2024 Edition Primary

Background

Trade centers such as Mombasa have existed along the Kenyan and Tanzanian coastlines, known as the Land of Zanj, since at least the 2nd century. These centers traded with the outside world, including China, India, Indonesia, the Middle East, North Africa, and Persia. By around the 9th century, the mix of Africans, Arabs, and Persians who lived and traded there became known as Swahili ("people of the coast") with a distinct language (KiSwahili) and culture. The Portuguese arrived in the 1490s and, using Mombasa as a base, sought to monopolize trade in the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese were pushed out in the late 1600s by the combined forces of Oman and Pate, an island off the coast. In 1890, Germany and the UK divided up the region, with the UK taking the north and the Germans the south, including present-day Tanzania, Burundi, and Rwanda. In 1895, the British established the East Africa Protectorate, which in 1920 was converted into a colony, and named Kenya after its highest mountain. Numerous political disputes between the colony and the UK led to the violent Mau Mau Uprising, which began in 1952, and the eventual declaration of independence in 1963. Jomo KENYATTA, the founding president and an icon of the liberation struggle, led Kenya from independence in 1963 until his death in 1978, when Vice President Daniel Arap MOI took power in a constitutional succession. The country was a de facto one-party state from 1969 until 1982, after which time the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) changed the constitution to make itself the sole legal political party. MOI gave in to internal and external pressure for political liberalization in 1991, but the ethnically fractured opposition failed to dislodge KANU from power in elections in 1992 and 1997, which were marred by violence and fraud. MOI stepped down in 2002 after fair and peaceful elections. Mwai KIBAKI, running as the candidate of the multiethnic, united opposition group, the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), defeated KANU candidate Uhuru KENYATTA, the son of the founding president, and assumed the presidency following a campaign centered on an anticorruption platform. Opposition candidate Raila ODINGA challenged KIBAKI's reelection in 2007 on the grounds of widespread vote rigging, leading to two months of ethnic violence that caused more than 1,100 deaths and displaced hundreds of thousands. African Union-sponsored mediation resulted in a power-sharing accord that brought ODINGA into the government as prime minister and outlined a reform agenda. In 2010, Kenyans overwhelmingly voted to adopt a new constitution that eliminated the prime minister, introduced additional checks and balances to executive power, and devolved power and resources to 47 newly created counties. Uhuru KENYATTA won the first presidential election under the new constitution in 2013. He won a second and final term in office in 2017 after a contentious repeat election. In 2022, William RUTO won a close presidential election; he assumed the office the following month after the Kenyan Supreme Court upheld the victory.

Area

land

569,140 sq km

total

580,367 sq km

water

11,227 sq km

Area - comparative

five times the size of Ohio; slightly more than twice the size of Nevada

Climate

varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

Coastline

536 km

Elevation

highest point

Mount Kenya 5,199 m

lowest point

Indian Ocean 0 m

mean elevation

762 m

Geographic coordinates

1 00 N, 38 00 E

Geography - note

the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on Mount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value; Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake and the second largest fresh water lake, is shared among three countries: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda

Irrigated land

1,030 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

border countries

Ethiopia 867 km; Somalia 684 km; South Sudan 317 km; Tanzania 775 km; Uganda 814 km

total

3,457 km

Land use

agricultural land

48.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 37.4% (2018 est.)

forest

6.1% (2018 est.)

other

45.8% (2018 est.)

Location

Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania

Major aquifers

Ogaden-Juba Basin

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Lake Victoria (shared with Tanzania and Uganda) - 62,940 sq km

salt water lake(s)

Lake Turkana (shared with Ethiopia) - 6,400 sq km

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

continental shelf

200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasonsvolcanism: limited volcanic activity; the Barrier (1,032 m) last erupted in 1921; South Island is the only other historically active volcano

Natural resources

limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc, diatomite, gypsum, wildlife, hydropower

Population distribution

population heavily concentrated in the west along the shore of Lake Victoria; other areas of high density include the capital of Nairobi, and in the southeast along the Indian Ocean coast as shown in this population distribution map

Terrain

low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west

Age structure

0-14 years

35.8% (male 10,464,384/female 10,366,997)

15-64 years

60.9% (male 17,731,068/female 17,723,012)

65 years and over

3.4% (2024 est.) (male 896,348/female 1,064,569)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

0.81 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

0.81 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

1.68 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

25.6 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

10.1% (2022)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

64.6% (2020)

Current health expenditure

4.3% of GDP (2020)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

56.8% (2023 est.)

