2012 Edition

Background

The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated onto the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. Islam spread across the subcontinent over a period of 700 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established the Delhi Sultanate. In the early 16th century, the Emperor BABUR established the Mughal Dynasty which ruled India for more than three centuries. European explorers began establishing footholds in India during the 16th century. By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the subcontinent. The British Indian Army played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British rule, led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually brought about independence in 1947. Communal violence led to the subcontinent's bloody partition, which resulted in the creation of two separate states, India and Pakistan. The two countries have fought three wars since independence, the last of which in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. India's nuclear weapons tests in 1998 caused Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year. In November 2008, terrorists originating from Pakistan conducted a series of coordinated attacks in Mumbai, India's financial capital. In January 2011, India assumed a nonpermanent seat in the UN Security Council for the 2011-12 term. Despite pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and widespread corruption, rapid economic development is fueling India's rise on the world stage.

Area

3,287,263 sq km 2,973,193 sq km 314,070 sq km

total

3,287,263 sq km

water

314,070 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly more than one-third the size of the US

Climate

varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north

Coastline

7,000 km

Elevation extremes

Indian Ocean 0 m Kanchenjunga 8,598 m

highest point

Kanchenjunga 8,598 m

lowest point

Indian Ocean 0 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources

Environment - international agreements

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling none of the selected agreements

party to

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

645.84 cu km/yr (8%/5%/86%) 585 cu m/yr (2000)

per capita

585 cu m/yr (2000)

total

645.84 cu km/yr (8%/5%/86%)

Geographic coordinates

20 00 N, 77 00 E

Geography - note

dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes; Kanchenjunga, third tallest mountain in the world, lies on the border with Nepal

Irrigated land

622,860 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

14,103 km Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km

border countries

Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km

total

14,103 km

Land use

48.83% 2.8% 48.37% (2005)

arable land

48.83%

other

48.37% (2005)

permanent crops

2.8%

Location

Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

12 nm 24 nm 200 nm 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes Barren Island (elev. 354 m) in the Andaman Sea has been active in recent years

volcanism

Barren Island (elev. 354 m) in the Andaman Sea has been active in recent years

Natural resources

coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, rare earth elements, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land

Terrain

upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north

Total renewable water resources

1,907.8 cu km (1999)

Age structure

29.3% (male 187,386,162/ female 165,345,284) 65.2% (male 406,071,850/ female 379,152,490) 5.6% (male 31,892,823/ female 35,225,003) (2012 est.)

0-14 years

29.3% (male 187,386,162/ female 165,345,284)

15-64 years

65.2% (male 406,071,850/ female 379,152,490)

65 years and over

5.6% (male 31,892,823/ female 35,225,003) (2012 est.)

Birth rate

20.6 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

43.5% (2006)

Death rate

7.43 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)

Education expenditures

3.1% of GDP (2006)

Ethnic groups

Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)

Health expenditures

2.4% of GDP (2009)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.3% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

170,000 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

2.4 million (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.9 beds/1,000 population (2005)

Infant mortality rate

46.07 deaths/1,000 live births 44.71 deaths/1,000 live births 47.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

female

47.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

total

46.07 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9% English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the most widely spoken language and primary tongue of 41% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language (2001 census)

English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the most widely spoken language and primary tongue of 41% of the people; there are 14 other offici

Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language (2001 census)

Life expectancy at birth

67.14 years 66.08 years 68.33 years (2012 est.)

female

68.33 years (2012 est.)

total population

67.14 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 61% 73.4% 47.8% (2001 census)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

47.8% (2001 census)

male

73.4%

total population

61%

Major cities - population

NEW DELHI (capital) 21.72 million; Mumbai 19.695 million; Kolkata 15.294 million; Chennai 7.416 million; Bangalore 7.079 million (2009)

Major infectious diseases

high bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever chikungunya, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria rabies leptospirosis highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

animal contact disease

rabies

degree of risk

high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases

chikungunya, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria

water contact disease

leptospirosis

Maternal mortality rate

200 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

26.5 years 25.9 years 27.2 years (2012 est.)

female

27.2 years (2012 est.)

male

25.9 years

total

26.5 years

Nationality

Indian(s) Indian

adjective

Indian

noun

Indian(s)

Net migration rate

-0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)

Physicians density

0.599 physicians/1,000 population (2005)

Population

1,205,073,612 (July 2012 est.)

