1981 Edition

Area

2,170 km"; 4 main islands; forests 16%, pasture 7%, cultivable area 48%, noncultivable area 29%

3,136,500 km2 (includes Indian part of Jammu-Kashmir, Sikkim, Goa, Damao and Diu); 50% arable, 5% permanent meadows and pastures, 20% desert, waste, or urban, 22% forested, 3% inland water

30,303 km2; 15% cultivable; largely mountainous

595,700 km2; 5% cultivated, 58% pastureland, 21% forested, 8% wasteland, 2% rivers and lakes, 6% other

298 km2; 2,000 islands grouped into 12 atolls; about 220 islands inhabited

1,856 km2 (excluding dependencies); 50% agricultural, intensely cultivated; 39% forests, woodlands, mountains, river, and natural reserves; 3% built-up areas; 5% water bodies, 2% roads and tracks, 1% permanent wastelands

786,762 km2; 30% arable, of which 1% cultivated, 56% woodland and forest, 14% wasteland and inland water

514,820 km2; 24% in farms, 56% forested, 20% other

391,090 km2; 40% arable (of which 6% cultivated); 60% available for extensive cattle grazing; 39% owned by Europeans (farmed by modern methods); 48% worked communally by Africans; 7% national land, 6% not alienated

Coastline

340 km

7,000 km (includes offshore islands)

4,828 km

644 km (approx.)

177 km

2,470 km

3,219 km

Land boundaries

12,700 km2

805 km

4,627 km

4,868 km

3,017 km

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; additional 100 nm is fisheries conservation zone, December 1968; archipelago concept baselines); 200 nm exclusive economic zone

50 nm (fishing 150 nm; exclusive economic zone 150 nm)

the land and sea between latitudes 7°9'N and 0°45'S and between longitudes 72°30'E and 73°48'E; these coordinates form a rectangle of approximately 37,000 nm2; territorial sea ranges from 2.75 to 55 nm; fishing, approximately 100 nm; economic, approximately 200 nm

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)

Ethnic divisions

mixture of Arab, Malay, Negroid

72% Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, 3% Mongoloid and other

99.7% Sotho, 1,600 Europeans, 800 Asians

basic split between Highlanders of predominantly Malayo-Indonesian origin, consisting of Merina (1,643,000) and related Betsileo (760,000) on the one hand and coastal tribes — collectively termed the Cotiers — with mixed Negroid, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry on the other; coastal tribes include Betsimisaraka 941,000, Tsimihety 442,000, Antaisaka 415,000, Sakalava 375,000; there are also 10-12,000 European French, 5,000 Indians of French nationality, and 5,000 Creoles

admixtures of Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, and Negro

67% Indians, 29% Creoles, 3.5% Chinese, 0.5% English and French

over 99% native African, less than 1% European and Asian

75% Thai, 14% Chinese, 11% minorities

about 97% African (over 70% of which are members of Shona-speaking subtribes, 20 to 25% speak Ndebele); about 3% European, less than 0.5% coloreds (people of mixed heritage) and Asians

Labor force

mainly agricultural

about 197 million; 70% agriculture, more than 10% unemployed and underemployed; shortage of skilled labor is significant and unemployment is rising

87.4% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture; 150,000 to 250,000 spend from six months to many years as wage earners in South Africa

about 3.4 million, of which 90% are nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence agriculture; of 175,000 wage and salary earners, 26% agriculture, 17% domestic service, 15% industry, 14% commerce, 11% construction, 9% services, 6% transportation, 2% miscellaneous

fishing industry employs 80% of the labor force

335,000; 30% agriculture, 24% industry; 20% government services; 14% are unemployed, 12% other

78% agriculture, 15% services, 7% industry

(1981) 1,048,000 total; 35% agriculture, 25% mining, manufacturing, construction, 40% transport and services

Language

French, Arabic, Swahili

24 languages spoken by a million or more persons each; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; English enjoys "associate" status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindustani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout northern India

all Africans speak Sesotho vernacular; English is second language for literates

French and Malagasy official

Divehi (dialect of Sinhala)

English official language; Hindi, Chinese, French, Creole

Portuguese (official); many tribal dialects

Thai; English secondary language of elite

English official; Shona and Ndebele also widely used

Literacy

low; probably around £0fr

males 39%; females 18%; both sexes 29% (1971 census)

40%

45% of population age 10 and over

largely illiterate

estimated 60% for those over 21 and 90% for those of school age

15% (1974 est.)