Death rate

4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Demographic profile

Kenya has experienced dramatic population growth since the mid-20th century as a result of its high birth rate and its declining mortality rate. Almost 40% of Kenyans are under the age of 15 as of 2020 because of sustained high fertility, early marriage and childbearing, and an unmet need for family planning. Kenya’s persistent rapid population growth strains the labor market, social services, arable land, and natural resources. Although Kenya in 1967 was the first Sub-Saharan country to launch a nationwide family planning program, progress in reducing the birth rate has largely stalled since the late 1990s, when the government decreased its support for family planning to focus on the HIV epidemic. Government commitment and international technical support spurred Kenyan contraceptive use, decreasing the fertility rate (children per woman) from about 8 in the late 1970s to less than 5 children twenty years later, but it has plateaued at about 3 children as of 2022. Kenya is a source of emigrants and a host country for refugees. In the 1960s and 1970s, Kenyans pursued higher education in the UK because of colonial ties, but as British immigration rules tightened, the US, the then Soviet Union, and Canada became attractive study destinations. Kenya’s stagnant economy and political problems during the 1980s and 1990s led to an outpouring of Kenyan students and professionals seeking permanent opportunities in the West and southern Africa. Nevertheless, Kenya’s relative stability since its independence in 1963 has attracted hundreds of thousands of refugees escaping violent conflicts in neighboring countries; Kenya was sheltering nearly 280,000 Somali refugees as of 2022.

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

4.8

potential support ratio

20.7 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

70.2

youth dependency ratio

65.3

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 63.3% of population

improved: total

total: 71.2% of population

improved: urban

urban: 91.3% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 36.7% of population

unimproved: total

total: 28.8% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 8.7% of population

Education expenditures

4.8% of GDP (2021 est.)

Ethnic groups

Kikuyu 17.1%, Luhya 14.3%, Kalenjin 13.4%, Luo 10.7%, Kamba 9.8%, Somali 5.8%, Kisii 5.7%, Mijikenda 5.2%, Meru 4.2%, Maasai 2.5%, Turkana 2.1%, non-Kenyan 1%, other 8.2% (2019 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

1.56 (2024 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

23.1 deaths/1,000 live births

male

29 deaths/1,000 live births

total

26.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

Languages

Languages

English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages

major-language sample(s)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)The World Factbook, Chanzo cha Lazima Kuhusu Habari ya Msingi. (Kiswahili)

Life expectancy at birth

female

72.2 years

male

68.6 years

total population

70.4 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

79.8% (2021)

male

85.5%

total population

82.6%

Major urban areas - population

5.325 million NAIROBI (capital), 1.440 million Mombassa (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

530 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Median age

female

21.4 years

male

21.1 years

total

21.2 years (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

20.3 years (2014 est.)

note

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

Nationality

adjective

Kenyan

noun

Kenyan(s)

Net migration rate

-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

7.1% (2016)

Physician density

0.16 physicians/1,000 population (2018)

Population

female

29,154,578 (2024 est.)

male

29,091,800

total

58,246,378

Population distribution

population heavily concentrated in the west along the shore of Lake Victoria; other areas of high density include the capital of Nairobi, and in the southeast along the Indian Ocean coast as shown in this population distribution map

Population growth rate

2.06% (2024 est.)

