1986 Edition

Agriculture

normally self-sufficient; main crops — corn, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, wine grapes

cattle, sheep, dairying, hay, potatoes, turnips

main crops — rice, other cereals, pulses, oilseed, cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, tea, coffee; an illegal producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade

Aid

economic authorizations, including Ex-Im from US, $19.1 million (FY70-81)

Airfields

98 total, 91 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 1 with runways 1, 220-2,439 m

345 total, 299 usable; 192 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 54 with runways 2,4403,659 m, 96 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

Hungarian People's Army, Frontier Guard, Air and Air Defense Command

legislative authority rests jointly with President and parliament (Althing); executive power vested in President but exercised by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court and 29 lower courts

Police, Coast Guard

bicameral parliament — Council of States, House of the People; relatively independent judiciary

Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, Paramilitary Forces

Budget

(1984) expenditures $577.2 million, revenues $530.5 million

(FY84/85) central government revenue and capital receipts, $40 billion; disbursements, $58 billion

Capital

Reykjavik

New Delhi

Civil air

20 major transport aircraft

93 major transport aircraft

Coastline

4,988 km People

7,000 km (includes offshore islands) People

Communists

est. less than 100, some of whom participate in the People's Alliance, which drew 22,489 votes in the 1983 parliamentary elections

466,000 members claimed by CPI, 270,000 members claimed by CPI/M; Communist extremist groups, about 15,000 members

Crude steel

3.8 million metric tons produced (1984), 355 kg per capita

10.0 million metric tons of ingots (1983)

Elections

parliamentary every four years, last held 23 April 1983; presidential held every four years; last held August 1984 Political parties and leaders: Independence (conservative), Thorsteinn Palsson; Progressive, Steingrimur Hermannsson; Social Democratic, Jon Baldvin Hannibalsson; People's Alliance (left socialist), Svavar Gestsson Voting strength:( 1983 election) 38.7% Independence, 19.5% Progressive, 17.3% People's Alliance, 11.7% Social Democratic, 12.8% other

national and state elections ordinarily held every five years; may be postponed in emergency and may be held more frequently if government loses confidence vote; last general election in December 1984; state elections staggered Political parties and leaders: Indian National Congress, controlled national government from independence to March 1977; split in January 1978 and 1979; party currently headed by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi; the Dalit Mazdoor Kisan Party (DMKP), formed in late 1984 by Charan Singh of the Lok Dal Party, also absorbed the Democratic Socialist Party, a breakaway faction of the Janata Party, and Sharad Pawar's Congress (S) Party; Janata Party led by Chandra Shekhar; Bharatiya Janata Party, L. K. Advani; Communist Party of India (CPI), C. Rajeswara Rao; Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), E. M. S. Namboodiripad; Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan Singh; All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK), a regional party in Tamil Nadu, led by M. G. Ramachandran; Akali Dal, led by Surjit Singh Barnala, representing Sikh religious community in the Punjab; Telugu Desam, a regional party in Andhra Pradesh led by N. T. Rama Rao; National Sanjay Front (SVM), led by Maneka Gandhi; National Conference (NC), a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir, split into factions led by Farooq Abdullah and G. M. Shah

Electric power

6,530,000 kW capacity (1985); 29.315 billion kWh produced (1985), 2,754 kWh per capita

913,000 kW capacity (1985); 4.332 billion kWh produced (1985), 17,975 kWh per capita

43,400,000 kW capacity (1985); 154 billion kWh produced (1985), 202 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and Celts

72% Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, 3% Mongoloid and other

Exports

$16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 38% fuels, raw materials, and semifinished products; 25% machinery and equipment; 23% agricultural and forestry products; 14% manufactured consumer goods

$743.3 million (f.o.b., 1984); fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, diatomite

$8.8 billion (f.o.b., FY84/85); engineering goods, textiles and clothing, tea

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

1 April-31 March Communications

Fishing

catch, 1,519,000 (1984) metric tons; marine product exports, $500 million (1984)

catch 2.85 million metric tons (1984); exports $337 million (1982)