82%

25-30% of blacks; nearly 100% of whites

Nationality

noun — Comoran(s); adjective — Comoran

noun — Indian(s); adjective — Indian

noun — Mosotho (sing.), Basotho (pi.); adjective— Basotho

noun — Malagasy (sing, and pi.); adjective — Malagasy

noun — Maldivian(s); adjective — Maldivian

noun — Mauritian(s); adjective — Mauritian

noun — Mozambican(s); adjective — Mozambican

noun — Thai (sing, and pi.); adjective — Thai

noun — Zimbabwean(s); adjective — Zimbabwean

Organized labor

about 2.5% of total labor force

negligible

4% of labor force

about 35% of labor force, forming over 270 unions

about one-third of European wage earners are unionized, but only a small minority of Africans

Population

442,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.5%

723,762,000, including Sikkim and the Indian-held part of disputed Jammu-Kashmir (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2%

1,395,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2%

8,992,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.5%

163,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.0%

990,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.7%

12,695,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7%

49,823,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1%

8,090,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.5%

Religion

predominantly Islamic

83.5% Hindu, 10.7% Muslim, 1.8% Sikh, 2.6% Christian, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.7% other

70% or more Christian, rest animist

more than half animist; about 41% Christian, 7% Muslim

Sunni Islam

51% Hindu, 30% Christian (mostly Catholic with a few Anglican Protestants), 17% Muslim

65.6% animist, 21.5% Christian, 10.5% Muslim, 2.4% other

95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5% Christian

51% syncretic (part Christian, part animist), 24% Christian, 24% animist, a few Muslim

Branches

Mohamed Abdallah elected President of the Comoros, 21 October 1978, having regained power May 1978 following a coup, led by French-born mercenary Bob Denard, which toppled Ali Soilih; Soilih had come to power in 1977 through a coup that ousted Abdallah; Soilih was killed in the second coup

parliamentary government, national and state; relatively independent judiciary

executive, divided between a largely ceremonial King and a Prime Minister who leads Cabinet of at least seven members; Prime Minister dismissed bicameral legislature in early 1970 and subsequently ruled by decree until 1973 when he appointed Interim National Assembly to act as LESOTHO (Continued) legislative branch; judicial — 63 Lesotho courts administer customary law for Africans, High Court and subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court of Appeal at Maseru has appellate jurisdiction

executive — a 21-member Supreme Revolutionary Council (made up of military and political leaders); assisted by cabinet called Council of Ministers; People's National Assembly; Military Committee for Development; regular courts are patterned after French system, and a High Council of Institutions reviews all legislation to determine its constitutional validity

popularly elected unicameral national legislature (Majlis) (members elected for five-year terms); elected MALI

executive power exercised by Prime Minister and 21-man Council of Ministers; unicameral legislature (National Assembly) with 62 members elected by direct suffrage, 8 specially elected

none established

King is head of state with nominal powers; semiparliamentary system reestablished 22 April 1979; judiciary relatively independent except in important political subversive cases

legislative authority resides in a Parliament consisting of a 100-member House of Assembly (with 20 seats reserved for whites) and a 40-member Senate (10 ZIMBABWE (Continued) elected by white members of the House, 14 elected by the other members of the House; 10 chiefs, 5 from Mashonaland and 5 from Matabeleland, elected by members of the Council of Chiefs; 6 appointed by the President, on the advice of the Prime Minister); executive authority lies with a Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; the High Court is the superior judicial authority