Population growth rate

1.312% (2012 est.)

Religions

Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 54% of population rural: 21% of population total: 31% of population urban: 46% of population rural: 79% of population total: 69% of population

rural

79% of population

total

69% of population

urban

46% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

10 years 11 years 10 years (2007)

female

10 years (2007)

male

11 years

total

10 years

Sex ratio

1.12 male(s)/female 1.13 male(s)/female 1.07 male(s)/female 0.9 male(s)/female 1.08 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

15-64 years

1.07 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.9 male(s)/female

at birth

1.12 male(s)/female

total population

1.08 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

under 15 years

1.13 male(s)/female

Total fertility rate

2.58 children born/woman (2012 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

10.5% 10.4% 10.8% (2004)

female

10.8% (2004)

total

10.5%

Urbanization

30% of total population (2010) 2.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

2.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

30% of total population (2010)

Administrative divisions

28 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Puducherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal although its status is that of a union territory, the official name of Delhi is National Capital Territory of Delhi

Capital

New Delhi 28 36 N, 77 12 E UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

geographic coordinates

28 36 N, 77 12 E

name

New Delhi

time difference

UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

26 January 1950; amended many times

Country name

Republic of India India Republic of India/Bharatiya Ganarajya India/Bharat

conventional long form

Republic of India

conventional short form

India

local long form

Republic of India/Bharatiya Ganarajya

local short form

India/Bharat

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador Nancy J. POWELL Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021 use embassy street address [91] (011) 2419-8000 [91] (11) 2419-0017 Chennai (Madras), Hyderabad; Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay)

chief of mission

Ambassador Nancy J. POWELL

consulate(s) general

Chennai (Madras), Hyderabad; Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay)

embassy

Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021

FAX

[91] (11) 2419-0017

mailing address

use embassy street address

telephone

[91] (011) 2419-8000

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Nirupama RAO 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; note - Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 [1] (202) 939-7000 [1] (202) 265-4351 Chicago, Houston, New York, San Francisco

chancery

2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; note - Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Nirupama RAO

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Houston, New York, San Francisco

FAX

[1] (202) 265-4351

telephone

[1] (202) 939-7000

Executive branch

President Pranab MUKHERJEE (since 22 July 2012); Vice President Mohammad Hamid ANSARI (since 11 August 2007) Prime Minister Manmohan SINGH (since 22 May 2004) Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister president elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of the states for a five-year term (no term limits); election last held in July 2012 (next to be held in July 2017); vice president elected by both houses of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held in August 2007 (next to be held in August 2012); prime minister chosen by parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative elections; election last held April - May 2009 (next to be held no later than May 2014) Pranab MUKHERJEE elected president; percent of vote - Pranab MUKHERJEE 69.31%, Purno SANGMA - 30.69%

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

chief of state

President Pranab MUKHERJEE (since 22 July 2012); Vice President Mohammad Hamid ANSARI (since 11 August 2007)

election results

Pranab MUKHERJEE elected president; percent of vote - Pranab MUKHERJEE 69.31%, Purno SANGMA - 30.69%

elections

president elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of the states for a five-year term (no term limits); election last held in July 2012 (next to be held in July 2017); vice president elected by both houses of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held in August 2007 (next to be held in August 2012); prime minister chosen by parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative elections; election last held April - May 2009 (next to be held no later than May 2014)

head of government

Prime Minister Manmohan SINGH (since 22 May 2004)

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green, with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of renunciation; white signifies purity and truth; green stands for faith and fertility; the blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in movement and death in stagnation similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band

Government type

federal republic

Independence

15 August 1947 (from the UK)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ABEDA, ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, BRICS, C, CD, CERN (observer), CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNSC (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (one chief justice and 25 associate justices are appointed by the president and remain in office until they reach the age of 65 or are removed for "proved misbehavior")

