1986 Edition

Agriculture

land intensively cultivated; rice, sugar, vegetables, fruits; 72% self-sufficient in food (1980); food shortages — meat, wheat, feed grains, edible oils and fats

main crops — corn, rice, vegetables; food shortages — meat, cooking oils; production of foodstuffs adequate for domestic needs

Aid

donor — ODA and OOF economic commitments (1970-83), $35.6 billion

economic and military aid from the Soviet Union and China

Airfields

42 total, 39 usable; 15 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1, 220-2,439 m

180 total, 160 usable; 126 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 26 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 49 with runways 1,2202,439 m

Area

121,129 km2; slightly smaller than Mississippi; 74% forest, scrub, and brush; 17% arable and cultivated; remainder waste and urban

Branches

Jamaica Defense Force (includes Coast Guard and Air Wing)

Emperor is merely symbol of state; executive power is vested in Cabinet appointed by the Prime Minister, chosen by the lower house of the bicameral, elective legislature — Diet (House of Councilors, House of Representatives); judiciary is independent

Japan Ground SelfDefense Force (army), Japan Maritime SelfDefense Force (navy), Japan Air SelfDefense Force (air force), Maritime Safety Agency (coast guard)

Supreme People's Assembly theoretically supervises legislative and judicial functions; State Administration Council (cabinet) oversees ministerial operations

North Korean People's Army (consists of the army, navy, and air force)

Budget

revenues, $1.0 billion; expenditures, $1.6 billion (1982)

revenues, $216 billion; expenditures, $270 billion; deficit, $54 billion (proposed general account for fiscal year ending March 1987)

Capital

Tokyo

P'yongyang

Civil air

6 major transport aircraft

265 major transport aircraft

Coal

52 million tons (1984)

Coastline

13,685 km People

2,495 km People

Communists

approximately 470,000 registered Communist Party members

KWP claims membership of about 2 million, or about 1 1 % of population

Crude steel

105.6 million metric tons produced (1984)

4.0 million metric tons produced (1984), 204 kg per capita

Elections

general elections held every four years or upon dissolution of lower house, triennially for half of upper house Political parties and leaders: Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Y. Nakasone, president; Japan Socialist Party (JSP), M. Ishibashi, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), S. Tsukamoto, chairman; Japan Communist Party (JCP), T. Fuwa, Presidium chairman; Clean Government Party (CGP), Y. Takeiri, chairman; New Liberal Club (NLC), Y. Kono; Social Democratic Federation (SDF), S. Eda

election to SPA every four years, but this constitutional provision not necessarily followed — last election February 1982 Political party and leaders: Korean Workers' Party (KWP); Kim Il-song, General Secretary, and his son, Kim Chong-il, Secretary

Electric power

(including Ryukyus) 175,000,000 kW capacity (1985); 650 billion kWh produced (1985), 5,385 kWh per capita

5,910,000 kW capacity (1985); 40 billion kWh produced (1985), 1, 992 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

99.4% Japanese, 0.6% other (mostly Korean)

racially homogeneous

Exports

$170. 1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 97% manufactures (including 25% machinery, 18% motor vehicles, 9% iron and steel)

$1.59 billion (1984); minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural products, manufactures

Fiscal year

1 April-31 March Communications

1 April-31 March Communications

calendar year Communications

Fishing

catch 11.2 million metric tons (1983)

GNP

$1,233 billion (1984, at 237.52 yen=US$l); $10,200 per capita (1984); 59% personal consumption, 28% investment, 10% government current expenditure, negligible stocks, and 2% foreign balance; real growth rate 5.7% (1984); average annual growth rate 4.3% (1980-84)

$23 billion (1984 in 1984 dollars), $1,170 per capita

Government leaders

HIROHITO, Emperor (since December 1926); Yasuhiro NAKASONE, Prime Minister (since November 1982)

KIM Il-song, President (since December 1972); KANG Song-san, Premier (since January 1984)

Highways

18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth

1,113,388 km total (1980); 510,904 km paved, 602,484 km gravel, crushed stone, or unpaved; 2,579 km national expressways, 40,212 km national highways, 43,907 km principal local roads, 86,930 km prefectural roads, 939,760 km municipal roads

about 20,280 km (1980); 98.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5% concrete or bituminous

Imports

$136.5 billion (c.i.f., 1984); 47% fossil fuels, 22.4% manufactures, 12% foodstuffs, 8% machinery

$1.36 billion (1984); petroleum, machinery and equipment, coking coal, grain

Infant mortality rate

6/1,000(1984)

32/1,000 (1983)

Inland waterways

approx. 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas'

2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only

Labor force

(1985) 59.3 million; 53% trade and services; 33% manufacturing, mining, and construction; 9% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 3% government; 2.68% unemployed (1985 a ve.)

6. 1 million (1980); 48% agricultural, 52% nonagricultural; shortage of skilled and unskilled labor Government

Land boundaries

1,675 km Water

Language

Japanese

Korean

Legal system

civil law system with EnglishAmerican influence; constitution promulgated in 1946; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1948 and revised 1972; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Life expectancy

men 74.54, women 80.18

men 63, women 67

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm except 3 nm in five "international straits" (200 nm fishing zone)

12 nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone; 50 nm "military boundary line" from which all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned)

Literacy

99%

95% est.