Capital

Moroni

New Delhi

Maseru

Antananarivo

Male

Port Louis

Maputo

Bangkok

Salisbury

Communists

information not available

470,000 members claimed by CPI, 270,000 members claimed by CPI/M; Communist extremist groups, about 15,000 members

negligible, Communist Party of Lesotho banned in early 1970

Communist party of virtually no importance; small and vocal group of Communists has gained

may be 2,000 sympathizers; several Communist organizations; Mauritius Lenin Youth Organization, Mauritius Women's Committee, Mauritius Communist Party, Mauritius People's Progressive Party, Mauritius Young Communist League, Mauritius Liberation Front, Chinese Middle School Friendly Association, Mauritius/USSR Friendship Society

none known

negligible

Elections

next presidential election scheduled to take place in 1984

national and state elections ordinarily held every five years; may be postponed in emergency and may be held more frequently if government loses confidence vote; last general election in January 1980; state elections staggered Political parties and leaders: Indian National Congress, controlled national government from independence to March 1977, and split in January 1978; larger Congress group is headed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi; the smaller Congress group is headed by Sharad Pawar; Janata Party led by Chandra Shekhar; Lok Da! Party by Charan Singh; Bharatiya Janata Party by A. B. Vajpayee; Communist Party of India (CPI), C. Rajeswara Rao, general secretary; Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), E. M. S. Namboodiripad, general secretary; Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan Singh, general secretary; All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK), a regional party in Tamil Nadu led by M. G. Ramachandran; Akali Dal representing Sikh religious community in the Punjab

elections held in January 1970; nullified allegedly because of election irregularities; subsequent elections promised at unspecified date Political parties and leaders: National Party (BNP), Chief Leabua Jonathan; Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), Ntsu Mokhehle

referendum held in December 1975 gave overwhelming approval to government and new constitution; elections for People's National Assembly held in June 1977; only one political grouping allowed to take part in the election, "The Front for the Defense of Malagasy Socialist Revolution," which presented a single list of candidates Political parties and leaders: 6 parties are now allowed limited political activity under the national front and are represented on the Supreme Revolutionary Council; the 6 parties are: AREMA (President Ratsiraka's Advance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution); AKFM (Pastor Richard Andriamanjato's pro-Soviet Congress Party for Malagasy Independence); VONJY (Dr. Marojama Razanabahiny's Movement for National Unity); UDECMA (Norbert Andriamorasata's Malagasy Christian Democratic Union); MFM (Manandafy Rakotonirina's Militants for the Establishment of a Proletarian Regime); MONIMA (Monja Jaona's National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar) party apparently split over issue of joining national front, leader of faction supporting front unknown, Monja Jaona leads other faction

legislative elections held in December 1976; municipal elections held in 1977 Political parties and leaders: the government is presently controlled by the Mauritian Labor Party (S. Ramgoolam) and supported by several dissident members of the Mauritian Social Democratic Party (G. Duval); the main opposition parties are the Mauritian Militant Movement (P. Berenger) and the Mauritian Socialist Party (H. Boodhoo); there are also several minor parties

information not available on future election schedule Political parties and leaders: the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), led by Samora Machel, is only legal party

last held April 1979; next scheduled for April

at discretion of Prime Minister but must be held before expiration of five-year electoral mandate Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), Robert Mugabe; Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), Joshua Nkomo; Republican Front (RF), Ian. Smith; United African National Council (UANC), Bishop Abel Muzorewa; others failed to win any seats in Parliament Voting strength (February 1980 elections): ZANU (also known as ZANU-PF), 57 seats; ZAPU (also known as the Patriotic Front), 20 seats; RF, 20 seats; UANC, 3 seats

Government leader

President Ahmed ABDALLAH

Prime Minister Indira GANDHI

Cdr. Didier RATSIRAKA, President

Prime Minister Dr. Seewoosagur RAMGOOLAM

President Samora Moises MACHEL

Government leaders

King MOSHOESHOE II; Prime Minister Chief Leabua JONATHAN

King BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ, Prime Minister Gen. PREM TINSULANONDA