Religions

Christian 85.5% (Protestant 33.4%, Catholic 20.6%, Evangelical 20.4%, African Instituted Churches 7%, other Christian 4.1%), Muslim 10.9%, other 1.8%, none 1.6%, don't know/no answer 0.2% (2019 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 48.1% of population

improved: total

total: 58.2% of population

improved: urban

urban: 84% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 51.9% of population

unimproved: total

total: 41.8% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 16% of population

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.84 male(s)/female

at birth

1.02 male(s)/female

total population

1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

female

2.7% (2020 est.)

male

19.5% (2020 est.)

total

11.1% (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

3.16 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

4.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

29.5% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

47 counties; Baringo, Bomet, Bungoma, Busia, Elgeyo/Marakwet, Embu, Garissa, Homa Bay, Isiolo, Kajiado, Kakamega, Kericho, Kiambu, Kilifi, Kirinyaga, Kisii, Kisumu, Kitui, Kwale, Laikipia, Lamu, Machakos, Makueni, Mandera, Marsabit, Meru, Migori, Mombasa, Murang'a, Nairobi City, Nakuru, Nandi, Narok, Nyamira, Nyandarua, Nyeri, Samburu, Siaya, Taita/Taveta, Tana River, Tharaka-Nithi, Trans Nzoia, Turkana, Uasin Gishu, Vihiga, Wajir, West Pokot

Capital

etymology

the name derives from the Maasai expression meaning "cool waters" and refers to a cold water stream that flowed through the area in the late 19th century

geographic coordinates

1 17 S, 36 49 E

name

Nairobi

time difference

UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Kenya

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

4 out of the previous 7 years

Constitution

amendments

amendments can be proposed by either house of Parliament or by petition of at least one million eligible voters; passage of amendments by Parliament requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of both houses in each of two readings, approval in a referendum by majority of votes cast by at least 20% of eligible voters in at least one half of Kenya’s counties, and approval by the president; passage of amendments introduced by petition requires approval by a majority of county assemblies, approval by majority vote of both houses, and approval by the president

history

current constitution passed by referendum on 4 August 2010

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Kenya

conventional short form

Kenya

etymology

named for Mount Kenya; the meaning of the name is unclear but may derive from the Kikuyu, Embu, and Kamba words "kirinyaga," "kirenyaa," and "kiinyaa" - all of which mean "God's resting place"

former

British East Africa

local long form

Republic of Kenya (English)/ Jamhuri ya Kenya (Swahili)

local short form

Kenya

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Margaret "Meg" WHITMAN (since 5 August 2022)

email address and website

kenya_acs@state.govhttps://ke.usembassy.gov/

embassy

P.O. Box 606 Village Market, 00621 Nairobi

FAX

[254] (20) 363-6157

mailing address

8900 Nairobi Place, Washington, DC  20521-8900

telephone

[254] (20) 363-6000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2249 R St NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador David Kipkorir Kiplagat KERICH (since 18 September 2024)

consulate(s)

New York

email address and website

information@kenyaembassydc.orghttps://kenyaembassydc.org/#

FAX

[1] (202) 462-3829

telephone

[1] (202) 387-6101

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president, subject to confirmation by the National Assembly

chief of state

President William RUTO (since 13 September 2022)

election results

2022:  William RUTO elected president in first round; percent of vote - William RUTO (UDA) 50.5%, Raila ODINGA (ODM) 48.9%, other 0.6%2017:  Uhuru KENYATTA reelected president; percent of vote - Uhuru KENYATTA (JP) 98.3%, Raila ODINGA (ODM) 1%, other 0.7%; note - Kenya held a previous presidential election on 8 August 2017, but Kenya's Supreme Court on 1 September 2017 nullified the results, citing irregularities; the political opposition boycotted the October vote

elections/appointments

president and deputy president directly elected on the same ballot by majority vote nationwide and at least 25% of the votes cast in at least 24 of the 47 counties; failure to meet these thresholds requires a runoff between the top two candidates; election last held on 9 August 2022 (next to be held on 10 August 2027)

head of government

President William RUTO (since 13 September 2022)

note

note: the president is both chief of state and head of government

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large Maasai warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center; black symbolizes the majority population, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green stands for natural wealth, and white for peace; the shield and crossed spears symbolize the defense of freedom

