1988 Edition

Aid

Australia, commitments (1970-84) $4.4 billion; US, including Ex-Im (FY7085), $220 million; other Western countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-85), $5 million

Boundary disputes

Brazil (Rio Parana area)

Ecuador (two areas)

Budget

central government revenue and capital receipts, $41 billion; disbursements, $45 billion (FY85/86)

(1986) total revenues $804 million; total expenditures (1985) $820 million

(FY86) revenues, $9.08 billion; expenditures, $10.7 billion; deficit, $1.6 billion

Climate

varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west

varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west

tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry

tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)

Coastline

2,414 km

about 300 km

24 km

Comparative area

about the size of California

about five-sixths the size of Alaska

about two and onehalf times the size of Washington, D. C.

about one-seventh the size of Washington, D. C.

Continental shelf

200 nm

Environment

local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggish (early October to June)

subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

30 islands (8 inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes

severe tropical storms are rare

Ethnic division

majority of African descent

Ethnic divisions

95% mestizo (Spanish and Indian), 5% white and Indian

Exclusive fishing zone

200 nm

Extended economic zone

200 nm

Fiscal year

1 April-31 March

calendar year

calendar year

Infant mortality rate

64/1,000 (1981)

24.4/1,000 (1981/82)

Labor force

1.1 million (1983 est); 44% agriculture; 34% industry and commerce, 18% services, 4% government; unemployment rate 25% (1986 est.)

some subsistence agriculture; majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries

Land boundaries

3,444 km total

6,131 km total

Land use

4% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 39% meadows and pastures; 51% forest and woodland; 5% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

3% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 21% meadows and pastures; 55% forest and woodland; 21% other; includes 1% irrigated

2% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 98% other

0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other

Language

Spanish (official) and Guarani

English (official)

Life expectancy

68

Literacy

81%

about 99%

Monetary conversion rate

13.09 rupees=US$l (November 1986)

.961 kina=US$l (November 1986)

747.07 Turkish liras=US$l (December 1986)

Nationality

noun — Paraguayan(s); adjective— Paraguayan

Organized labor

about 5% of labor force

St. George's Industrial Trade Union (Cockburn Harbour), 250 members

Population

4,251,924 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 3.15%

9,052 (1987), average annual growth rate 2.66

Religion

97% Roman Catholic; Mennonite and other Protestant denominations

Anglican, Roman Catholic, Raptist, Methodist, Church of God, Seventh-Day Adventist

Special notes

landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil

shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia

none

none

Terrain

grassy plains and wooded hills east of Paraguay River; Gran Chaco region west of Paraguay River mostly low, marshy plain

western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps

very low lying and narrow coral atolls

Territorial sea

200 nm

3 nm

12 nm

Total area

406,750 km2; land area: 397,300 km2

1,285,220 km2; land area: 1,280,000 km2

430 km2; land area: 430 km2

26 km2; land area: 26 km2

Ethnic divisions

45% Indian; 37% mestizo (white-Indian); 15% white; 3% black, Japanese, Chinese, and other

96% Polynesian

Infant mortality rate

80/1,000 (1985)

42/1,000 (1979)

Labor force

5.6 million; 44% government and other services, 38% agriculture, 18% industry; unemployment 10.9%; underemployment 57.4% (1984)

Language

Spanish and Quechua (official), Aymara

Tuvaluan, English

Life expectancy

60.2

men 57, women 60

Literacy

est. 80%

less than 50%

Nationality

noun — Peruvian(s); adjective— Peruvian Peru (continued)

noun — Tuvaluans(s); adjective— Tuvaluan

Organized labor

about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.)

Population

20,739,218 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.54%

8,329 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 1.73%

Religion

predominantly Roman Catholic

Christian, predominantly Protestant

Administrative divisions

19 departments and the national capital

24 departments with limited autonomy plus constitutional Province of Callao

3 districts

8 island councils on the permanently inhabited islands

Branches

President heads executive; bicameral legislature (Senate, Chamber of Deputies); judiciary headed by Supreme Court

executive, judicial, bicameral legislature (Senate, Chamber of Deputies)

executive, bicameral legislature (Executive Council, 14-member Legislative Council), judicial (Supreme Court)

executive — Prime Minister and Cabinet; unicameral legislature — 12member House of Parliament; judicial — High Court, 8 island courts with limited jurisdication

Capital

Asuncion

Lima

Grand Turk (Cockburn Town)

Funafuti

Communists

Oscar Creydt faction and Miguel Angel Soler faction (both illegal); est. 3,000 to 4,000 party members and sympathizers in Paraguay, very few are hard core; party in exile is small and deeply divided

