1984 Edition

Agriculture

land intensively cultivated — rice, sugar, vegetables, fruits; 72% selfsufficient in food (1980); food shortages — meat, wheat, feed grains, edible oil and fats

main crops — corn, rice, vegetables; food shortages — meat, cooking oils; production of foodstuffs adequate for domestic needs

25% of the population lives on the land, but agriculture, forestry, and fishing constitute 16% of GNP; main crops — rice, barley; food shortages — wheat, dairy products, corn

Aid

donor — bilateral economic commitments (ODA and OOF), $38 billion (1970-81)

economic and military aid from the USSR and China

economic— US (FY46-88), $10.4 billion committed; Japan (1965-75), $1.8 billion extended; military— US (FY46-82) $8 billion committed; other Western aid, ODA and OOF (1980-81), $707 million

Aircraft

23 F-15, 130 F-4, and 90 F-104 fighter interceptors; 14 RF-4E reconnaissance aircraft; 65 F-l fighter-support aircraft; 31 C-l, 10 YS-11 transport aircraft; 50 T-l, 70 T-2, 50 T-3, 60 T-33A trainers

70 11-28 bombers, 20 SU-7 fighter/ground attack, 290 MIG-15/-17, 700 MIG-19, 160 MIG-21,250transports, 60 helicopters, 190 jet trainers, 4 SAM brigades with 250 SA-2 in 40 sites Land 98,913 km2; 67% forest; 23% arable (22% cultivated); 10% urban and other

7 combat wings, 2 transport wings, 18 FGA squadrons (250 F-5A/B/E/F, 70 F-86 F, 6 A-10), 4 AD squadrons (70 F-4D/ E), 1 COIN squadron (13 OV-10, some A-37), 1 recce squadron (10 RF-5A), 2 ASW squadrons (20 S-2A, 10 helicopters), 1 SAR helicopter squadron (26 UH-H/UH-1B/H), 5 transport squadrons (34 aircraft), 192 trainers

Airfields

35 total, 21 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,2202,439 m

185 total, 165 usable; 125 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 26 with runways 2,4403,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

128 total, 118 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways; 24 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,2202,439 m

65 total, 34 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 15 with runways 1,2202,439 m

Area

121,730 km2; 74% forest, scrub, and brush; 17% arable and cultivated; remainder waste and urban

Branches

Jamaica Defense Force (includes Coast Guard and Air Wing)

Emperor is merely symbol of state; executive power is vested in Cabinet dominated by the Prime Minister, chosen by the lower house of the bicameral, elective legislature— Diet (House of Councilors, House of Representatives); judiciary is independent

Japan Ground SelfDefense Force (army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (air force), Maritime Safety Agency (coast guard)

Supreme People's Assembly theoretically supervises legislative and judicial function; State Administration Council (cabinet) oversees ministerial operations

North Korean People's Army (consists of the army, navy, and air force)

unicameral legislature (National Assembly), judiciary

Army, Navy, Air Force, Naval Marine Force

Army, Navy, Air Force

Budget

revenues $148 billion, expenditures $202 billion, deficit $54 billion (general account for fiscal year ending March 1984)

$13.0 billion (1984)

(1980) total receipts $495 million, current expenditures $280 million, development expenditures $200 million

Capital

Tokyo

P'yongyang

Seoul

Civil air

6 major transport aircraft

265 major transport aircraft

41 major transport aircraft

7 major transport aircraft Yugoslavia

CNP

$16.2 billion (1982), $786 per capita

Coastline

13,685 km People

2,413 km People

Communists

approximately 470,000 registered Communist Party members

KWP claims membership of about 2 million, or about 11% of population

Communist activity banned by government

Crude steel

102 million metric tons produced (1981)