Freight carried

rail — 124 million metric tons, 23. 1 billion metric ton/km (1983); highway — 235 million metric tons, 6.5 billion metric ton/km (1983); waterway — est. 3.2 million metric tons, 1.7 billion metric ton/km (public and private use)(1983)

GNP

$77 billion in 1984 (at 1984 US dollars), $7,200 per capita; 1984 growth rate, 1.3%

$2.17 billion (1984), $9,040 per capita; 59% private consumption, 22% private investment, 17% government (1981); —0.6% net export of goods and services (1981); change in stockbuilding 1.0%; growth rate -5.5% (1983)

Government leader

Rajiv GANDHI, Prime Minister (since October 1984); Zail SINGH, President (since July 1982)

Government leaders

Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR, President (since August 1980); Steingrimur HERMANNSSON, Prime Minister (since May 1983)

Highways

29,684 km total; 25,922 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 3,213 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 549 km earth (1982)

12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen and concrete; 1,284 km bituminous treated and gravel; 10,893 km earth

1,633,400 km total (1979); 515,300 km mainly secondary and about 1,1 18,000 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth

Imports

$15.6 billion (c.i.f., 1984); 67% fuels, raw materials, and semifinished products; 16% machinery and equipment; 10% manufactured consumer goods; 7% agricultural and forestry products

$843.8 million (c.i.f., 1984); machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles

$13.3 billion (c.i.f., FY84/85); machinery and transport equipment, petroleum, edible oils, fertilizers

Infant mortality rate

6.1/1,000(1983)

1 16/1,000 (1984 est.)

Inland waterways

1,622 km (1983)

16,000 km; 2,575 km navigable by river steamers

Labor force

114,000(1984); 18.6% commerce, finance, and services; 12.2% construction; 9.0% agriculture; 8.0% fish processing; 6.3% transportation and communications; 5.4% fishing; 16.8% other manufacturing; 23.7% other (1983); 1.3% unemployment (1984 average)

(84/85) about 284.4 million; 67% agriculture; more than 10% unemployed and underemployed

Land boundaries

12,700km Water

Language

Icelandic

Hindi, English, and 14 other official languages; 24 languages spoken by a million or more persons each; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30 percent of the people; English enjoys "associate" status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindustani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout northern India

Legal system

civil law system based on Danish law; constitution adopted 1944; legal education at University of Iceland; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on English common law; constitution adopted 1950; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Life expectancy

men 73.9, women 79.4

54.9

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)

12 nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)

Literacy

99.9%

36%

Major industries

mining, metallurgy, engineering industries, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially Pharmaceuticals)

fish processing, aluminum smelting, diatomite production, hydroelectricity

textiles, food processing, steel, machinery, transportation equipment, cement, jute manufactures

Major trade partners

30% USSR, 9% FRG (1984)

(1984) EC 41.8% (FRG 11.8%, UK 10.7%, Denmark 6.2%, Netherlands 5.7%), US 16.9%, CEMA 10.3%, Japan 4.2%

US, UK, USSR, Japan

Member of

CEMA, Danube Commission, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy

Council of Europe, EC (free trade agreement pending resolution of fishing limits issue), EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG Economy

ADB, AIOEC, ANRPC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, Indonesia ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GNP. $193 billion (FY84/85 at current prices), $240 per capita; real growth 8% (FY83/84 est.)