Legal system

common law system based on the English model; separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus; judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of 245 seats up to 12 of which are appointed by the president, the remainder are chosen by the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 members elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) People's Assembly - last held in five phases on 16, 22-23, 30 April and 7, 13 May 2009 (next must be held by May 2014) People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - INC 206, BJP 116, SP 23, BSP 21, JD (U) 20, AITC 19, DMK 18, CPI-M 16, BJD 14, SS 11, AIADMK 9, NCP 9, other 61, vacant 2; note - seats by party as of December 2011 - INC 208, BJP 115, SP 22, BSP 21, JD(U) 20, AITC 18, DMK 18, CPI(M) 16, BJD 14, SS 14, AIADMK 9, NCP 9, TDP 6, RLD 5 other 49, vacant 1

election results

People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - INC 206, BJP 116, SP 23, BSP 21, JD (U) 20, AITC 19, DMK 18, CPI-M 16, BJD 14, SS 11, AIADMK 9, NCP 9, other 61, vacant 2; note - seats by party as of December 2011 - INC 208, BJP 115, SP 22, BSP 21, JD(U) 20, AITC 18, DMK 18, CPI(M) 16, BJD 14, SS 14, AIADMK 9, NCP 9, TDP 6, RLD 5 other 49, vacant 1

elections

People's Assembly - last held in five phases on 16, 22-23, 30 April and 7, 13 May 2009 (next must be held by May 2014)

National anthem

"Jana-Gana-Mana" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People) Rabindranath TAGORE adopted 1950; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote Bangladesh's national anthem

lyrics/music

Rabindranath TAGORE

name

"Jana-Gana-Mana" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People)

National holiday

Republic Day, 26 January (1950)

National symbol(s)

Bengal tiger

Political parties and leaders

Aam Aadmi Party or AAP [Arvind KEJRIWAL]; All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [J. JAYALALITHAA]; All India Trinamool Congress or AITC [Mamata BANERJEE]; Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Nitin GADKARI]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party of India or CPI [A.B. BARDHAN]; Communist Party of India-Marxist or CPI-M [Prakash KARAT]; Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or DMK [M.KARUNANIDHI]; Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI]; Janata Dal (United) or JD(U) [Sharad YADAV]; Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Lalu Prasad YADAV]; Rashtriya Lok Dal or RLD [Ajit SINGH]; Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Parkash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena or SS [Bal THACKERAY]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]; note - India has dozens of national and regional political parties; only parties with four or more seats in the People's Assembly are listed

Political pressure groups and leaders

All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group); Bajrang Dal (religious organization); India Against Corruption [Anna HAZAREI]; Jamiat Ulema-e Hind (religious organization); Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh [Mohan BHAGWAT] (religious organization); Vishwa Hindu Parishad [Ashok SINGHAL] (religious organization) numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy; hundreds of social reform, anti-corruption, and environmental groups at state and local level

other

numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy; hundreds of social reform, anti-corruption, and environmental groups at state and local level

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, lentils, onions, potatoes; dairy products, sheep, goats, poultry; fish

Budget

$171.5 billion $281 billion (2012 est.)

expenditures

$281 billion (2012 est.)

revenues

$171.5 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-5.6% of GDP (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate

5.5% (31 December 2010 est.) 6% (31 December 2009 est.) the Indian central bank's policy rate - the repurchase rate - was 8% during December 2012

Commercial bank prime lending rate

10.8% (31 December 2012 est.) 10.19% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

-$80.15 billion (2012 est.) -$46.91 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$299.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $287.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

36.8 (2004) 37.8 (1997)

Economy - overview

India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past autarkic policies remain. Economic liberalization, including industrial deregulation, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and reduced controls on foreign trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and has served to accelerate the country's growth, which has averaged more than 7% per year since 1997. India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Slightly more than half of the work force is in agriculture, but services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for nearly two-thirds of India's output, with less than one-third of its labor force. India has capitalized on its large educated English-speaking population to become a major exporter of information technology services and software workers. In 2010, the Indian economy rebounded robustly from the global financial crisis - in large part because of strong domestic demand - and growth exceeded 8% year-on-year in real terms. However, India's economic growth began slowing in 2011 because of a tight monetary policy, intended to address persistent inflation, and a decline in investment, caused by investor pessimism about domestic economic reforms and about the global situation. High international crude prices have exacerbated the government's fuel subsidy expenditures, contributing to a higher fiscal deficit and a worsening current account deficit. In late 2012, the Indian Government announced reforms and deficit reduction measures to reverse India's slowdown. The outlook India's medium-term growth is positive due to a young population and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings and investment rates, and increasing integration into the global economy. India has many long-term challenges that it has not yet fully addressed, including poverty, inadequate physical and social infrastructure, limited non-agricultural employment opportunities, inadequate availability of quality basic and higher education, and accommodating rural-to-urban migration.