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

12 December 1963 (from the UK)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, ATMIS, AU, C, CD, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCT, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNSOM, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of chief and deputy chief justices and 5 judges)

judge selection and term of office

chief and deputy chief justices nominated by Judicial Service Commission (JSC) and appointed by the president with approval of the National Assembly; other judges nominated by the JSC and appointed by president; chief justice serves a nonrenewable 10-year term or until age 70, whichever comes first; other judges serve until age 70

subordinate courts

High Court; Court of Appeal; military courts; magistrates' courts; religious courts

Legal system

mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic law, and customary law; judicial review in the new Supreme Court established by the new constitution

Legislative branch

description

bicameral Parliament consists of:Senate (68 seats; 47 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 20 directly elected by proportional representation vote - 16 women, 2 representing youth, 2 representing the disabled, and one Senate speaker; members serve 5-year terms)National Assembly (350 seats; 290 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 47 women in single-seat constituencies elected by simple majority vote, and 12 members nominated by the National Assembly - 6 representing youth and 6 representing the disabled, and one Assembly speaker; members serve 5-year terms)

election results

Senate - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Kenya Kwanza 33, Azimio La Umoja 32, independent 2, other 1; composition - men 46, women 21, percentage women is 31.3%National Assembly - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Kenya Kwanza alliance 176, Azimio La Umoja alliance 161, independent 12, other 1; composition - men 267, women 81, percentage women 24.6%

elections

Senate - last held on 9 August 2022 (next to be held on 10 August 2027)National Assembly - last held on 9 August 2022 (next to be held on 10 August 2027)

National anthem

lyrics/music

Graham HYSLOP, Thomas KALUME, Peter KIBUKOSYA, Washington OMONDI, and George W. SENOGA-ZAKE/traditional, adapted by Graham HYSLOP, Thomas KALUME, Peter KIBUKOSYA, Washington OMONDI, and George W. SENOGA-ZAKE

name

"Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu" (Oh God of All Creation)

note

note: adopted 1963; based on a traditional Kenyan folk song

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Lake Turkana National Parks (n); Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest (n); Lamu Old Town (c); Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests (c); Fort Jesus, Mombasa (c); Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley (n); Thimlich Ohinga Archaeological Site (c); The Historic Town and Archaeological Site of Gedi (c)

total World Heritage Sites

8(5 cultural, 3 natural)

National holiday

Jamhuri Day (Independence Day), 12 December (1963); note - Madaraka Day, 1 June (1963) marks the day Kenya attained internal self-rule

National symbol(s)

lion; national colors: black, red, green, white

Political parties

Azimio La Umoja–One Kenya Coalition PartyAmani National Congress or ANCChama Cha Kazi or CCKDemocratic Action Party or DAP-KDemocratic Party or DPForum for the Restoration of Democracy–Kenya or FORD-KenyaGrand Dream Development Party or GDDP         Jubilee Party or JPKenya African National Union or KANUKenya Kwanza coalitionKenya Union Party or KUPMaendeleo Chap Chap Party or MCCMovement for Democracy and Growth or MDGNational Agenda Party or NAP-K                       National Ordinary People Empowerment Union or NOPEUOrange Democratic Movement or ODMPamoja African Alliance or PAA]The Service Party or TSPUnited Democratic Alliance or UDAUnited Democratic Movement or UDMUnited Democratic Party or UDPUnited Party of Independent Alliance or UPIA                                      United Progressive Alliance or UPA                                        Wiper Democratic Movement-Kenya or WDM-K

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

sugarcane, milk, maize, tea, bananas, potatoes, cabbages, camel milk, cassava, mangoes/guavas (2022)

note

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Average household expenditures

on alcohol and tobacco

3.7% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

on food

56.7% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$29.933 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

revenues

$20.202 billion (2023 est.)

Credit ratings

Fitch rating

B+ (2007)

Moody's rating

B2 (2018)

note

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Standard & Poors rating

B+ (2010)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2020

-$4.792 billion (2020 est.)

Current account balance 2021

-$5.744 billion (2021 est.)

