kiribati Kiribati Republic of Kiribati Kiribati pronounced keer-ree-bahss Gilbert Islands

conventional long form

Republic of Kiribati

conventional short form

Kiribati

former

Gilbert Islands

local long form

Republic of Kiribati

local short form

Kiribati

Diplomatic representation from the US

the US does not have an embassy in Kiribati; the US ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Kiribati

Diplomatic representation in the US

Kiribati does not have an embassy in the US; there is an honorary consulate in Honolulu

Executive branch

President Anote TONG (since 10 July 2003); Vice President Teima ONORIO; note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government President Anote TONG (since 10 July 2003); Vice President Teima ONORIO 12-member cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the House of Parliament the House of Parliament nominates the presidential candidates from among its members following parliamentary elections and then those candidates compete in a general election; president elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for two more terms); election last held on 13 January 2012 (next to be held in 2015); vice president appointed by the president Anote TONG 42.2%, Tetaua TAITAI 35%, Rimeta BENIAMINA 22.8%

cabinet

12-member cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the House of Parliament

chief of state

President Anote TONG (since 10 July 2003); Vice President Teima ONORIO; note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

election results

Anote TONG 42.2%, Tetaua TAITAI 35%, Rimeta BENIAMINA 22.8%

elections

the House of Parliament nominates the presidential candidates from among its members following parliamentary elections and then those candidates compete in a general election; president elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for two more terms); election last held on 13 January 2012 (next to be held in 2015); vice president appointed by the president

head of government

President Anote TONG (since 10 July 2003); Vice President Teima ONORIO

Flag description

the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the Pacific ocean; the white stripes represent the three island groups - the Gilbert, Line, and Phoenix Islands; the 17 rays of the sun represent the 16 Gilbert Islands and Banaba (formerly Ocean Island); the frigate bird symbolizes authority and freedom

Government type

republic

Independence

12 July 1979 (from the UK)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO

Judicial branch

Court of Appeal; High Court; 26 Magistrates' courts; judges at all levels are appointed by the president

Legal system

English common law supplemented by customary law

Legislative branch

unicameral House of Parliament or Maneaba Ni Maungatabu (46 seats; 44 members elected by popular vote, 1 ex officio member - the attorney general, 1 nominated by the Rabi Council of Leaders (representing Banaba Island); members serve four-year terms) legislative elections were held in two rounds - the first round on 21 October 2011 and the second round on 28 October 2011 (next to be held in 2015) percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA, other 2 (includes attorney general)

election results

percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA, other 2 (includes attorney general)

elections

legislative elections were held in two rounds - the first round on 21 October 2011 and the second round on 28 October 2011 (next to be held in 2015)

National anthem

"Teirake kaini Kiribati" (Stand Up, Kiribati) Urium Tamuera IOTEBA adopted 1979

lyrics/music

Urium Tamuera IOTEBA

name

"Teirake kaini Kiribati" (Stand Up, Kiribati)

National holiday

Independence Day, 12 July (1979)

National symbol(s)

frigatebird

Political parties and leaders

Boutokaan Te Koaua Party or BTK [Anote TONG]; Kamaeuraoan Te I-Kiribati Party or KTK [Tetaua TAITAI]; Maurin Kiribati Pati or MKP [Rimeta BENIAMINA] there is no tradition of formally organized political parties in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures

Political pressure groups and leaders

NA

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

copra, taro, breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; fish

Budget

$55.52 million $107.1 million (2010 est.)

expenditures

$107.1 million (2010 est.)

revenues

$55.52 million

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-29.6% of GDP (2010 est.)

Current account balance

-$21 million (2007 est.) -$35.01 million (2010 est.)

Debt - external

$10 million (1999 est.)

Economy - overview

A remote country of 33 scattered coral atolls, Kiribati has few natural resources and is one of the least developed Pacific Islands. Commercially viable phosphate deposits were exhausted at the time of independence from the UK in 1979. Copra and fish now represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy has fluctuated widely in recent years. Economic development is constrained by a shortage of skilled workers, weak infrastructure, and remoteness from international markets. Tourism provides more than one-fifth of GDP. Private sector initiatives and a financial sector are in the early stages of development. Foreign financial aid from the EU, UK, US, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, UN agencies, and Taiwan accounts for 20-25% of GDP. Remittances from seamen on merchant ships abroad account for more than $5 million each year. Kiribati receives around $15 million annually for the government budget from an Australian trust fund.