3.5 million metric tons produced (1979), 187 kg per capita

Elections

general elections held every four years or upon dissolution of lower house, triennially for half of upper house Political parties and leaders: Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Y. Nakasone, president; Japan Socialist Party (JSP), M. Ishibashi, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), R. Sasaki, chairman; Japan Communist Party (JCP), T. Fuwa, Presidium chairman; Clean Government Party (CGP), Y. Takeiri, chairman; New Liberal Club (NLC), S. Tagawa; Social Democratic Federation (SDF), H. Den

election to SPA every four years, but this constitutional provision not necessarily followed — last election February 1982 Political party and leader: Korean Workers' Party (KWP; Kim Il-s6ng, General Secretary)

under new constitution of October 1980, President elected every seven years indirectly by a 5,000man electoral college; last election February 1981; four-year National Assembly, elected in March 1981, consists of 276 representatives, 184 directly elected and 92 chosen through proportional representation Political parties and leaders: major party is government's Democratic Justice Party (DJP), Chun Doo Hwan (president) and Jung Nai Hiuk (chairman); opposition parties are Democratic Korea Party (DKP), Yoo ChiSong (president); Korean National Party (KNP), Kim Chong Chul (president); several smaller parties

Electric power

153,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 520.0 billion kWh produced (1980), 4,435 kWh per capita

5,500,000 kW capacity (1982); 36.9 billion kWh produced (1982), 1, 800 kWh per capita

10,020,380 kW capacity (1982); 42.1 billion kWh produced (1982), l,024kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

99.4% Japanese, 0.6% other (mostly Korean)

racially homogeneous

homogeneous; small Chinese minority (approx. 20,000)

Exports

$138.3 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 96% manufactures (including 25% machinery, 28% motor vehicles, 13% iron and steel)

$1.41 billion (1981); minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural products, manufactures

$21.9 billion (f.o.b., 1982); textiles and clothing, electrical machinery, footwear, steel, ships, fish

Fiscal year

1 April-31 March Communications

1 April-31 March Communications

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

Fishing

catch 1 1.3 million metric tons (1981)

catch 2,644,074 metric tons (1982)

Freight carried

rail (1980) 49 million metric tons; highway 145 million metric tons; air (1979) 14 billion metric tons (domestic)

GNP

$1,060 billion (1982, at 249.05 yen=US$l); $8,947 per capita (1982); 59% personal consumption, 20% investment, 10% government current expenditure, negligible stocks, and 1 % foreign balance; real growth rate 3.0% (1982); average annual growth rate (1978-82), 4.2%

$70.8 billion (1982, in 1982 prices), $1,800 per capita; real growth 5.6% (1982); real growth 4.5% (1978-82 average)

Government leaders

HIROHITO, Emperor; Yasuhiro NAKASONE, Prime Minister

KIM Il-song, President; RANG Song-San, Premier

CHUN Doo Hwan, President; CHIN lee Jong, Prime Minister

Highways

18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth

1,113,388 km total (1980); 510,904 km paved, 602,484 km gravel, crushed stone, or unpaved; 2,579 km national expressways, 40,212 km national highways, 43,907 km principal local roads, 86,930 km prefectural roads, 939,760 km municipal roads

about 20,280 km (1980); 98.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5% concrete or bituminous

46,800 km total (1980); 9,290 km national highway, 37,510 km provincial and local roads

5,600 km total; 1,700 km bituminous treated, 630 km crushed stone and gravel, 3,270 km motorable track •

Imports

$119.8 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 50% fossil fuels, 19% manufactures, 13% foodstuffs, 5% machinery

$1.645 billion (1981); petroleum, machinery and equipment, coking coal, grain

$24.3 billion (c.i.f., 1982); machinery, oil, steel, transport equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains

Inland waterways

approx. 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal "inland seas"

2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only

Labor force

(1981)57.1 million; 52% trade and services; 35% manufacturing, mining and construction; 10% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 3% government; 2.2% unemployed

6.1 million (1980); 48% agricultural, 52% nonagricultural; shortage of skilled and unskilled labor Government

14.7 million (1981); 45% services and other; 34% agriculture, fishing, forestry; 21% mining and manufacturing; average unemployment 4.5% (1981)

Land boundaries

1,675 km Water

241 km Water

Language

Japanese

Korean

Korean; English widely taught in high school

Legal system

civil law system with EnglishAmerican influence; constitution promulgated in 1946; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1948 and revised 1972; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

combines elements of continental European civil law systems, AngloAmerican law, and Chinese classical thought; constitution approved 1980; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Limits of territorial waters

12 nm and 3 nm in Korea Strait (12 nm fishing zone)

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm except 3 nm in five international straits (fishing 200 nm)

