1987 Edition

Boundary disputes

none; South Tyrol question with Austria; Trieste question with Yugoslavia

Climate

temperate; Alpine in far north

temperate; hot, relatively dry summers with mild, rainy winters along coast; warm summer with cold winters inland

Coastline

4,996 km

Comparative area

slightly larger than Arizona

Continental shelf

200 m or to depth of exploitation

Environment

regional risks include landslides, mudflows, snowslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding, pollution; land sinkage in Venice

subject to frequent and very destructive earthquakes

Land boundaries

1,702 km total

Land use

32% arable land; 10% permanent crops; 17% meadows and pastures; 22% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes 10% irrigated

28% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures; 36% forest and woodland; 8% other; includes 1% irrigated

Special notes

strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe

controls the most important land routes from central and western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits

Terrain

mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands

mostly mountains with large areas of karst topography; plain in north

Territorial sea

12 nm

Total area

301,230 km?; land area: 294,020 km?

Ethnic divisions

primarily Italian but population includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and of Albanian-ltalians in the south

36.3% Serb, 19.7% Croat, 8.9% Muslim, 7.8% Slovene, 7.7% Albanian, 5.9% Macedonian, 5.4% Yugoslav, 2.5% Montenegrin, 1.9% Hungarian, 3.9% other (1981 census)

Infant mortality rate

11.3/1,000 (1984)

30/1,000 (1982)

Labor force

22.20 million (1985); 30.5% industry, 10.5% agriculture, 48.6% services (1984); 10.8% unemployment

10,1 million (1983); 25% agriculture, 29% mining and manufacturing; about 5% of labor force are guest workers in Western Europe; unemployment about 10.0% of domestic labor force, including private agriculture (August 1986)

Language

Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region (for example, Bolzano) are predominantly German speaking; significant French-speaking minority in Valle d’Aosta region; Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area

Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official); Albanian, Hungarian

Life expectancy

73

men 68, women 73

Literacy

93%

90.5%

Nationality

noun—Italian(s); adjective— Italian

noun—Yugoslav(s); adjective—Yugoslav

Organized labor

40-45% (est.) of labor force

Population

57,350,850 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.19%

23,430,830 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.66%

Religion

almost 100% nominally Roman Catholic

50% Eastern Orthodox, 30% Roman Catholic, 10% Muslim, 1% Protestant, 9% other

Administrative divisions

20 regions; 95 provinces; 8,081 communes

six republics

Branches

executive (President empowered to dissolve Parliament and call national election; Commander of the Armed Forces, presides over the Supreme Defense Council); otherwise, authority to govern invested in Council of Ministers; bicameral legislature (popularly elected Parliament— 315-member Senate, 630-member Chamber of Deputies); independent judicial establishment

bicameral legislature (Federal Assembly—Federal Chamber, Chamber of Republics and Provinces); executive includes cabinet (Federal Executive Council) and the federal administration; judiciary; the State Presidency is a collective, rotating policymaking body composed of a representative from each republic and province, Sinan Hasni presides as President of the Republic until] May 1987, when he will be replaced by the representative from Macedonia, Lazar Mojsov

Capital

Rome

Belgrade

Communists

],673,751 members (1983)

2,167,860 party members (December 1985)

Elections

national election for Parliament every five years (last held June 1983); provincial and municipal elections every five years with some out of phase; regional elections every five years (Jast held May 1985) Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DC), Ciriaco DeMita (political secretary); Communist Party (PCI), Alessandro Natta (secretary general); Socialist Party (PSI), Bettino Craxi (party secretary); Social Democratic Party (PSD1), Franco Nicolazzi (party secretary), Liberal Party (PLI), Renato Altissimo (secretary general); Italian Social Movement (MSI), Giorgio Almirante (national secretary); Republican Party (PRI), Giovanni Spadolini (political secretary)

Federal Assembly elected every four years by a complicated, indirect system of voting Political parties and leaders: League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) only; leaders are 23 members of party Presidium selected proportionally from republics, provinces, and Yugoslav People’s Army, with the president rotating on an annual basis and the secretary rotating every two years; president until June 1987 is Milanko Renovica from BosniaHercegovina

Government leader

Branko MIKULIC, President of the Federal Executive Council (since 1986); nonrenewable four-year term expires May 1990

Government leaders

Francesco COSSIGA, President (since July 1985); Bettino CRAXI, Premier (since August 1983)

Legal system

based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; constitution came into effect 1 January 1948; judicial review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1974; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Member of

ADB, ASSIMER, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECOWAS, EIB, ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IEA, IFC, 1HO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG

ASSIMER, CEMA (observer but participates in certain commissions), FAO, G-77, GATT, 1AEA, IBA, IBRD, 1CAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB—Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, JHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some activities), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June

29 November (Day of the Republic)

Official name

Italian Republic

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Other political or pressure groups

the Vatican; three major trade union confederations (CGIL—Communist dominated, CISL—Christian Democratic, and UIL— Social Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufacturers association (Confindustria); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori)

Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (SAWPY), the major mass front organization; Confederation of Trade Unions of Yugoslavia (CTUY), League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia, Federation of Veterans’ Associations of Yugoslavia (SUBNOR)

