2023 Edition

Background

In 1603, after decades of civil warfare, the Tokugawa shogunate (a military-led, dynastic government) ushered in a long period of relative political stability and isolation from foreign influence. For more than two centuries this policy enabled Japan to enjoy a flowering of its indigenous culture. Japan opened its ports after signing the Treaty of Kanagawa with the US in 1854 and began to intensively modernize and industrialize. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japan became a regional power that was able to defeat the forces of both China and Russia. It occupied Korea, Formosa (Taiwan), and southern Sakhalin Island. In 1931-32 Japan occupied Manchuria, and in 1937 it launched a full-scale invasion of China. Japan attacked US forces in 1941 - triggering America's entry into World War II - and soon occupied much of East and Southeast Asia. After its defeat in World War II, Japan recovered to become an economic power and an ally of the US. While the emperor retains his throne as a symbol of national unity, elected politicians hold actual decision-making power. Following three decades of unprecedented growth, Japan's economy experienced a major slowdown starting in the 1990s, but the country remains an economic power. In March 2011, Japan's strongest-ever earthquake, and an accompanying tsunami, devastated the northeast part of Honshu island, killed thousands, and damaged several nuclear power plants. Prime Minister ABE Shinzo was reelected to office in December 2012, and embarked on ambitious economic and security reforms to improve Japan's economy and bolster the country's international standing. In November 2019, ABE became Japan's longest-serving post-war prime minister; he resigned in September 2020 and was succeeded by SUGA Yoshihide. KISHIDA Fumio became prime minister in October 2021.

Area

land

364,485 sq km

note

note: includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima, Okino-tori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands (Kazan-retto)

total

377,915 sq km

water

13,430 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than California

Climate

varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

Coastline

29,751 km

Elevation

highest point

Mount Fuji 3,776 m

lowest point

Hachiro-gata -4 m

mean elevation

438 m

Geographic coordinates

36 00 N, 138 00 E

Geography - note

note 1: strategic location in northeast Asia; composed of four main islands (the "Home Islands") - from north: Hokkaido, Honshu (the largest, most populous, and site of Tokyo, the capital), Shikoku, and Kyushu  note 2: a 2023 Geospatial Information Authority of Japan survey technically detected 100,000 islands and islets, but only the 14,125 islands with a circumference of at least 100 m (330 ft) were officially counted; only about 260 of the islands are inhabited note 3: Japan annually records the most earthquakes in the world; it is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

Irrigated land

15,730 sq km (2014)

Land boundaries

total

0 km

Land use

agricultural land

12.5% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 11.7% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)

forest

68.5% (2018 est.)

other

19% (2018 est.)

Location

Eastern Asia, island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Biwa-ko 688 sq km

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

contiguous zone

24 nm

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and the Korea and Tsushima Straits

Natural hazards

many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors but occasional severe earthquakes) every year; tsunamis; typhoonsvolcanism: both Unzen (1,500 m) and Sakura-jima (1,117 m), which lies near the densely populated city of Kagoshima, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Asama, Honshu Island's most active volcano, Aso, Bandai, Fuji, Iwo-Jima, Kikai, Kirishima, Komaga-take, Oshima, Suwanosejima, Tokachi, Yake-dake, and Usu; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

Natural resources

negligible mineral resources, fish; note - with virtually no natural energy resources, Japan is almost totally dependent on foreign, imported sources of energy

Population distribution

all primary and secondary regions of high population density lie on the coast; one-third of the population resides in and around Tokyo on the central plain (Kanto Plain)

Terrain

mostly rugged and mountainous

Age structure

0-14 years

12.29% (male 7,835,474/female 7,370,449)

15-64 years

58.49% (male 36,378,186/female 35,981,176)

65 years and over

29.22% (2023 est.) (male 15,909,031/female 20,244,922)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

1.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

5.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

1.63 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

8.36 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

6.9 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

NA

Contraceptive prevalence rate

39.8% (2015)

note

note: percent of women aged 20-49

Current health expenditure

10.9% of GDP (2020)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

46.8% (2023 est.)

