1988 Edition

Boundary disputes

sections with Congo and Zambia are indefinite

Climate

temperate; hot, relatively dry summers with mild, rainy winters along coast; warm summer with cold winters inland

tropical; hot, humid in river basin; cooler, drier in southern highlands

Coastline

37 km

Comparative area

about one-fourth the size of US

Environment

subject to frequent and very destructive earthquakes

straddles Equator; periodic droughts in south

Ethnic divisions

36.3% Serb, 19.7% Croat, 8.9% Muslim, 7.8% Slovene, 7.7% Albanian, 5.9% Macedonian, 5.4% Yugoslav, 2.5% Montenegrin, 1.9% Hungarian, 3.9% other (1981 census)

Exclusive fishing zone

200 nm

Infant mortality rate

30/1,000 (1982)

Labor force

10.1 million (1983); 25% agriculture, 29% mining and manufacturing; about 5% of labor force are guest workers in Western Europe; unemployment about 10.0% of domestic labor force, including private agriculture (August 1986)

Land boundaries

9,902 km total

Land use

28% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures; 36% forest and woodland; 8% other; includes 1% irrigated

3% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 78% forest and woodland; 15% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

Language

Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official); Albanian, Hungarian

Life expectancy

men 68, women 73

Literacy

90.5%

Nationality

noun — Yugoslav(s); adjective— Yugoslav

Population

23,430,830 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.66%

Religion

50% Eastern Orthodox, 30% Roman Catholic, 10% Muslim, 1% Protestant, 9% other

Special notes

controls the most important land routes from central and western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits

very narrow strip of land is only outlet to Atlantic Ocean

Terrain

mostly mountains with large areas of karst topography; plain in north

vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east

Territorial sea

12 nm

Total area

2,345,410 km2; land area: 2,267,600 km2

Ethnic divisions

over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes — Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population

Infant mortality rate

108/1,000 (1984)

Labor force

about 15 million, but only about 13% in wage structure

Language

French (official), English, Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba

Life expectancy

men 49, women 52 (1983)

Literacy

55% males, 37% females

Nationality

noun — Zairian(s); adjective — Zairian

Population

32,342,947 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.88%

Religion

50% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 10% Kimbanguist, 10% Muslim, 10% other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs

Administrative divisions

six republics

eight regions and federal district of Kinshasa

Branches

bicameral legislature (Federal Assembly — Federal Chamber, Chamber of Republics and Provinces); executive includes cabinet (Federal Executive Council) and the federal administration; judiciary; the State Presidency is a collective, rotating policymaking body composed of a representative from each republic and province, Sinan Hasni presides as President of the Republic until May 1987, when he will be replaced by the representative from Macedonia, Lazar Mojsov

President elected originally in 1970 for seven-year term; Marshal Mobutu reelected July 1984; limits on reelection removed by new constitution; unicameral legislature (310-member National Legislative Council elected for five-year term); the official party is the supreme political institution

Capital

Belgrade

Kinshasa

Communists

2,167,860 party members (December 1985)

no Communist party

Elections

Federal Assembly elected every four years by a complicated, indirect system of voting Political parties and leaders: League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) only; leaders are 23 members of party Presidium selected proportionally from republics, provinces, and Yugoslav People's Army, with the president rotating on an annual basis and the secretary rotating every two years; president until June 1987 is Milanko Renovica from BosniaHercegovina

elections for rural collectivities' urban zone councils, and the Legislative Council of the Popular Movement of the Revolution were held June-September 1982; presidential referendum/election held July 1984; presidential election/referendum scheduled for 1991 Political parties and leaders: Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR), only legal party

Government leader

Branko MIKULIC, President of the Federal Executive Council (since 1986); nonrenewable four-year term expires May 1990

Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko, President (since 1965)

Legal system

mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1974; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; new constitution promulgated February 1978; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Member of

ASSIMER, CEMA (observer but participates in certain commissions), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some activities), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

AfDB, APC, CIPEC, EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

29 November (Day of the Republic)

National holidays

Independence Day, 30 June; Anniversary of the Regime, 24 November

Official name

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Republic of Zaire

Other political or pressure groups

Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (SAWPY), the major mass front organization; Confederation of Trade Unions of Yugoslavia (CTUY), League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia, Federation of Veterans' Associations of Yugoslavia (SUBNOR)