Current account balance 2022

-$5.766 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external

Debt - external 2022

$31.029 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Economic overview

fast growing, third largest Sub-Saharan economy; strong agriculture sector with emerging services and tourism industries; IMF program to address current account and debt service challenges; business-friendly policies foster infrastructure investment, digital innovation and public-private partnerships; vulnerable to climate change-induced droughts

Exchange rates

Currency

Kenyan shillings (KES) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2019

101.991 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

106.451 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

109.638 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

117.866 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

139.846 (2023 est.)

Exports

Exports 2020

$9.709 billion (2020 est.)

Exports 2021

$11.825 billion (2021 est.)

Exports 2022

$13.859 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities

tea, cut flowers, garments, coffee, titanium ore (2022)

note

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

US 10%, Uganda 9%, Pakistan 7%, Netherlands 7%, Rwanda 6% (2022)

note

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

11.8% (2023 est.)

government consumption

12.3% (2023 est.)

household consumption

77% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services

-20.6% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital

17.7% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories

0.4% (2023 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

21.3% (2023 est.)

industry

17.1% (2023 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

services

55.5% (2023 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$107.441 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021

38.7 (2021 est.)

note

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

31.8% (2021 est.)

lowest 10%

2.9% (2021 est.)

note

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports

Imports 2020

$17.717 billion (2020 est.)

Imports 2021

$21.853 billion (2021 est.)

Imports 2022

$24.406 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, palm oil, garments, wheat, plastics (2022)

note

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners

China 26%, UAE 14%, India 11%, Malaysia 4%, Saudi Arabia 4% (2022)

note

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industrial production growth rate

2.2% (2023 est.)

note

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

agriculture, transportation, services, manufacturing, construction, telecommunications, tourism, retail

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

6.11% (2021 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

7.66% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

7.67% (2023 est.)

note

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force

25.502 million (2023 est.)

note

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Population below poverty line

36.1% (2015 est.)

note

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt

Public debt 2017

54.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021

$284.129 billion (2021 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$297.9 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$314.063 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

note

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2021

7.59% (2021 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2022

4.85% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

5.43% (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2021

$5,400 (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2022

$5,500 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$5,700 (2023 est.)

Remittances

note

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2021

3.44% of GDP (2021 est.)

Remittances 2022

3.58% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

3.92% of GDP (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

note

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021

$9.491 billion (2021 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$7.969 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$7.342 billion (2023 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

13.26% (of GDP) (2021 est.)

note

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Unemployment rate

note

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2021

5.69% (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate 2022

5.81% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

5.68% (2023 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

16.3% (2023 est.)

male

8.1% (2023 est.)

note

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

total

12.2% (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

2.638 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

16.833 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

total emissions

19.471 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Coal

consumption

1.168 million metric tons (2022 est.)

exports

(2022 est.) less than 1 metric ton

imports

1.168 million metric tons (2022 est.)

Electricity

consumption

9.622 billion kWh (2022 est.)

exports

18 million kWh (2022 est.)

imports

221.841 million kWh (2022 est.)

installed generating capacity

3.746 million kW (2022 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

2.947 billion kWh (2022 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - rural areas

65.6%

electrification - total population

76% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas

98%

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

2.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

fossil fuels

8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

geothermal

44.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

hydroelectricity

24.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

solar

3.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

wind

17.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2022

5.692 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption

119,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

1 (2020 est.)

total

674,191 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media

about a half-dozen large-scale privately owned media companies with TV and radio stations, as well as a state-owned TV broadcaster, provide service nationwide; satellite and cable TV subscription services available; state-owned radio broadcaster operates 2 national radio channels and provides regional and local radio services in multiple languages; many private radio stations broadcast on a national level along with over 100 private and non-profit regional stations broadcasting in local languages; TV transmissions of all major international broadcasters available, mostly via paid subscriptions; direct radio frequency modulation transmissions available for several foreign government-owned broadcasters (2019)

Internet country code

.ke

Internet users

percent of population

29% (2021 est.)