Peruvian Communist PartyUnity (PCP-U), pro-Soviet, 2,000; other minor Communist parties

none

Elections

President and Congress elected at same time every five years (next election March 1988) Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Juan Ramon Chaves; Authentic Radical Liberal Party (PLRA), Juan Zaldivar; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Geronimo Irala Burgos; Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF), Fernando Vera; Liberal Party (PL), Joaquin Burgos; Popular Colorado Movement (MOPOCO), Waldino Lovera; Radical Liberal Party (PLR), Emilio Forestieri Peru

elections for president and congress held every five years; last election for president and congress held 14 April 1985; current government inaugurated 28 July 1985 Political parties and leaders: American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Alan Garcia; United Left (IU), Alfonso Barrantes; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis Bedoya Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando Belaunde Terry

last held in May 1984 for 11 Legislative Council seats Political parties and leaders: People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Clement Howell; Progressive National Party (PNP), Nathaniel Francis

last general election September 1985, next scheduled for September 1989

Government leader

Gen. (Ret.) Alfredo STROESSNER, President (since May 1954)

Michael RRADLEY, Governor (since 1987)

Government leaders

Alan GARCIA Perez, President (since July 1985); Luis ALVA Castro, Prime Minister (since July 1985)

Dr. Tomasi PUAPUA, Prime Minister (since September 1981); Tupua LEUPENA, Governor General (since 1 March 1986)

Legal system

based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; constitution promulgated 1967; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on civil law system; 1979 constitution reestablished civilian government with a popularly elected president and bicameral legislature; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas; constitution introduced in 1976

Member of

FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— InterAmerican Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, LAIA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG

Andean Pact, AIOEC, ASSIMER, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB — Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, INTERPOL, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO

ESCAP (associate member), GATT (de facto), SPF, SPC, UPU

National holiday

Independence Day, 14 May

Independence Day, 28 July

Commonwealth Day, 31 May

Official name

Republic of Paraguay

Republic of Peru

Turks and Caicos Islands

Tuvalu

Other political or pressure groups

National Accord includes MoPoCo and Febrerista, Radical Liberal, and Christian Democratic Parties; Caspar Rodriguez de Francia, Paraguayan Liberation Movement

Political parties

none

Suffrage

universal; compulsory between ages of 18 and 60

universal over age 18

universal adult at age 18

Type

republic; under authoritarian rule

republic

Rritish dependent territory

independent state, special member of the Commonwealth

Voting strength

(February 1983 general election) 90% Colorado Party, 5.6% Radical Liberal Party, 3.2% Liberal Party; Febrerista Party boycotted elections

(1985 presidential election) 48% APRA, 23% IU, 14% PPC, 5% AP

PDM, 3 seats, PNP, 8 seats

Agriculture

oilseeds, soybeans, cotton, wheat, manioc, sweet potatoes, tobacco, corn, rice, sugarcane; self-sufficient in most foods; illegal producer of cannabis for the international drug trade

main crops — wheat, potatoes, beans, rice, barley, coffee, cotton, sugarcane; imports — wheat, meat, lard and oils, rice, corn; an illegal producer of coca for the international drug trade

corn, beans

limited; coconut palms, copra

Aid

bilateral commitments, US (FY70-85) $157 million; other Western countries, ODA and OOF (1970-84), $648 million

$4.2 million (1983); Western (non-US) countries, ODA (1970-79), $22 million

Budget

(1986 est.) revenues, $620 million; expenditures, $762 million

revenues, $3.3 billion; expenditures, $3.9 billion (1985)

revenues, $5.9 million; expenditures, $7.2 million (1981/82)

(1983 est.) revenues, $2.59 million; expenditures, $3.6 million

Electric power

1,675,000 kW capacity; 1,130 million kWh produced, 280 kWh per capita (1986)

3,964,000 kW capacity; 13,700 million kWh produced, 680 kWh per capita (1986)

1,500 kW capacity; 6 million kWh produced, 810 kWh per capita (1986)

2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 380 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$350 million (f.o.b., 1986); cotton, oilseeds, meat products, tobacco, timber, coffee, essential oils, lung oil

$2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1986 est.); fishmeal, cotton, sugar, coffee, copper, iron ore, refined silver, lead, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts

$2.5 million (1982); crawfish, dried and fresh conch, conch shells

$1.0 million (1983 est.)

Fiscal year

calendar year

calendar year

calendar

Fishing

catch 4.1 million metric tons (1985); exports — oil, $7 million; edible products, $98 million; fishmeal, $118 million (1985)

catch 1,050 metric tons (1983)

GDP

$3.8 billion 1986, $950 per capita (1986), 66% private consumption, 7% public consumption (1983); 28% gross domestic investment; real growth rate 1985, 4.5%; 40% inflation rate (mid-1986)

$15 million, per capita GDP $2,020 (1980)

GNP

$19 billion, $970 per capita (1985); 68% private consumption, 11% public consumption, 12.5% gross investment; 8.5% net foreign balance (1983); real growth rate, 1.6% (1985)

$4 million (1984), $500 per capita

Imports

$730 million (f.o.b., 1986); fuels and lubricants, machinery and motors, motor vehicles, beverages and tobacco, foodstuffs