12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm; military 50 nm) Coastline; 2,495 km People

Literacy

99%

95% est.

over 90%

Major ground units

2 active infantry battalions, 1 reserve battalion Aircraft:\2 (1 turboprop, 4 prop, 7 helicopters)

12 infantry divisions, 1 armor division, 2 combined brigades, 1 airborne brigade, 12 nondivisional artillery battalions, 1 helicopter brigade

9 corps headquarters, 2 armored divisions, 3 motorized infantry divisions, 35 infantry divisions, 5 armored brigades, 4 infantry brigades, 100, 000 special forces, 2 tank regiments, 5 infantry regiments, 250 artillery battalions, 80 multiple rocket battalions, 5 FROG battalions, 5 rivercrossing regiments

3 army headquarters, 6 corps headquarters, 20 infantry divisions, 3 airborne divisions, 1 mechanized infantry division, 2 special forces brigades, 2 AAA brigades, 2 SSM battalions with Honest Johns, 2 SAM brigades, 1 army aviation brigade

Major industries

metallurgical and engineering industries, electrical and electronic industries, textiles, chemicals

machine building, electric power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy, textiles, food processing Korea, North (continued) Korea, South

textiles and clothing, food processing, chemicals, steel, electronics, shipbuilding

Major trade partners

exports — 26% US, 23% Southeast Asia, 16% Western Europe; 12% Middle East, 6% Communist countries, imports— 28% Middle East, 23% Southeast Asia, 18% US, 8% Western Europe, 6% Communist countries

total trade turnover $3.1 billion (1981); 51% with nonCommunist countries, 49% with Communist countries

exports — 29% US, 16% Japan; imports— 25% US, 22% Japan (1982)

Member of

ADD, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— InterAmerican Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC — International Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy

FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IPU, ITU, NAM, UN (observer status only), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy

ABD (AfroAsian League Consultative Committee), ADB — Asian Development Bank, Asian Parliamentary Union, APACL — Asian People's AntiCommunist League, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, Geneva Conventions of 1949 for the protection of war victims, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNIDO, UN Special Fund, UPU, WACL— World AntiCommunist League, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; official observer at UN; does not hold UN membership Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 March 1983, $43.1 million; about 3% of central government budget Pacific Ocean Land 381,945 km2; 69% forest; 16% arable and cultivated; 12% urban and waste; 3% grass Water

actual for fiscal year ending 31 March 1984, $12.5 billion; 5.5% of total budget

proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $4.3 billion; about 33.2% of central government budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 559,000; 413,000 fit for military service; no conscription; 33,000 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually

males 15-49, 31,423,000; 26,206,000 fit for military service; about 860,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 4,532,000; 2,774,000 fit for military service; 221,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 1 1,648,000; 7,854,000 fit for military service; 450,000 reach military age (18) annually Korea, South (continued) Kuwait

males 15-49, 465,000; 260,000 fit for military service

Missiles

6 operational NIKE-Hercules groups, 8 operational HAWK groups (NIKE in air force, HAWK in ground force)

Monetary conversion rate

234.40 yen=US$l (11 January 1984)

.94 won=US$l (February 1984)

800 won=US$l (15 December 1983) f

.3425 dinar= US$1 (February 1984)

National holiday

Birthday of the Emperor, 29 April

9 September

Independence Day, 15 August

Nationality

noun — Japanese (sing., pi.); adjective — Japanese

noun — Korean(s); adjective — Korean

noun — Korean(s); adjective — Korean

Official foreign reserves

$800 million (December 1981)

Official name

Japan

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

Republic of Korea

Organized labor

22% of labor force Government

about 13% of nonagricultural labor force Government

Other political or pressure groups

Korean National Council of Churches; Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; large, potentially volatile student population concentrated in Seoul

Personnel

3,200 total

Ground Self-Defense Force, 156,000; Maritime Self-Defense Force, 42,100 (including 11,900 air arm); Air SelfDefense Force, 43,400; Maritime Safety Agency, 11,200

army 700,000 (reserves 230,000), navy 33,500 (reserves 40,000), air force 51,000, security forces 38,000, civilian militia 1,760,000

army 540,000 (reserves 1,100,000), navy 29,000 (reserves 25,000), marines 20,000 (reserves 60,000), air force 33,600 (reserves 55,000)