total

15.37 million (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

fixed-line subscriptions stand at less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscriptions at 123 per 100 persons (2021)

general assessment

Kenya’s telecom market continues to undergo considerable changes in the wake of increased competition, improved international connectivity, and rapid developments in the mobile market; the country is directly connected to a number of submarine cables, and with Mombasa through a terrestrial network, the country serves as a key junction for onward connectivity to the Arabian states and the Far East; numerous competitors are rolling out national and metropolitan backbone networks and wireless access networks to deliver services to population centers across the country; several fiber infrastructure sharing agreements have been forged, and as a result the number of fiber broadband connections has increased sharply in recent years; much of the progress in the broadband segment is due to the government’s revised national broadband strategy, which has been updated with goals through to 2030, and which are largely dependent on mobile broadband platforms based on LTE and 5G (2022)

international

country code - 254; landing point for the EASSy, TEAMS, LION2, DARE1, PEACE Cable, and SEACOM fiber-optic submarine cable systems covering East, North and South Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat; launched first micro satellites in 2018 (2019)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

(2022 est.) less than 1

total subscriptions

63,000 (2022 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

122 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions

65.737 million (2022 est.)

Airports

370 (2024)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

5Y

Merchant marine

by type

oil tanker 4, other 22

total

26 (2023)

National air transport system

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

294.97 million (2018) mt-km

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

5,935,831 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

188

number of registered air carriers

25 (2020)

Pipelines

4 km oil, 1,432 km refined products (2018)

Ports

key ports

Kilifi, Lamu, Malindi, Mombasa

medium

1

ports with oil terminals

1

small

2

total ports

4 (2024)

very small

1

Railways

narrow gauge

3,334 km (2018) 1.000-m gauge

standard gauge

485 km (2018) 1.435-m gauge

total

3,819 km (2018)

Roadways

paved

18,603 km

total

161,451 km

unpaved

157,596 km (2023)

Waterways

(2011) none specifically; the only significant inland waterway is the part of Lake Victoria within the boundaries of Kenya; Kisumu is the main port and has ferry connections to Uganda and Tanzania

Military - note

the KDF's chief security concerns and missions include protecting the country’s sovereignty and territory, regional disputes, the threat posed by the al-Shabaab terrorist group based in neighboring Somalia, maritime crime and piracy, and assisting civil authorities in responding to emergency, disaster, or political unrest as requested; it has conducted operations in neighboring Somalia since 2011 and taken part in numerous regional peacekeeping and security missions; the KDF is a leading member of the Africa Standby Force; it participates in multinational exercises, and has ties to a variety of foreign militaries, including those of France, the UK, and the US Kenyan military forces intervened in Somalia in October 2011 to combat the al-Shabaab terrorist group, which had conducted numerous cross-border attacks into Kenya; in November 2011, the UN and the African Union invited Kenya to incorporate its forces into the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); Kenyan forces were formally integrated into AMISOM (now the AU Transition Mission in Somalia or ATMIS) in February 2012the Kenya Military Forces were created following independence in 1963; the current KDF was established and its composition laid out in the 2010 constitution; it is governed by the Kenya Defense Forces Act of 2012; the Army traces its origins back to the Kings African Rifles (KAR), a British colonial regiment raised from Britain's East Africa possessions from 1902 until independence in the 1960s; the KAR conducted both military and internal security functions within the colonial territories, and served outside the territories during both World Wars (2024)

Military and security forces

Kenya Defense Forces (KDF): Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, Kenya Air Force (2024)

note

note 1: the National Police Service maintains internal security and reports to the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government; it includes a paramilitary General Service Unit and Rapid Deployment Unit, as well as a Border Police Unitnote 2: the Kenya Coast Guard Service (established 2018) is under the Ministry of Interior but led by a military officer and comprised of personnel from the military, as well as the National Police Service, intelligence services, and other government agencies

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 24,000 personnel (20,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 2,500 Air Force) (2023)

Military deployments

400 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); more than 3,000 troops deployed in Somalia under ATMIS (note - ATMIS troop contingents are drawing down towards a final exit in December 2024) (2024)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the KDF's inventory is a mix of older, donated/secondhand, and some modern weapon systems from a variety of sources; major suppliers have included China, France, South Africa, Turkey, the UK, and the US; in late 2023, the Kenyan Government unveiled a five-year spending plan to procure upgraded military equipment, including aerial surveillance drones, tactical vehicles, and air defense systems (2024)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2019