President Canaan BANANA; Prime Minister Robert MUGABE

Legal system

French and Muslim law

based on English common law; constitution adopted 1950; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

based on English common law and RomanDutch law; constitution came into effect 1966; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; legal education at National University of Lesotho; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; constitution of 1959 modified in October 1972 by law establishing provisional government institutions; new constitution accepted by referendum in December 1975; legal education at National School of Law, University of Madagascar; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in certain areas; constitution adopted 6 March 1968 MAURITIUS (Continued)

based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law

based on civil law system, with influences of common law; legal education at Thammasat University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

British common law tradition

Member of

ADB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO

ADB, AIOEC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO

Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), ICAO, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO

IAEA, IBRD, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, UN, UPU, WHO

National holiday

anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January

4 October

Independence Day, 26 June

26 July, Independence Day

Independence Day, 12 March

Independence Day, 25 June

National Day, 5 December

Official name

Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros

Republic of India

Kingdom of Lesotho

Democratic Republic of Madagascar

Republic of Maldives

Mauritius

People's Republic of Mozambique

Kingdom of Thailand

Republic of Zimbabwe

Other political or pressure groups

various separatist groups seeking reorganization of states; numerous "senas" or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Shiv Sena in Bombay, the Anand Marg, and the Rashtriya Swayamserak Sangh

various labor unions

Political subdivisions

the three islands are organized into seven regions

22 states, 9 union territories

10 administrative districts

6 provinces

19 administrative districts corresponding to atolls

5 organized municipalities and various island dependencies

10 provinces subdivided into about 94 districts; administrators are appointed by central government

71 centrally controlled provinces

eight provinces

Suffrage

universal adult

universal over age 21

universal for adults

universal for adults (18 and above)

universal over age 18

not yet established

universal over age 18

Type

three of the four islands comprise an independent republic, following local government's unilateral declaration of independence from France in July 1975; other island, Mayotte, disallowed declaration and is now a French territorial community

federal republic

constitutional monarchy under King Moshoeshoe II; independent member of Commonwealth since 1966

republic; real authority in hands of Supreme Revolutionary Council dominated by President Ratsiraka's AREMA party

republic

independent state since 1968, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State

"people's republic"; achieved independence from Portugal in June 1975

constitutional monarchy

independent since 18 April 1980; a British-style parliamentary democracy

Voting strength

in 1965 elections for National Assembly, BNP won 32 seats; BCP, 22 seats; minor parties, 4 seats

number of registered voters (1977) — 3.5 million; in 1977 local elections, President Ratsiraka's AREMA captured approximately 89.5% of the 73,000 available positions on 11,400 local Executive Committees; AKFM won about 7.3% of the seats, MONIMA 1.7%, and VONJY 1.4%; UDECMA won only about 45 seats

the Mauritian Labor Party, supported by dissident members of the Mauritian Social Democratic Party, had a majority in the National Assembly before it was dissolved in December 1981, in preparation for parliamentary elections in 1982

Agriculture

food crops — rice, manioc, maize, fruits, vegetables; export crops — essential oils for perfumes (mainly ylang-ylang), vanilla, copra, cloves

main crops — rice, other cereals, pulses, oilseed, cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, tea, and coffee INDONESIA INDIA (Continued)

exceedingly primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock; principal crops are corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley

sugar crop is major economic asset; about 40% of land area is planted to sugar; most food imported — rice is the staple food — and since cultivation is already intense and expansion of cultivable areas is unlikely, heavy reliance on food imports except sugar and tea will continue

cash crops — raw cotton, cashew nuts, sugar, tea, copra, sisal; other crops — corn, wheat, peanuts, potatoes, beans, sorghum, and cassava; self-sufficient in food except for wheat which must be imported

main crops — tobacco, corn, sugar, cotton; livestock; self-sufficient in foodstuffs

Aid

economic commitments — Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $110 million; OPEC, ODA (1974-80), $33 million

economic commitments — Western (non-US) countries (1970-79), $137.0 million; Communist countries (197079), $40.2 million; US authorizations (FY70-80), $22.2 million

economic commitments — Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $77 million

Budget

(1980) revenues $24.5 million, current expenditures, $38 million

(FY81 revised est.) central government revenue and capital receipts, $26.4 billion; disbursements, $28.9 billion

(FY80) revenues, $137.6 million; current expenditures, $98.2 million; development budget, $84.2 million