Death rate

11.7 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

51

potential support ratio

2 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

71.1

youth dependency ratio

20.1

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: NA

improved: total

total: 99.1% of population

improved: urban

urban: NA

unimproved: rural

rural: NA

unimproved: total

total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: NA

Education expenditures

3.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Japanese 97.9%, Chinese 0.6%, Korean 0.4%, other 1.1% (includes Vietnamese, Filipino, and Brazilian) (2017 est.)

note

note: data represent population by nationality; up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japan in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil

Gross reproduction rate

0.68 (2023 est.)

Hospital bed density

13 beds/1,000 population (2018)

Infant mortality rate

female

1.8 deaths/1,000 live births

male

2 deaths/1,000 live births

total

1.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)

Languages

Languages

Japanese

major-language sample(s)

必要不可欠な基本情報の源、ワールド・ファクトブック(Japanese)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

88.1 years

male

82.1 years

total population

85 years (2023 est.)

Literacy

female

NA

male

NA

total population

NA

Major urban areas - population

37.194 million TOKYO (capital), 19.013 million Osaka, 9.569 million Nagoya, 5.490 million Kitakyushu-Fukuoka, 2.937 million Shizuoka-Hamamatsu, 2.666 million Sapporo (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

4 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Median age

female

50.9 years

male

48 years

total

49.5 years (2023 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

30.7 years (2018 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Japanese

noun

Japanese (singular and plural)

Net migration rate

0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

4.3% (2016)

Physicians density

2.48 physicians/1,000 population (2018)

Population

123,719,238 (2023 est.)

Population distribution

all primary and secondary regions of high population density lie on the coast; one-third of the population resides in and around Tokyo on the central plain (Kanto Plain)

Population growth rate

-0.41% (2023 est.)

Religions

Shintoism 70.5%, Buddhism 67.2%, Christianity 1.5%, other 5.9% (2019 est.)

note

note: total adherents exceeds 100% because many people practice both Shintoism and Buddhism

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: NA

improved: total

total: 99.9% of population

improved: urban

urban: NA

unimproved: rural

rural: NA

unimproved: total

total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: NA

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

15 years (2019)

male

15 years

total

15 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.79 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Tobacco use

female

10% (2020 est.)

male

30.1% (2020 est.)

total

20.1% (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.39 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

-0.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

92% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka, Fukushima, Gifu, Gunma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi

Capital

etymology

originally known as Edo, meaning "estuary" in Japanese, the name was changed to Tokyo, meaning "eastern capital," in 1868

geographic coordinates

35 41 N, 139 45 E

name

Tokyo

time difference

UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Japan

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

Constitution

amendments

proposed by the Diet; passage requires approval by at least two-thirds majority of both houses of the Diet and approval by majority in a referendum; note - the constitution has not been amended since its enactment in 1947

history

previous 1890; latest approved 6 October 1946, adopted 3 November 1946, effective 3 May 1947

Country name

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Japan

etymology

the English word for Japan comes via the Chinese name for the country "Cipangu"; both Nihon and Nippon mean "where the sun originates" and are frequently translated as "Land of the Rising Sun"

local long form

Nihon-koku/Nippon-koku

local short form

Nihon/Nippon

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Rahm EMANUEL (since 25 March 2022)

consulate(s)

Fukuoka, Nagoya

consulate(s) general

Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporo

email address and website

TokyoACS@state.govhttps://jp.usembassy.gov/

embassy

1-10-5 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8420

FAX

[81] (03) 3224-5856

mailing address

9800 Tokyo Place, Washington DC  20521-9800

telephone

[81] (03) 3224-5000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador TOMITA Koji (since 17 February 2021)

consulate(s) general

Anchorage (AK), Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver (CO), Detroit (MI), Hagatna (Guam), Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Nashville (TN), New York, Portland (OR), San Francisco, Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands), Seattle (WA)

email address and website

https://www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/itprtop_en/index.html

FAX

[1] (202) 328-2187

telephone

[1] (202) 238-6700

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the prime minister

chief of state

Emperor NARUHITO (since 1 May 2019); note - succeeds his father who abdicated on 30 April 2019

election results

Fumio KISHIDA reelected prime minister on 10 November 2021; upper house vote - Fumio KISHIDA (LDP) 141, Yukio EDANO 60 (CDP); lower house vote - Fumio KISHIDA 297, Yukio EDANO 108

elections/appointments

the monarchy is hereditary; the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Representatives usually becomes prime minister

head of government

Prime Minister Fumio KISHIDA (since 4 October 2021 )