Major industries

metallurgical and engineering industries, electrical and electronic industries, textiles, chemicals

machine building, electric power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy, textiles, food processing

Major trade partners

exports — US 48%, Canada 14%, UK 13%, Norway 3%, imports— US 46%, Netherlands Antilles 13%, Venezuela 8%, UK 5% (1984)

exports — 29% US, 23% Southeast Asia, 16% Western Europe, 12% Middle East, 6% Communist countries, imports— 27% Middle East, 22% Southeast Asia, 19% US, 8% Western Europe, 6% Communist countries

total trade turnover $2.95 billion (1983); 55% with Communist countries, 45% with non-Communist countries

Member of

ADB, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy

FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IPU, ITU, NAM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO; official observer status at UN Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 March 1985, $22.6 million; about 2.8% of central government budget 500km Pacific Ocean Philippine Sea ? Okinawa S« region*) mip VIII Land 372,313 km2; slightly smaller than California; 69% forest; 16% arable and cultivated, 12% urban and waste, 3% grass Water

actual for fiscal year ending 31 March 1987, $16.7 billion; 7.8% of total budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 546,000; 403,000 fit for military service; no conscription; 32,000 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually

males 15-49, 31,702,000; 26,438,000 fit for military service; about 870,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 4,748,000; 2,909,000 fit for military service; 260,000 reach military age (18) annually

Missiles

6 operational NIKE-Hercules groups, 8 operational HAWK groups (NIKE in air force, HAWK in ground force)

Monetary conversion rate

5.50 Jamaican dollars=US$l (December 1985)

198.5 yen=US$l (2 January 1986)

2 wons=US$l (December 1984)

National holiday

Birthday of the Emperor, 29 April

9 September

Nationality

noun — Japanese (sing., pi.); adjective — Japanese

noun — Korean(s); adjective — Korean

Natural resources

negligible mineral resources, fish

coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron, copper, gold, phosphates, salt, fluorspar, hydroelectric power

Official name

Japan

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

Organized labor

about 30% of labor force Government

Personnel

Ground SelfDefense Force, 156,000; Maritime Self-Defense Force, 42, 100 (including 1 1 ,900 air arm); Air SelfDefense Force, 43,400; Maritime Safety Agency, 11,200

Pipelines

refined products, 10 km

crude oil, 84 km; natural gas, 1,800 km; refined products, 322 km

crude oil, 37 km

Political subdivisions

47 prefectures

nine provinces, four special cities (P'yongyang, Kaesong, Namp'o, and Ch'ongjin)

Population

121,402,000 (July 1986), average annual growth rate 0.6%

20,543,000 (July 1986), average annual growth rate 2.3%

Ports

2 major (Kingston, Montego Bay), 10

17 Japanese Port Association specifically designated major ports, 1 10 other major ports, over 2,000 minor ports

6 major, 26 minor Defense Forces

Railroads

370 km, all 1 .435-meter standard gauge, single track

21,387 km total (1982); 1,835 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 19,552 km predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge, 5,690 km doubleand multitrack sections, 8,830 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 1,804 km 1.435-meter standard gauge electrified

4,535 km total operating in 1980; 3,870 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge, 159 km double track; about 3,175 km electrified; government owned

Religion

most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites; about 16% belong to other faiths, including 0.8% Christian

Buddhism and Confucianism; religious activities now almost nonexistent

Shortages

fossil fuels, most industrial raw materials

advanced machinery and equipment, coking coal, coal, petroleum, electric power, transport

Suffrage

universal over age 20

universal at age 17

Supply

defense industry potential is large, with capability of producing the most sophisticated equipment; manufactured equipment includes small arms artillery, armored vehicles, and other types of ground forces materiel, aircraft (jet and prop), naval vessels (submarines, guided missile and other destroyers, patrol craft, mine warfare ships, and other minor craft, including amphibious, auxiliaries, service craft, and small support ships), small amounts of all types of army materiel; several missile systems are produced under US license, and a vigorous domestic missile development program exists

Telecommunications

fully automatic domestic telephone network with 127,000 telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT stations; 9 AM, 13 FM, 8 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables Defense Forces

excellent domestic and international service; 64.0 million telephones (53.0 per 100 popl.); 318 AM stations, 58 FM stations plus 436 relay stations; about 12,350 TV stations (196 major— 1 kw or greater), and 2 ground satellite stations; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and USSR Defense Forces

Type

constitutional monarchy

Communist state; one-man rule

Voting strength

(1983 election) Lower House— 45.8% LDP, 19.5% JSP, 10.1% CGP, 9.3% JCP, 7.3% DSP, 2.4% NLC, 0.7% SDF, 5% independents and minor parties; Upper House— 35.3% LDP, 24.3% JSP, 10.5% JCP, 7.8% CGP, 5.7% DSP, 1.2% NLC, 1 1.8% independents and minor parties