(1981) revenues $235 million, current expenditures $381 million, development expenditures $120 million

(1978) expenditures, $309 million, revenues, $241 million

FY80 — revenues $1,422 million, expenditures $2,200 million, deficit $778 million

Crude steel

9.4 million metric tons of ingots (FY81)

Electric power

2,400 kW capacity (1980); 4 million kWh produced (1980); 11 kWh per capita

34,831,000 kW capacity (1980); 128.874 million kWh produced (1980), 188 kWh per capita

approximately 35 million kWh imported from South Africa (1981)

180,000 kW capacity (1980); 370 million kWh produced (1980), 385 kWh per capita

2,166,000 kW capacity (1980); 11.3 billion kWh produced (1980), 1,080 kWh per capita

1,453,000 kW capacity (1980); 7.5 billion kWh produced (1980), 1,110 kWh per capita

Exports

$11 million (f.o.b., 1980); perfume oils, vanilla, copra, cloves

$9 billion (f.o.b., FY81 est); engineering goods, textiles and clothing, tea

labor to South Africa (remittances $110 million est. in 1979); $33.7 million (f.o.b., 1979/80), wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, diamonds, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins

$318 million (f.o.b., 1981); $187 million sugar, $4 million tea, $5 million molasses

$1,445 million (f.o.b., 1980), including net gold sales and reexports; tobacco, asbestos, copper, tin, chrome, gold, nickel, meat, clothing, sugar

Fiscal year

fiscal year ends 31 March of stated year

1 April-31 March

1 July-30 June

calendar year

1 July-30 June

Fishing

catch 2.5 million metric tons (FY78); exports $151 million (FY77), imports, none in 1976 and 1977

GDP

$4.75 billion (1980), $630 per capita; real growth 8%

GNP

$78.8 million (1980), about $210 per capita

$150.6 billion (FY81 est. at current prices), $217 per capita; real growth 7% in FY81

$473.6 million (1979/80), $312 per capita; real growth rate, 5% (1980)

$890 million (1980), $890 per capita; real growth -9% in 1980

$2.8 billion (1980 est.), about $272 per capita; average annual growth rate —1% (1971-81)

Imports

$33 million (f.o.b., 1980); foodstuffs, cement, fuels, chemicals, textiles

$16 billion (f.o.b., FY81 est.); machinery and transport equipment, petroleum, edible oils, fertilizers

$288.0 million (c.i.f., 1979/80); mainly corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, petroleum, oil, and lubricants

$456 million (f.o.b., 1981); foodstuffs 30%, manufactured goods about 25%

$1,287 billion (1980); machinery, petroleum products, wheat, transport equipment

Industries

mainly confined to processing sugarcane, tea; some small-scale, simple manufactures; tobacco fiber; some fishing; tourism, diamond cutting, weaving and textiles, electronics

Major industries

textiles, food processing, steel, machinery, transportation equipment, cement, jute manufactures

none

food processing (chiefly sugar, tea, wheat, flour, cashew kernels); chemicals (vegetable oil, oilcakes, soap, paints); petroleum products; beverages; textiles; nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos, cement products); tobacco

mining, steel, textiles, chemicals, and vehicles

Major trade partner

South Africa

South Africa

Major trade partners

France, Madagascar, Kenya, Italy, FRG, Tanzania, and US

US, UK, USSR, Japan

all EC-nine countries and US have preferential treatment, UK buys over 50% of Mauritius's sugar export at heavily subsidized prices; small amount of sugar exported to Canada, US, and Italy; imports from UK and EC primarily, also from South Africa, Australia, and Burma; some minor trade with China

Portugal, South Africa, US, UK, West Germany

Monetary conversion rate

212.7 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l in 1979, floating

9.11 rupees=US$l (November 1981)

Lesotho uses the South African rand; 1 SA rand=US$1.15 (1981)

8.88 Mauritian rupees=US$l 1981 (floating with pound sterling)

40.643 escudos=US$l as of November 1977

1 Rhodesian dollar=US$1.59 (1980)

Net merchandise trade earnings

$160 million (1980)