Exchange rates

Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 0.963 (2011) 1.0902 (2010) 1.0902 (2010) 1.2822 (2009) 1.2059 (2008)

Exports

$7.066 million (2010 est.) $17 million (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities

copra 62%, coconuts, seaweed, fish

Fiscal year

NA

GDP - composition by sector

24.3% 7.9% 67.8% (2010 est.)

agriculture

24.3%

industry

7.9%

services

67.8% (2010 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$5,900 (2012 est.) $5,800 (2011 est.) $5,800 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

2.5% (2012 est.) 1.8% (2011 est.) 1.4% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$174 million (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$624 million (2012 est.) $608.7 million (2011 est.) $597.8 million (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

Household income or consumption by percentage share

NA% NA%

highest 10%

NA%

lowest 10%

NA%

Imports

$80.09 million (2010 est.) $62 million (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities

foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous manufactured goods, fuel

Industrial production growth rate

NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

0.2% (2007 est.)

Labor force

7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (2001)

Labor force - by occupation

2.7% 32% 65.3% (2000)

agriculture

2.7%

industry

32%

services

65.3% (2000)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

NA%

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$8.37 million (2010 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

31.9% of GDP (2010 est.)

Unemployment rate

2% (1992 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

43,690 Mt (2010 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)

Electricity - consumption

19.53 million kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

6,000 kW (2009 est.)

Electricity - production

21 million kWh (2009 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

300 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2008 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

260.8 bbl/day (2008 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2008 est.)

Broadcast media

1 TV broadcast station that provides about 1 hour of local programming Monday-Friday; multi-channel TV packages provide access to Australian and US stations; 1 government-operated radio station broadcasting on AM, FM, and shortwave (2009)

Internet country code

.ki

Internet hosts

327 (2012)

Internet users

7,800 (2009)

Telephone system

generally good quality national and international service wire line service available on Tarawa and Kiritimati (Christmas Island); connections to outer islands by HF/VHF radiotelephone; wireless service available in Tarawa since 1999 country code - 686; Kiribati is being linked to the Pacific Ocean Cooperative Telecommunications Network, which should improve telephone service; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

domestic

wire line service available on Tarawa and Kiritimati (Christmas Island); connections to outer islands by HF/VHF radiotelephone; wireless service available in Tarawa since 1999

general assessment

generally good quality national and international service

international

country code - 686; Kiribati is being linked to the Pacific Ocean Cooperative Telecommunications Network, which should improve telephone service; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Telephones - main lines in use

8,500 (2011)

Telephones - mobile cellular

13,800 (2011)

Airports

19 (2012)

Airports - with paved runways

4 (2012)

1,524 to 2,437 m

4 (2012)

total

4

Airports - with unpaved runways

5 (2012)

914 to 1,523 m

10

total

15

under 914 m

5 (2012)

Merchant marine

bulk carrier 7, cargo 35, chemical tanker 6, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 12, refrigerated cargo 15 43 (China 26, Hong Kong 2, Russia 1, Singapore 9, South Korea 1, Taiwan 2, Vietnam 2) (2010)

foreign-owned

43 (China 26, Hong Kong 2, Russia 1, Singapore 9, South Korea 1, Taiwan 2, Vietnam 2) (2010)

total

77

Ports and terminals

Betio (Tarawa Atoll), Canton Island, English Harbor

Roadways

670 km (2000)

total

670 km (2000)

Waterways

5 km (small network of canals in Line Islands) (2012)

Manpower available for military service

25,190 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

25,190 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

18,364 20,302 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

20,302 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

18,364

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

1,132 1,120 (2010 est.)

female

1,120 (2010 est.)

male

1,132

Military - note

Kiribati does not have military forces; defense assistance is provided by Australia and NZ

Military branches

no regular military forces (establishment prevented by the constitution); Police Force (2011)

Military expenditures

NA

Disputes - international

none