Exchange rates

Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar - 53.17 (2012 est.) 46.671 (2011 est.) 45.726 (2010 est.) 48.405 (2009) 43.319 (2008)

Exports

$309.1 billion (2012 est.) $305 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

petroleum products, precious stones, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, vehicles, apparel

Exports - partners

UAE 12.7%, US 10.8%, China 6.2%, Singapore 5.3%, Hong Kong 4.1% (2011)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

GDP - composition by sector

17% 18% 65% (2011 est.)

agriculture

17%

industry

18%

services

65% (2011 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$3,900 (2012 est.) $3,700 (2011 est.) $3,500 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

5.4% (2012 est.) 6.8% (2011 est.) 10.1% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1.947 trillion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$4.735 trillion (2012 est.) $4.492 trillion (2011 est.) $4.205 trillion (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

Household income or consumption by percentage share

3.6% 31.1% (2005)

highest 10%

31.1% (2005)

lowest 10%

3.6%

Imports

$500.3 billion (2012 est.) $490 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

crude oil, precious stones, machinery, fertilizer, iron and steel, chemicals

Imports - partners

China 11.9%, UAE 7.7%, Switzerland 6.8%, Saudi Arabia 6.1%, US 4.9% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate

4.8% (2011 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

9.2% (2012 est.) 8.9% (2011 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

30% of GDP (2012 est.)

Labor force

498.4 million (2012 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

53% 19% 28% (2011 est.)

agriculture

53%

industry

19%

services

28% (2011 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$1.015 trillion (31 December 2011) $1.616 trillion (31 December 2010) $1.179 trillion (31 December 2009)

Population below poverty line

29.8% (2010 est.)

Public debt

51.9% of GDP (2012 est.) 50.5% of GDP (2011 est.) data cover central government debt, and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$287.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $297.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$1.451 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) $1.293 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$121.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $106.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$256.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $232.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$1.402 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) $1.249 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$342.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $305.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

8.8% of GDP (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate

9.9% (2012 est.) 9.8% (2011 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

1.696 billion Mt (2010 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

Crude oil - imports

2.768 million bbl/day (2009 est.)

Crude oil - production

897,300 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

8.935 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)

Electricity - consumption

637.6 billion kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - exports

519 million kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

69.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

20.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

2.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

Electricity - imports

10.53 billion kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

189.3 million kW (2009 est.)

Electricity - production

880 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

61.1 billion cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - imports

12.15 billion cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - production

46.1 billion cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

1.154 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

3.292 million bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

812,100 bbl/day (2008 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

380,900 bbl/day (2008 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

3.226 million bbl/day (2008 est.)

Broadcast media

Doordarshan, India's public TV network, operates about 20 national, regional, and local services; a large and increasing number of privately-owned TV stations are distributed by cable and satellite service providers; by 2011, more than 100 million homes had access to cable and satellite TV offering more than 700 TV channels; government controls AM radio with All India Radio operating domestic and external networks; news broadcasts via radio are limited to the All India Radio Network; since 2000, privately-owned FM stations have been permitted and their numbers have increased rapidly (2007)

Internet country code

.in

Internet hosts

6.746 million (2012)

Internet users

61.338 million (2009)

Telephone system

supported by recent deregulation and liberalization of telecommunications laws and policies, India has emerged as one of the fastest growing telecom markets in the world; total telephone subscribership base exceeded 900 million in 2011, an overall teledensity of roughly 75%, and subscribership is currently growing more than 20 million per month; urban teledensity now exceeds 100% and rural teledensity is steadily growing mobile cellular service introduced in 1994 and organized nationwide into four metropolitan areas and 19 telecom circles each with multiple private service providers and one or more state-owned service providers; in recent years significant trunk capacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of the world's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian National Satellite system (INSAT), with 6 satellites supporting 33,000 very small aperture terminals (VSAT) country code - 91; a number of major international submarine cable systems, including Sea-Me-We-3 with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Sea-Me-We-4 with a landing site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), South Africa - Far East (SAFE) with a landing site at Cochin, the i2i cable network linking to Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for both voice and data traffic; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); 9 gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam

domestic

mobile cellular service introduced in 1994 and organized nationwide into four metropolitan areas and 19 telecom circles each with multiple private service providers and one or more state-owned service providers; in recent years significant trunk capacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of the world's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian National Satellite system (INSAT), with 6 satellites supporting 33,000 very small aperture terminals (VSAT)