Flag description

white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the center

Government type

parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Independence

3 May 1947 (current constitution adopted as amendment to Meiji Constitution); notable earlier dates: 11 February 660 B.C. (mythological date of the founding of the nation by Emperor JIMMU); 29 November 1890 (Meiji Constitution provides for constitutional monarchy)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE (observer), CERN (observer), CICA (observer), CP, CPLP (associate), EAS, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Quad, SAARC (observer), SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court or Saiko saibansho (consists of the chief justice and 14 associate justices); note - the Supreme Court has jurisdiction in constitutional issues

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court chief justice designated by the Cabinet and appointed by the monarch; associate justices appointed by the Cabinet and confirmed by the monarch; all justices are reviewed in a popular referendum at the first general election of the House of Representatives following each judge's appointment and every 10 years afterward

subordinate courts

8 High Courts (Koto-saiban-sho), each with a Family Court (Katei-saiban-sho); 50 District Courts (Chiho saibansho), with 203 additional branches; 438 Summary Courts (Kani saibansho)

Legal system

civil law system based on German model; system also reflects Anglo-American influence and Japanese traditions; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court

Legislative branch

description

bicameral Diet or Kokkai consists of:House of Councillors or Sangi-in (248 seats; 146 members directly elected in multi-seat districts by simple majority vote and 96 directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms with half the membership renewed every 3 years); note - the number of seats increased to 248 at the July 2022 election for renewal of half the membership House of Representatives or Shugi-in (465 seats; 289 members directly elected in single-seat districts by simple majority vote and 176 directly elected in multi-seat districts by party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)

election results

House of Councillors - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LDP 119, CDP 39, Komeito 27, JCP 11, Osaka Ishin no Kai (Initiatives from Osaka) 21, DPFP 10, Reiwa Shinsengumi 5, NHK 2, DIY 1, SDP 1, independent 12House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LDP 261, CDP 96, Ishin 41, Komeito 32, DPFP 11, JCP 10, Reiwa 3, SDP 1, independent 10; composition - men 420, women 45, percent of women 9.7%; note - total Diet percent of women 14.7%

elections

House of Councillors - last held on 10 July 2022 (next to be held in July 2028)House of Representatives - last held on 31 October 2021 (next to be held by October 2025)

note

note: the Diet in June 2017 redrew Japan's electoral district boundaries and reduced from 475 to 465 seats in the House of Representatives; the amended electoral law, which cuts 6 seats in single-seat districts and 4 in multi-seat districts, was reportedly intended to reduce voting disparities between densely and sparsely populated voting districts

National anthem

lyrics/music

unknown/Hiromori HAYASHI

name

"Kimigayo" (The Emperor's Reign)

note

note: adopted 1999; unofficial national anthem since 1883; oldest anthem lyrics in the world, dating to the 10th century or earlier; there is some opposition to the anthem because of its association with militarism and worship of the emperor

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area (c); Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara (c); Himeji-jo (c); Shiretoko (n); Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Group: Mounded Tombs of Ancient Japan (c); Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape (c); Jomon Prehistoric Sites in Northern Japan (c); Yakushima (n); Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (c); Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome) (c)

total World Heritage Sites

25 (20 cultural, 5 natural)

National holiday

Birthday of Emperor NARUHITO, 23 February (1960); note - celebrates the birthday of the current emperor

National symbol(s)

red sun disc, chrysanthemum; national colors: red, white

Political parties and leaders

Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan or CDP [Kenta IZUMI]Democratic Party for the People Japan or DPFP [Yuichiro TAMAKI]Group of Reformists [Sakihito OZAWA]Japan Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo SHII]Japan Innovation Party or Nippon Ishin no kai or Ishin [Ichiro MATSUI]Komeito [Natsuo YAMAGUCHI]Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Fumio KISHIDA]Liberal Party [Ichiro OZAWA] (formerly People's Life Party & Taro Yamamoto and Friends or PLPTYF)Party of Hope or Kibo no To [Nariaki NAKAYAMA]Reiwa Shinsengumi [Taro YAMAMOTO]Seijika Joshi or NHK [Ayaka OTSU (de jure) Takashi TACHIBANA (de facto)]Sanseitō or DIY [Sohei KAMIYA]Social Democratic Party or SDP [Mizuho FUKUSHIMA]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

rice, milk, sugar beets, vegetables, eggs, poultry, potatoes, cabbages, onions, pork