Military budget

announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, 23.3 billion f orints; 3. 8% of total budget Greenland Sea H.fn.rl,ordhUf North Atlantic Ocean See regional m«p V Land 102,845 km2; the size of Virginia; arable and forest negligible, 22% meadow and pasture, 78% other Water

for fiscal year ending 31 March 1986; est. budget $7.1 billion; 17.3% of central government budget North Pacific Ocean Java

Military manpower

males 15-49, 2,588,000; 2,074,000 fit for military service; about 75,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 64,000; 55,000 fit for military service (Iceland has no conscription or compulsory military service) India ese line ^ o, con,ro| Srmagar" Clndian ~* claim Ahmadabad Arabian (Bombay Sea %Myd»r« Calicut Laccadive Set Stt regional map VIII Nicobar": Islands '* Land 3,287,590 km2 (includes Jammu and Kashmir, the Indian-annexed part of the former state of Jammu and Kashmir); onethird the size of the US; 50% arable; 22% forest; 20% desert, waste, or urban; 5% permanent meadow and pasture; 3% inland water

males 15-49, 204,005,000; 124,477,000 fit for military service; about 9,107,000 reach military age (17) annually

Monetary conversion rate

48.244 forints=US$l (October 1985)

41.47 kronur= US$1 (October 1985 average)

12.028 rupees=US$l (October 1985)

National holiday

Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 June

Republic Day, 26 January

Nationality

noun — Icelanders); adjective — Icelandic

noun — Indian(s); adjective — Indian

Natural resources

bauxite, brown coal, natural gas

fish, hydroelectric and geothermal power, diatomite

coal, iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, chromite

Official name

Republic of Iceland

Republic of India

Organized labor

60% of labor force Government

less than 5% of total labor force Government

Other political or pressure groups

various separatist groups seeking reorganization of states; numerous "senas" or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Shiv Sena (in Bombay), Anand Marg, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

Pipelines

crude oil, 1,160 km; natural gas, 3,732 km (1984)

crude oil, 3,497 km; refined products, 1,828 km; natural gas, 260 km

Political subdivisions

23 counties, 200 parishes, 23 incorporated towns

22 states, 9 union territories

Population

244,000 (July 1986), average annual growth rate 1.0%

783,940,000, including Sikkim and the Indian-held part of disputed Jammu and Kashmir (July 1986); average annual growth rate 2.1%

Ports

1 major (Reykjavik), 3 secondary (Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Seydhisfjordhur), and numerous minor

9 major, 79 minor

Railroads

7,869 km total; 7,620 km 1.435meter standard gauge, 214 km narrow gauge (mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.524-meter broad gauge, 1,1 19 km double track, 1,807 km electrified; government owned (1983)

none

61,950 km total (1985); 31,750 km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 25,550 km 1.000meter gauge, 4,650 km narrow gauge (0.762meter and 0.610-meter); 12,617 km double track; 6,078 km electrified

Religion

95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% no affiliation

83.5% Hindu, 11.0% Muslim, 2.6% Christian, 2.0-2.5% Sikh, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.2% other

River ports

2 principal (Budapest, Dunaujvaros); no maritime ports; outlets are Rostock, GDR; Gdansk, Gdynia, and Szczecin in Poland; and Gala(i and Braila in Romania (1978) Defense Forces

Shortages

metallic ores (except bauxite), copper, high grade coal, forest products, crude oil

grains, sugar, vegetables and vegetable fibers, fuel, wood, minerals

Suffrage

universal over age 20 but not compulsory

universal over age 21

Telecommunications

adequate domestic service, wire and radio communication system; 125,000 telephones (52.5 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 33 FM, and 129 TV stations; 2 submarine cables; 1 satellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas Defense Forces

fair domestic telephone service where available, good internal microwave links; telegraph facilities widespread; AM broadcast adequate; international radio communications adequate; 2.6 million telephones (0.4 per 100 pop!.); about 174 AM stations at 80 locations, 17 TV stations; domestic satellite system for communications and TV; submarine cable extends to Sri Lanka Defense Forces

Type

republic

federal republic

Voting strength

India Congress, 74%; Telugu Desam Party, 5%; CPM, 4%; Janata, 1.8%; CPI, 1.1%; DMKP, 0.5%; BJP, 0.4%; other, 6.6%; 34 seats vacant as of January