1.2% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military Expenditures 2020

1.2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

1.2% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.1% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military service age and obligation

no conscription; 18-26 years of age for voluntary service for men and women (under 18 with parental consent; upper limit 30 years of age for specialists, tradesmen, or women with a diploma; 39 years of age for chaplains/imams); 9-year service obligation (7 years for Kenyan Navy) and subsequent 3-year re-enlistments; applicants must be Kenyan citizens (2024)

Illicit drugs

a transit country for illicit drugs and precursor chemicals; domestic drug consumption of cannabis and miraa (khat) is growing; heroin enters Kenya via Tanzania and in shipments across the Indian Ocean from Southwest Asia mostly destined for international markets, principally Europe; cocaine enters Kenya primarily via transshipment through Ethiopia

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

30,000 (election-related violence, intercommunal violence, resource conflicts, al-Shabaab attacks in 2017 and 2018) (2022)

refugees (country of origin)

21,847 (Ethiopia), 5,756 (Sudan) (2023); 298,117 (Somalia), 176,776 (South Sudan), 59,384 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 8,701 (Burundi) (2024)

stateless persons

16,779 (2022); note - the stateless population consists of Nubians, Kenyan Somalis, and coastal Arabs; the Nubians are descendants of Sudanese soldiers recruited by the British to fight for them in East Africa more than a century ago; Nubians did not receive Kenyan citizenship when the country became independent in 1963; only recently have Nubians become a formally recognized tribe and had less trouble obtaining national IDs; Galjeel and other Somalis who have lived in Kenya for decades are included with more recent Somali refugees and denied ID cards

Space agency/agencies

Kenya Space Agency (KSA; established, 2017) (2024)

Space launch site(s)

Luigi Broglio Space Center (aka Malindi Space Center, Malindi Station, San Marco Satellite Launching and Tracking Station; Kilifi County; over 20 sounding rockets and nine satellites launched from the site, 1967-1989); in 2020, Kenya concluded a new deal with Italy to conduct rocket launches from the site again in the future (2024)

Space program overview

has a national space strategy focused on acquiring and applying space technologies and applications for agriculture, communications, disaster and resource management, security, urban planning, and weather monitoring; jointly develops and builds nanosatellites with foreign partners; operates satellites; researching and developing satellite payloads and imagery data analysis capabilities; has cooperated on space issues with China, Japan, India, Italy, and the US, as well as a variety African partners, including Egypt and South Africa; developing a satellite imagery/geospatial analysis and data sharing portal that contains 17 years of satellite imagery for other African countries, including Ghana, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Tanzania; cooperating with Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sudan, and Uganda to establish a joint remote sensing (RS) satellite to monitor climate changes on the African continent (African Development Satellite program) (2024)

note

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide

Terrorist group(s)

al-Shabaab; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force

note

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

17.91 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

37.65 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

12.52 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Climate

varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

Environment - current issues

water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; water shortage and degraded water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers; flooding; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poaching

Environment - international agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Food insecurity

exceptional shortfall in aggregate food production/supplies

due to weather extremes - according to the latest estimates, about 5.4 million people were acutely food insecure between March and June 2023, reflecting the lingering impact of a prolonged and severe drought between late 2020 and early 2023 that affected crop and livestock production, mainly in northern and eastern pastoral and marginal agricultural areas (2023)

Land use

agricultural land

48.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 37.4% (2018 est.)

forest

6.1% (2018 est.)

other

45.8% (2018 est.)

Major aquifers

Ogaden-Juba Basin

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Lake Victoria (shared with Tanzania and Uganda) - 62,940 sq km

salt water lake(s)

Lake Turkana (shared with Ethiopia) - 6,400 sq km

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)

Revenue from coal

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

1.3% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

30.7 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

3.23 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial

300 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal

500 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

4.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

29.5% of total population (2023)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

5,595,099 tons (2010 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually

447,608 tons (2009 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

8% (2009 est.)