Average household expenditures

on alcohol and tobacco

2.3% of household expenditures (2018 est.)

on food

16% of household expenditures (2018 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$1.916 trillion (2019 est.)

revenues

$1.756 trillion (2019 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-3.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Credit ratings

Fitch rating

A (2015)

Moody's rating

A1 (2014)

note

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Standard & Poors rating

A+ (2015)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2019

$176.61 billion (2019 est.)

Current account balance 2020

$147.948 billion (2020 est.)

Current account balance 2021

$157.743 billion (2021 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2018

$3,944,898,000,000 (2018 est.)

Debt - external 2019

$4,254,271,000,000 (2019 est.)

Economic overview

fourth-largest, trade-oriented, and diversified economy; highly indebted country; slow wage growth and declining labor force; still heavily hydrocarbon-reliant; central bank keeping negative interest rates amid modest inflation; increased military spending; stagnant tourism sector

Exchange rates

Currency

yen (JPY) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2017

112.166 (2017 est.)

Exchange rates 2018

110.423 (2018 est.)

Exchange rates 2019

109.01 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

106.775 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

109.754 (2021 est.)

Exports

Exports 2019

$904.632 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports 2020

$794.291 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports 2021

$919.158 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - commodities

cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, general machinery, photo lab equipment, construction vehicles, semiconductors  (2021)

Exports - partners

China 21%, US 18%, South Korea 7%, Taiwan 7%, Thailand 4% (2021)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

17.7% (2017 est.)

government consumption

19.6% (2017 est.)

household consumption

55.5% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services

-16.8% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital

24% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories

0% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

1.1% (2017 est.)

industry

30.1% (2017 est.)

services

68.7% (2017 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$5,078,679,000,000 (2019 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013

32.9 (2013 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

24.8% (2008)

lowest 10%

2.7%

Imports

Imports 2019

$913.248 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports 2020

$801.889 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports 2021

$941.671 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - commodities

crude petroleum, natural gas, integrated circuits, coal, refined petroleum, iron (2021)

Imports - partners

China 24%, US 10%, Australia 7%, South Korea 4%, Taiwan 4% (2021)

Industrial production growth rate

-4.33% (2020 est.)

Industries

among world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles, processed foods

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

0.47% (2019 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020

-0.02% (2020 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

-0.23% (2021 est.)

Labor force

68.629 million (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

16.1% (2013 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2018

197.45% of GDP (2018 est.)

Public debt 2019

197.8% of GDP (2019 est.)

Public debt 2020

216.28% of GDP (2020 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019

$5.28 trillion (2019 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020

$5.042 trillion (2020 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021

$5.126 trillion (2021 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2019

-0.24% (2019 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2020

-4.51% (2020 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2021

1.66% (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2019

$41,700 (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2020

$39,900 (2020 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2021

$40,800 (2021 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019

$1.322 trillion (31 December 2019 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020

$1.391 trillion (31 December 2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021

$1.406 trillion (31 December 2021 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

35.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2019

2.4% (2019 est.)

Unemployment rate 2020

2.8% (2020 est.)

Unemployment rate 2021

2.8% (2021 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

4.1%

male

4.6%

total

4.4% (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

439.243 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas

219.72 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

444.271 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

total emissions

1,103,234,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Coal

consumption

210.882 million metric tons (2020 est.)

exports

3.201 million metric tons (2020 est.)

imports

174.486 million metric tons (2020 est.)

production

29.84 million metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves

350 million metric tons (2019 est.)