Pipelines

refined products, 10 km

crude oil, 50 km; natural gas, 1 ,775 km

crude oil, 30 km

294 km refined products

refined products, 32 km

Political subdivisions

47 prefectures

nine provinces, three special cities (P'yongyang, Kaesong, and Chongjin)

9 provinces, 4 special cities; heads centrally appointed

Population

119,896,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.6%

19,630,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.3%

41,999,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.5%

Ports

2 major (Kingston, Montego Bay), 10 minor

17 Japanese Port Association specifically designated major ports, 1 10 other major ports, over 2,000 minor ports

6 major, 26 minor Defense Forces

10 major, 18 minor

1 major (Aden), 1 minor

Railroads

370 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track

29,711 km total (1979); 1,077 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 28,634 km predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge, 7,539 km double track, 8,279 km or 28% of total route length electrified; 82% government owned

4,535 km total operating in 1980; 3,870 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge, 159 km double track; about 2,940 km electrified; government owned

none

Religion

most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites; about 16% belong to other faiths, including 0.8% Christian

Buddhism and Confucianism; religious activities now almost nonexistent

strong Confucian tradition; pervasive folk religion (Shamanism); vigorous Christian minority (23% Christian population); Buddhism (including estimated 20,000 members of Soka Gakkai); Chondokyo (religion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with nationalist overtones founded in 19th century, claims about 1.5 million adherents

Ships

1 fast patrol craft, 3 patrol boats

50 destroyers/frigates, 14 submarines, 50 mine warfare, 8 amphibious, 15 auxiliary and over 300 surface craft (an additional 520 patrol and service craft operate under the jurisdiction of the Marine Safety Agency)

21 submarines, 4 frigates, 18 missile boats, 32 large patrol craft, 333 fast attack craft, 30 coastal patrol boats, 99 landing craft

1 1 ex-US destroyers, 8 frigates, 3 ex-US Auk corvettes, 1 1 FAC with SSM; 8 ex-US large patrol craft; 28 coastal patrol craft, 8 minesweeping vessels, 24 ex-US landing ships

Shortages

fossil fuels, most industrial raw materials

complex machinery and equipment, coking coal, coal, petroleum, electric power

base metals, petroleum, lumber, and certain food grains

Suffrage

universal over age 20

universal at age 17

universal over age 20

Supply

dependent on UK and US

defense industry potential is large, with capability of producing the most sophisticated equipment; manufactured equipment includes small arms artillery, armored vehicles, and other types of ground forces Japan (continued) Jordan (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table) materiel, aircraft (jet and prop), naval vessels (submarines, guided missile and other destroyers, patrol craft, mine warfare ships, and other minor craft, including amphibious, auxiliaries, service craft, and small support ships), small amounts of all types of army materiel; several missile systems are produced under US license, and a vigorous domestic missile development program exists

Telecommunications

fully automatic domestic telephone network with 119,400 telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT stations; 9 AM, 13 FM, and 8 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables Defense Forces

excellent domestic and international service; 58.0 million telephones (49.5 per 100 popl.); 318 AM stations, 58 FM stations plus 436 relay stations; about 7,800 TV stations (196 major— 1 kw or greater), and 2 ground satellite stations; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and USSR Defense Forces

adequate domestic and international services; 3.4 million telephones (9.1 per 100 popl.); 79 AM, 46 FM, and 256 TV stations (57 of 1 kW or greater); 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces

small system of open-wire, radio-relay, multiconductor cable, and radiocommunications stations; only center Aden; estimated 10,000 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, no FM, 5 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite antenna Defense Forces

Type

constitutional monarchy

Communist state; one-man rule

republic; power centralized in a strong executive

Voting strength

(1983 election) Lower House— 45.8% LDP, 19.5% JSP, 10.1% CGP, 9.3% JCP, 7.3% DSP, 2.4% NLC, 0.7% SDA, 5% independents and minor parties; Upper House (National Constituency) — 35.3% LDP, 24.3% JSP, 10.5% JCP, 7.8% CGP, 5.7% DSP, 1.2% NLC, 0.0% SDA, 11.8% independents and minor parties