general assessment

supported by recent deregulation and liberalization of telecommunications laws and policies, India has emerged as one of the fastest growing telecom markets in the world; total telephone subscribership base exceeded 900 million in 2011, an overall teledensity of roughly 75%, and subscribership is currently growing more than 20 million per month; urban teledensity now exceeds 100% and rural teledensity is steadily growing

international

country code - 91; a number of major international submarine cable systems, including Sea-Me-We-3 with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Sea-Me-We-4 with a landing site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), South Africa - Far East (SAFE) with a landing site at Cochin, the i2i cable network linking to Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for both voice and data traffic; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); 9 gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam

Telephones - main lines in use

32.685 million (2011)

Telephones - mobile cellular

893.862 million (2011)

Airports

352 (2012)

Airports - with paved runways

14 (2012)

1,524 to 2,437 m

74

2,438 to 3,047 m

59

914 to 1,523 m

83

over 3,047 m

21

total

251

under 914 m

14 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways

48 (2012)

1,524 to 2,437 m

6

2,438 to 3,047 m

4

914 to 1,523 m

42

over 3,047 m

1

total

101

under 914 m

48 (2012)

Heliports

41 (2012)

Merchant marine

bulk carrier 104, cargo 78, chemical tanker 22, container 14, liquefied gas 11, passenger 4, passenger/cargo 15, petroleum tanker 92 10 (China 1, Hong Kong 2, Jersey 2, Malaysia 1, UAE 4) 76 (Cyprus 4, Dominica 2, Liberia 8, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 10, Nigeria 1, Panama 24, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2, Singapore 21, unknown 1) (2010)

foreign-owned

10 (China 1, Hong Kong 2, Jersey 2, Malaysia 1, UAE 4)

registered in other countries

76 (Cyprus 4, Dominica 2, Liberia 8, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 10, Nigeria 1, Panama 24, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2, Singapore 21, unknown 1) (2010)

total

340

Pipelines

condensate/gas 2 km; gas 9,596 km; liquid petroleum gas 2,152 km; oil 7,448 km; refined products 10,486 km (2010)

Ports and terminals

Chennai, Jawaharal Nehru Port, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay), Sikka, Vishakhapatnam

Railways

63,974 km 54,257 km 1.676-m gauge (18,927 km electrified) 7,180 km 1.000-m gauge; 2,537 km 0.762-m gauge and 0.610-m gauge (2009)

narrow gauge

7,180 km 1.000-m gauge; 2,537 km 0.762-m gauge and 0.610-m gauge (2009)

total

63,974 km

Roadways

3,320,410 km (includes 200 km of expressways) (2009)

total

3,320,410 km (includes 200 km of expressways) (2009)

Shipyards and Ship Building

33 (2009)

Ships Built

33 (2009)

Shipyards

13

Waterways

14,500 km (5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable for mechanized vessels) (2012)

Manpower available for military service

319,129,420 296,071,637 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

296,071,637 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

319,129,420

Manpower fit for military service

249,531,562 240,039,958 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

240,039,958 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

249,531,562

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

12,151,065 10,745,891 (2010 est.)

female

10,745,891 (2010 est.)

male

12,151,065

Military branches

Army, Navy (includes naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard (2011)

Military expenditures

2.5% of GDP (2006)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women may join as officers, but for noncombat roles only (2011)

Disputes - international

since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; Kashmir remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan resumed bilateral dialogue in February 2011 after a two-year hiatus, have maintained the 2003 cease-fire in Kashmir, and continue to have disputes over water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal

Illicit drugs

world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries and throughout Southwest Asia; illicit producer of methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system; licit ketamine and precursor production

Refugees and internally displaced persons

100,003 (Tibet/China); 68,152 (Sri Lanka); 9,161 (Afghanistan); 6,621 (Burma) (2011) at least 506,000 (about half are Kashmiri Pandits from Jammu and Kashmir) (2012)

IDPs

at least 506,000 (about half are Kashmiri Pandits from Jammu and Kashmir) (2012)

refugees (country of origin)

100,003 (Tibet/China); 68,152 (Sri Lanka); 9,161 (Afghanistan); 6,621 (Burma) (2011)