Electricity

consumption

903,698,740,000 kWh (2019 est.)

exports

0 kWh (2020 est.)

imports

0 kWh (2020 est.)

installed generating capacity

348.666 million kW (2020 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

44.094 billion kWh (2019 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2021)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

1.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

fossil fuels

73.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal

0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity

10% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear

4.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar

8.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind

1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2019

147.107 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

102,108,738,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

exports

28,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

imports

105,255,103,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

note

note: Japan had been the largest global liquefied natural gas (LNG) importer until 2021 when it was exceeded by China; prior to 2021, Japan had been the largest importer of LNG for 51 years; Japan has the largest LNG storage tank capacity in the world, or about 643 million cubic feet (MMcf) as of early 2020; in 2019, Japan sourced 28% of its LNG imports from regional suppliers in Southeast Asia and 39% from Australia

production

1,928,431,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)

proven reserves

20.898 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Nuclear energy

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors

9.49GW (2023)

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down

17

Number of nuclear reactors under construction

2

Number of operational nuclear reactors

10 (2023)

Percent of total electricity production

7% (2018)

Percent of total energy produced

24% (2021)

Petroleum

crude oil and lease condensate exports

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports

3,012,800 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves

44.1 million barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

3,739,300 bbl/day (2019 est.)

total petroleum production

10,200 bbl/day (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

370,900 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

1.1 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

3.467 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

35 (2020 est.)

total

44,000,791 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media

a mixture of public and commercial broadcast TV and radio stations; 6 national terrestrial TV networks including 1 public broadcaster; the large number of radio and TV stations available provide a wide range of choices; satellite and cable services provide access to international channels (2019)

Internet country code

.jp

Internet users

percent of population

83% (2021 est.)

total

99.6 million (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

49 per 100 for fixed-line and 161 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2021)

general assessment

Japan has one of the best developed telecom markets globally, the fixed-line segment remains stagnant and the focus for growth is in the mobile sector; the MNOs have shifted their investment from LTE to 5G, and growth in 5G showed early promise although there have been recent setbacks; these have partly been attributed to the economic difficulties, the impact of restrictions imposed during the pandemic, and unfavorable investment climate (not helped by the delay of the Tokyo Olympics from 2020 to 2021), and to restrictions in the supply of 5G-enabled devices; the fixed broadband market is dominated by fiber, with a strong cable platform also evident; fiber will continue to increase its share of the fixed broadband market, largely at the expense of DSL; the mobile market is dominated by three MNOs, mobile broadband subscriber growth is expected to be relatively low over the next five years, partly due to the high existing subscriptions though growth has been stimulated by measures which have encouraged people to school and work from home; there has also been a boost in accessing entertainment via mobile devices since 2020 (2021)

international

country code - 81; numerous submarine cables with landing points for HSCS, JIH, RJCN, APCN-2, JUS, EAC-C2C, PC-1, Tata TGN-Pacific, FLAG North Asia Loop/REACH North Asia Loop, APCN-2, FASTER, SJC, SJC2, Unity/EAC-Pacific, JGA-N, APG, ASE, AJC, JUPITER, MOC, Okinawa Cellular Cable, KJCN, GOKI, KJCN, and SeaMeWE-3, submarine cables provide links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, Southeast Asia, Africa and US; satellite earth stations - 7 Intelsat (Pacific and Indian Oceans), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region), 2 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions), and 8 SkyPerfect JSAT (2019)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

49 (2021 est.)

total subscriptions

61,583,600 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

161 (2021 est.)

total subscriptions

200,478,808 (2021 est.)

Airports

175 (2021)

Airports - with paved runways

civil airports

33

joint use (civil-military) airports

11

military airports

28

note

note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)

other airports

70

total

142

Airports - with unpaved runways

33

note

note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

JA

Heliports

16 (2021)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 149, container ship 47, general cargo 2,071, oil tanker 690, other 2,633

total

5,590 (2022)

National air transport system

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

9,420,660,000 (2018) mt-km

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

126,387,527 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

673

number of registered air carriers

22 (2020)

Pipelines

4,456 km gas, 174 km oil, 104 km oil/gas/water (2013)

Ports and terminals

container port(s) (TEUs)

Kobe (2,823,774), Nagoya (2,725,597), Osaka (2,425,638), Tokyo (4,325,956), Yokohama (2,861,197) (2021)

LNG terminal(s) (import)