Suffrage

universal over age 18 (except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25)

universal over age 18

Type

republic

Communist state, federal republic in form

Voting strength

(1983 election) 32.5% DC, 30.5% PCI, 11.3% PSI, 6.6% MSI, 5.2% PRI, 4.0% PSDI, 3.0% PLI

Agriculture

fruits, vegetables, cereals, potatoes, olives; 95% self-sufficient; food shortages—fats, meat, fish, and eggs

diversified agriculture with many small private holdings and large agricultural combines; main crops—corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, and sunflowers; occasionally a net exporter of corn, tobacco, foodstuffs, live animals Yugoslavia (continued)

Aid

donor—ODA and OOF economic aid commitments (1970-84), $9.0 billion

Crude steel

23.7 million metric tons produced (1985), 415 kg per capita

4.5 million metric tons produced (1985), 195 kg per capita

Electric power

52,068,000 kW capacity; 189,270 million kWh produced, 3,310 kWh per capita (1986)

20,113,000 kW capacity; 79,000 million kWh produced, 3,380 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$78.4 billion (f.0.b., 1985); textiles, chemicals, footwear

$10.6 billion (f.0.b., 1985); 49% raw materials and semimanufactures, 31% consumer goods, 20% equipment

Fiscal year

calendar year

calendar year

Fishing

catch 478,350 metric tons (1983); exports $94 million, imports $709 million (1984)

catch 75,057 metric tons (1985)

GDP

$357.8 billion, $6,260 per capita; 63.5% private consumption, 18.0% gross fixed investment, 20.0% government, —2.1% net foreign balance, 0.7% change in stocks; growth rate —2.38% (constant market prices) (1985)

GNP

$129.4 billion, $5,600 per capita; real growth rate 0.2% (1985)

Imports

$90.5 billion (c.i.f., 1985); petroleum, machinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs, ferrous and nonferrous metals, wool, cotton

$12.2 billion (c.i-f., 1985); 81% raw materials and semimanufactures, 14% equipment, 4% consumer goods

Major industries

machinery and transportation equipment, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles

metallurgy, machinery and equipment, oil refining, chemicals, textiles, wood processing, food processing, electric power

Major trade partners

(1985) 45.5% EC (16.4% FRG, 13.2% France, 5.9% UK, 8.9% Switzerland), 8.9% US, 8.3% Middle East (2.9% Libya), 2.7% USSR, 8% Eastern Europe

59% non-Communist countries; 41% Communist countries, of which 24% USSR (1985)

Monetary conversion rate

1,337.0 lire=US$1 (January 1987)

408.0 dinars=US$1 (November 1986)

Natural resources

mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling natural gas reserves, fish

coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron, antimony, chromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, nickel, uranium

Shortages

coal, fuels, minerals

Airfields

147 total, 140 usable; 85 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 40 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

185 total, 183 usable; 51 with permanent-surface runways; 22 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air

182 major transport aircraft

Freight carried

rail—91.7 million metric tons, 28.7 billion metric tons/km; highway—229.3 million metric tons, 121.8 billion metric tons/km; waterway—21.0 million metric tons, 4.3 billion metric tons/km (excluding international transit traffic) (1984)

Highways

294,410 km total; autostrada 5,900 km, state highways 45,170 km, provincial highways 101,680 km, communal highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km concrete, bituminous, or stone block, 26,900 km gravel and crushed stone, 7,010 km earth

116,602 km total; 65,222 km asphalt, concrete, stone block; 33,048 km macadam, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 18,332 km earth (1983)

Inland waterways

1,600 km for various types of commercial traffic

2,600 km (1982)

Pipelines

crude oil, 1,703 km; refined products, 2,148 km; natural gas, 17,300 km

1,378 km crude oil; 2,900 km natural gas; 150 km refined products

Ports

9 major, 11 secondary, 40 minor

9 major (most important: Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar, and Ploée), 24 minor; principal inland water port is Belgrade

Railroads

20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned standard gauge, 8,843 km electrified; 3,945 km privately owned—2,100 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1,155 km electrified, and 1,845 km 0. 950-meter narrow gauge, 380 km electrified

9,279 km total; (all 1.435-meter standard gauge) including 898 km double track, 3,462 km electrified (1984)

Telecommunications

well engineered, well constructed, and efficiently operated; 25.6 million telephones (44.8 per 100 popl.); 137 AM, 1,841 FM, 1,500 TV stations; 21 submarine cables; 2 communication satellite ground stations with a total of 10 antennas

199 AM, 87 FM stations; 11 main TV centers and about 50 TV stations; 3,915,113 TV sets; 4,456,213 receiver sets; 2 satellite ground stations

Branches

Army, Navy, Air Force

Yugoslav People’s Army— Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $13.3 billion; about 4.6% of central government budget

announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, 889.0 billion dinars; about 5.2% of national income

Military manpower

males 15-49, 14,474,000; 12,637,000 fit for military service; 449,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 6,029,000; 4,890,000 fit for military service; 184,000 reach military age (19) annually