Suffrage

universal over age 18

universal and compulsory over age 18

Type

Communist state, federal republic in form

republic; constitution establishes strong presidential system

Voting strength

Mobutu polled 99.6% of vote in the 1984 election

Agriculture

diversified agriculture with many small private holdings and large agricultural combines; main crops — corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, and sunflowers; occasionally a net exporter of corn, tobacco, foodstuffs, live animals Yugoslavia (continued) Zaire

main cash crops — coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; main food crops — manioc, bananas, root crops, corn; some provinces self-sufficient

Budget

(1985) revenues, $827 million; total expenditures, $1,096 million

Crude steel

4.5 million metric tons produced (1985), 195 kg per capita

Electric power

20,113,000 kW capacity; 79,000 million kWh produced, 3,380 kWh per capita (1986)

2,412,000 kW capacity; 5,280 million kWh produced, 170 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$10.6 billion (f.o.b., 1985); 49% raw materials and semimanufactures, 31% consumer goods, 20% equipment

$1.913 billion (f.o.b., 1985); $1.824 billion (1986 est.) copper (37%), cobalt, diamonds, petroleum, coffee

Fiscal year

calendar year

calendar year

Fishing

catch 75,057 metric tons (1985)

catch 102,000 metric tons (1983)

GDP

$4.7 billion (1985), $150 per capita; 1.8% real growth (1986 est.)

GNP

$129.4 billion, $5,600 per capita; real growth rate 0.2% (1985)

Imports

$12.2 billion (c.i.f., 1985); 81% raw materials and semimanufactures, 14% equipment, 4% consumer goods

$1.383 billion (f.o.b., 1985 est); $1.411 billion (1986 est.) consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels

Major industries

metallurgy, machinery and equipment, oil refining, chemicals, textiles, wood processing, food processing, electric power

mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement

Major trade partners

59% non-Communist countries; 41% Communist countries, of which 24% USSR (1985)

Belgium, US, France, and West Germany

Monetary conversion rate

408.0 dinars=US$l (November 1986)

65.94 zaires=US$l (November 1986)

Natural resources

coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron, antimony, chromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, nickel, uranium

cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron, coal, hydroelectric power (potential)

Airfields

185 total, 183 usable; 51 with permanent-surface runways; 22 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

335 total, 296 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 70 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

Yugoslav People's Army — Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Logistics Corps, Special Presidential Brigade

Civil air

49 major transport aircraft

Freight carried

rail — 91.7 million metric tons, 28.7 billion metric tons/km; highway— 229.3 million metric tons, 121.8 billion metric tons/km; waterway — 21.0 million metric tons, 4.3 billion metric tons/km (excluding international transit traffic) (1984)

Highways

116,602 km total; 65,222 km asphalt, concrete, stone block; 33,048 km macadam, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 18,332 km earth (1983)

145,050 km total; 2,350 km bituminous, 46,230 km gravel and improved earth; remainder unimproved earth

Inland waterways

2,600 km (1982)

comprising the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes, the waterway system affords over 15,000 km of navigable routes

Military budget

announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, 889.0 billion dinars; about 5.2% of national income

Military manpower

males 15-49, 6,029,000; 4,890,000 fit for military service; 184,000 reach military age (19) annually

males 15-49, 7,141,000; 3,608,000 fit for military service

Pipelines

1,373 km crude oil; 2,900 km natural gas; 150 km refined products

refined products, 390 km

Ports

9 major (most important: Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar, and Ploce), 24 minor; principal inland water port is Belgrade

2 major (Matadi, Boma), 1 minor

Railroads

9,279 km total; (all 1.435-meter standard gauge) including 893 km double track, 3,462 km electrified (1984)

5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1. 067meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km 1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge

Telecommunications

199 AM, 87 FM stations; 11 main TV centers and about 50 TV stations; 3,915,113 TV sets; 4,456,213 receiver sets; 2 satellite ground stations Defense Forces

barely adequate wire and radio-relay service, 31,200 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 3 FM, 17 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 13 domestic satellite stations Defense Forces