Chita, Chita Midorihama, Fukuoka, Futtsu, Hachinone, Hakodate, Hatsukaichi, Higashi Ohgishima, Higashi Niigata, Himeiji, Hitachi, Ishikari, Joetsu, Kagoshima, Kawagoe, Hibiki, Mitzushima, Nagasaki, Naoetsu, Negishi, Ohgishima, Oita, Sakai, Sakaide, Senboku, Shin Minato, Shin-Sendai, Sodeshi Shimizu, Sodegaura, Soma, Tobata, Toyama Shinko, Yanai, Yokkaichi, Yoshinoura

major seaport(s)

Chiba, Kawasaki, Kobe, Mizushima, Moji, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo, Tomakomai, Yokohama

note

Okinawa - Nakagusuku

Railways

dual gauge

132 km (2015) 1.435-1.067-m gauge (132 km electrified)

narrow gauge

124 km (2015) 1.372-m gauge (124 km electrified)

note

22,207 km 1.067-mm gauge (15,430 km electrified)48 km 0.762-m gauge (48 km electrified)

standard gauge

4,800 km (2015) 1.435-m gauge (4,800 km electrified)

total

27,311 km (2015)

Roadways

paved

992,835 km (2015) (includes 8,428 km of expressways)

total

1,218,772 km (2015)

unpaved

225,937 km (2015)

Transportation - note

Japan operates one PC 3 or 4 class medium icebreakernote - PC indicates a Polar Class vessel: PC 3 - year-round operation in second-year ice which may include multi-year ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 2.5 m); PC 4 - year-round operation in thick first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 120 cm)

Waterways

1,770 km (2010) (seagoing vessels use inland seas)

Military - note

Japan was disarmed after its defeat in World War II; shortly after the Korean War began in 1950, US occupation forces in Japan created a 75,000-member lightly armed force called the National Police Reserve; the Japan Self-Defense Force (JSDF) was founded in 1954; the current JSDF is a trained and professional military equipped with modern weaponry; its primary concerns are China and North Korea, as well as protecting the country’s territorial waters, countering piracy and terrorism, and conducting humanitarian operations; it exercises regularly with the US military and increasingly with other regional countries, such as Australia; the ground forces are organized into 10 divisions and 11 independent brigades; the independent brigades include airborne, air assault, and amphibious rapid reaction forces; the maritime force is one of the largest and most modern navies in the world; its principal warships include four helicopter carriers (two are undergoing conversion to light aircraft carriers), nearly 50 destroyers and frigates/destroyer escorts, three landing platform/dock (LPD) amphibious assault ships, and more than 20 attack-type submarines; it also has a large force of maritime aircraft, including over 150 for anti-submarine warfare; the Air Self Defense Force has over 300 modern combat aircraft, as well as more than 200 other aircraft for surveillance, early warning, electronic warfare, search and rescue, transportation, and logisticsJapan’s alliance with the US (signed in 1951) is one of the cornerstones of the country’s security, as well as a large part of the US security role in Asia; approximately 55,000 US troops and other military assets, including aircraft and naval ships, are stationed in Japan and have exclusive use of more than 80 bases and facilities; in exchange for their use, the US guarantees Japan’s security; the Japanese Government provides about $2 billion per year to offset the cost of stationing US forces in Japan; in addition, it pays compensation to localities hosting US troops, rent for bases, and costs for new facilities to support the US presence; Japan also has Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status with the US, a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperationArticle 9 of Japan’s 1947 constitution renounced the use of force as a means of settling international disputes; however, Japan has interpreted Article 9 to mean that it can maintain a military for national defense purposes and, since 1991, has allowed the JSDF to participate in noncombat roles overseas in a number of UN peacekeeping missions and in the US-led coalition in Iraq; in 2014-2015 the Japanese Government reinterpreted the constitution as allowing for "collective self-defense," described as the use of force on others’ behalf if Japan’s security was threatened; in 2022, the government released three documents that provided a blueprint that could fundamentally reshape Japan’s approach to its security; the documents labeled China as an “unprecedented strategic challenge,” declared Japan’s intention to develop "counterstrike” capabilities, including cruise missiles and armed drones, and outlined plans to increase Japan’s security-related expenditures to 2% of its national gross domestic product (GDP), in line with NATO standards; post-war Japan generally has limited defense spending to 1% of its GDP (2023)

Military and security forces

Japan Self-Defense Force (JSDF): Ground Self-Defense Force (Rikujou Jieitai, GSDF; includes aviation), Maritime Self-Defense Force (Kaijou Jieitai, MSDF; includes naval aviation), Air Self-Defense Force (Koukuu Jieitai, ASDF) (2023)

note

note: the Coast Guard is under the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; it is barred by law from operating as a military force, but in times of conflict Article 80 of the 1954 Self-Defense Forces Act permits the transfer of control of the coast guard to the Ministry of Defense with Cabinet approval

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 230-240,000 active personnel (145-150,000 Ground; 40-45,000 Maritime; 40-45,000 Air); 14,000 Coast Guard (2023)

Military deployments

approximately 200 Djibouti (2023)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the JSDF is equipped with a mix of imported and domestically produced equipment; Japan has a robust defense industry and is capable of producing a wide range of air, ground, and naval weapons systems; the majority of its weapons imports are from the US and some domestically produced weapons are US-origin and manufactured under license (2023)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2019

0.9% of GDP (2019)

Military Expenditures 2020

1% of GDP (2020)

Military Expenditures 2021

1% of GDP (2021)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.1% of GDP (2022)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

note

note: the Japanese Government in 2022 pledged to increase defense expenditures to 2% of GDP in line with NATO standards by 2028; if the planned increase occurs, Japan would have one of the world's largest defense budgets

Military service age and obligation

18-32 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (2023)

note

note: as of 2023, women made up about 9% of the military's full-time personnel

Disputes - international

Japan-China-Taiwan: the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu Tai) are also claimed by China and Taiwan; Senkaku-shoto is situated near key shipping lanes, rich fishing grounds, and possibly significant oil and natural gas reserves Japan-Russia: the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril Islands," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities Japan-South Korea: Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do) occupied by South Korea since 1954

Refugees and internally displaced persons

stateless persons

531 (2022)

Space agency/agencies

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA; established in 2003); JAXA was established from the merger of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL), and National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA); the military has a space operations squadron under the Japan Air Self-Defense Force to monitor and counter threats to satellites (2023)

Space launch site(s)

Tanegashima Space Center/Yoshinobu Launch Complex (Kagoshima), Uchinoura Space Center (Kagoshima), Noshiro Testing Center (Akita) (2023)

Space program overview

has one of the world’s largest and most advanced space programs with independent capabilities in all areas of space categories except for autonomous manned space flight; designs, builds, launches, and operates the full spectrum of satellites, including communications, remote sensing (RS), astronomical observation, scientific, and navigational/positional; designs, builds, and independently launches satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs) and other spacecraft, including interplanetary and Lunar probes, space station modules and space labs, and space transportation systems; has a wide range of research and development programs, including reusable SLVs, space-based astronomy, spacecraft components, robotics, solar sails, radio waves, and space plasma; has an astronaut training program; participates in international space programs, including the International Space Station (ISS), leading the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum, and co-leading the Global Earth Observation System of Systems; cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Canada, the European Space Agency (ESA) and its individual member states, India, Russia, the UAE, the US, and a range of other countries and space agencies throughout Africa, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific regions; has a substantial commercial space industry that develops an array of space-related capabilities and technologies, including satellites, satellite payloads and subcomponents, and SLVs; in 2018, the Japanese Government announced the establishment of a $950 million venture capital fund to support the development of Japanese space startup companies (2023)

note

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in Appendix S

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

1,135.89 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

29.99 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

10.84 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Climate

varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

Environment - current issues

air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and threatening aquatic life; Japan is one of the largest consumers of fish and tropical timber, contributing to the depletion of these resources in Asia and elsewhere; following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Japan originally planned to phase out nuclear power, but it has now implemented a new policy of seeking to restart nuclear power plants that meet strict new safety standards; waste management is an ongoing issue; Japanese municipal facilities used to burn high volumes of trash, but air pollution issues forced the government to adopt an aggressive recycling policy

Environment - international agreements

party to

Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Land use

agricultural land

12.5% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 11.7% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)

forest

68.5% (2018 est.)

other

19% (2018 est.)

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Biwa-ko 688 sq km

Revenue from coal

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

430 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

53.3 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial

10.3 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal

14.8 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

-0.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

92% of total population (2023)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

43.981 million tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually

2,155,069 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

4.9% (2015 est.)