$2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1986 est.); foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals, Pharmaceuticals

$20.9 million (1982); foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing

$2.8 million (1983); food and mineral fuels

Major industries

meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, light consumer goods, cement, construction

mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles and clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication

fishing, tourism

Major industry

copra

Major trade partners

exports — 26% Brazil, 13% Netherlands, 11% Argentina, 11% Switzerland, 7% US, 6% FRG; imports—33% Brazil, 16% Argentina, 13% US, 7% Algeria, 6% Japan, 5% FRG, 5% UK (1986)

exports — 36% US, 23% EC, 11% Latin America, 10% Japan, 4% UK; imports— 25% US, 20% Latin America, 19% EC, 7% Japan, 6% FRG (1985)

US (lobster, conch, tourism) and UK

UK, Australia

Military transfers

US (FY70-85), $18 million

Monetary conversion rate

240 guaranies=US$l at fixed rate, 650 guaranies=US$l at floating rate (November 1986)

13.95 intis=US$l (December 1986)

uses the US dollar

1.54 Australian dollars=US$l (November 1986)

Natural resources

iron, manganese, limestone, hydroelectric power, forests

minerals, metals, petroleum, forests, fish

spiny lobster, conch

Airfields

551 total, 445 usable; 15 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 35 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

896 total, 791 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

241 total, 225 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

122 total, 106 usable; 62 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 27 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 26 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

7 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

1 total, 1 usable with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

Papua New Guinea Defense Force

Paraguayan Army, Paraguayan Navy, Paraguayan Air Force

Peruvian Army (Ejercito Peruano), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Peruvian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru)

Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie

police Tuvalu Nanurrtea fNiutao • Nanumanga South Pacific Ocean Sff rcgninll map X .Vailupu NukufetauQ FUNAFUTI *-»-(* Funafuti Nurakita

Civil air

about 15 major transport aircraft Papua New Guinea (continued) Paraguay

4 major transport aircraft

27 major transport aircraft

30 major transport aircraft (1985)

Air Turks and Caicos (passenger service) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service)

no major transport aircraft

Highways

19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth

21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km earth

56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved, 11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km improved earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth

49,615 km total; 26,915 km bituminous; 16,500 km gravel or crushed stone; 4,000 km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth (1985)

121 km, including 24 km tarmac

8 km gravel

Inland waterways

10,940 km

3,100 km

8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon River system and 208 km Lago Titicaca

about 1,200 km

none

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $34.5 million; about 3.5% of central government budget 200km Boundary rcpmspn ration IS not necessarily authoritative S« rttlonil itup IV Encarnacion

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, $66.1 million; 18.3% of central government budget 500km Sec region*! mip IV

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $2.9 billion; 17.3% of central government budget Turks and Caicos Islands North Atlantic Ocean 50km Providenciales "West Caicos __North Caicos ^Middle Caicos East Caicos Cockburrvl GRAND TURK* (Cockburnri/ Townl (J, Sail . •'. Cay? • Turks Islands .--I North Atlantic Ocean

Military manpower

males 15-49, 880,000; 489,000 fit for military service

males 15-49, 997,000; 728,000 fit for military service; 46,000 reach military age (17) annually

males 15-49, 5,082,000; 3,441,000 fit for military service; 223,000 reach military age (20) annually

males 15-49, 13,296,000; 8,136,000 fit for military service; 582,000 reach military age (20) annually

Pipelines

crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids, 64 km

1,738 km crude oil; 2,321 km refined products

Ports

5 principal, 9 minor

1 major (Asuncion), 9 minor (all river)

7 major, 25 minor

4 major, 10 secondary, 18 minor

4 major (Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour)

2 minor (Funafuti, Nukufetau)

Railroads

none

970 km total; 440 km 1.435meter standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge, 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned)

1,876 km total; 1,576 km 1.435meter standard gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge

8,193 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 204 km double track; 109 km electrified (1985)

none

none

Telecommunications

services are adequate and being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio and international radiocommunication services; submarine cables extend to Australia and Guam; 51,483 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.); 31 AM, 2 FM, no TV stations, 1 satellite station Defense Forces

principal center in Asuncion, fair intercity microwave net; 78,300 telephones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 41 AM, 3 TV, 8 shortwave stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces

fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide radio-relay system; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations, 12 domestic antennas; 544,000 telephones (2.9 per 100 popl.); 241 AM, 175 shortwave, 136 TV stations Defense Forces

fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio-relay network; 2.8 million telephones (5.5 per 100 popl.); 17 AM, 49 FM, 356 TV stations; 2 satellite ground station antennas, 1 submarine telephone cable Defense Forces

fair cable and radio services; 1,400 telephones (16.9 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station; 2 submarine cables; 1 satellite ground station; several TV stations Defense Forces Defense is the responsibility of the United Kingdom

1 AM station; about 300 radiotelephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 4,000 radio receivers; 108 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.)