Shortage

land

Airfields

5 total, 5 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

355 total, 321 usable; 186 with permanentsurface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 55 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 107 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

27 total, 27 usable; 1 with permanent surface runways; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

5 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m

292 total, 247 usable; 29 with permanentsurface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

447 total, 431 usable; 19 with permanentsurface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 31 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air

4 major transports, 1 leased

93 major transport aircraft

no major transport aircraft

1 major transport aircraft, leased in

16 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in

19 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in

Highways

1,000 km total; approximately 295 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel

1,327,450 km total (1979); 514,250 km hard surfaced, 190,600 km gravel or crushed stone, 495,500 km improved earth, 416,700 km unimproved earth

approx. 4,033 km total; 320 km paved; 1,585 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 946 km improved, 2,128 km unimproved earth

1,786 km total; 1,636 km paved, 150 km earth

26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth

85,237 km total; 12,243 km paved, 28,090 km crushed stone, gravel, stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 21,807 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways

16,000 km; 2,575 km navigable by river steamers

approx. 3,750 km of navigable routes

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $2.9 million; about 16% of the central government budget

for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $5.7 billion; 17.0% of central government budget ^PHILIPPINES Philippine •a&*fx**2~f

for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $4.5 million

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980, $157.8 million; 27.8% of central government budget

for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $464.8 million; 17.2% of central government budget TAIWAN CHINA _ East k/

Military manpower

males 15-49, 94,000; 57,000 fit for military service

males 15-49, 183,001,000; 111,614,000 fit for military service; about 8,343,000 reach military age (17) annually

males 15-49, 313,000; 167,000 fit for military service

males 15-49, 259,000; 135,000 fit for military service

males 15-49, 2,763,000; 1,633,000 fit for military service

males 15-49, 1,708,000; 1,048,000 fit for military service

Pipelines

crude oil, 1,980 km; refined products, 1,056 km; natural gas, 854 km; slurry 992 km

crude oil, 306 km (not operating); refined products, 280 km

8 km refined products (nonoperating)

Ports

1 minor (Moroni on Grande Comore); Majunga, Madagascar, is used for major trade

9 major, 79 minor

1 major (Port Louis)

3 major (Maputo, Beira, Nacala), 2 significant minor

Railroads

none

60,693 km total (1981); 30,909 km broad gauge (1.676 m), 25,503 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 4,281 km narrow gauge (0.762 m and 0.610 m), government owned; 46 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 855 km broad gauge (1.676 m), 345 km narrow gauge (0.762 m and 0.610 m), privately owned; 12,617 km double track; 4,820 km electrified

1.6 km; owned, operated, and included in the statistics of the Republic of South Africa

3,436 km total; 3,288 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km narrow gauge (0.750 m)

2,743 km narrow gauge (1.067 m); 42 km double track

Supply

mostly from the USSR and PRC, and to a lesser extent from other Communist countries and Portugal

Telecommunications

sparse system of HF radiocommunication stations for interisland, island, and external communications to Malagasy and Reunion; 1,200 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations and 1 FM station; no TV station DEFENSE FORCES

fair domestic telephone service where available, good internal microwave links; telegraph facilities widespread; AM broadcast adequate; international radio communications adequate; 2.6 million telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); about 174 AM stations at 80 locations, 17 TV stations, 13 earth satellite stations; submarine cables extend to Sri Lanka; 7 satellite stations under construction DEFENSE FORCES

system a modest one consisting of a few landlines, a small radio-relay system, and minor radiocommunication stations; 4,500 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations and 1 FM station; 1 TV station planned DEFENSE FORCES

small system with good service; HF radio links to several countries; 1 AM, no FM, and 4 TV stations; 36,400 telephones (4.0 per 100 popl.); 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT station DEFENSE FORCES

fair system of troposcatter, openwire lines, and radio relay; 51,600 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 2 FM, no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES

system is one of the best in Africa; consists of radio-relay links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunication stations; principal center Salisbury, secondary center Bulawayo; 214,400 telephones (2.8 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, r5 FM, and 6 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES