2015 Edition

Background

Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "Goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later.

Area

land

89,608 sq km

total

93,028 sq km

water

3,420 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Virginia; about the same size as Indiana

Climate

temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

highest point

Kekes 1,014 m

lowest point

Tisza River 78 m

Environment - current issues

the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EU requirements will require large investments

Environment - international agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

per capita

555.9 cu m/yr (2007)

total

5.58 cu km/yr (12%/83%/5%)

Geographic coordinates

47 00 N, 20 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions

Irrigated land

1,409 sq km (2007)

Land boundaries

border countries (7)

Austria 321 km, Croatia 348 km, Romania 424 km, Serbia 164 km, Slovakia 627 km, Slovenia 94 km, Ukraine 128 km

total

2,106 km

Land use

arable land 48.5%; permanent crops 2%; permanent pasture 8.4%

agricultural land

58.9%

forest

22.5%

other

18.6% (2011 est.)

Location

Central Europe, northwest of Romania

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural resources

bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border

Total renewable water resources

104 cu km (2011)

Age structure

0-14 years

14.8% (male 754,729/female 710,394)

15-24 years

11.44% (male 583,320/female 548,520)

25-54 years

41.65% (male 2,070,725/female 2,051,695)

55-64 years

13.87% (male 630,426/female 742,657)

65 years and over

18.24% (male 677,420/female 1,127,655) (2015 est.)

Birth rate

9.16 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Death rate

12.73 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

26.3%

potential support ratio

3.8% (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

47.9%

youth dependency ratio

21.5%

Drinking water source

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

4.7% of GDP (2011)

Ethnic groups

Hungarian 85.6%, Roma 3.2%, German 1.9%, other 2.6%, unspecified 14.1%

note

percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group (2011 est.)

Health expenditures

8% of GDP (2013)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

100 (2013 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Hospital bed density

7.2 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Infant mortality rate

female

4.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)

male

5.3 deaths/1,000 live births

total

5.02 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Hungarian (official) 99.6%, English 16%, German 11.2%, Russian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, French 1.2%, other 4.2%

note

shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

female

79.62 years (2015 est.)

male

71.96 years

total population

75.69 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

99% (2015 est.)

male

99.1%

total population

99.1%

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk

intermediate

vectorborne diseases

tickborne encephalitis (2013)

Major urban areas - population

BUDAPEST (capital) 1.714 million (2015)

Median age

female

43.8 years (2015 est.)

male

39.5 years

total

41.4 years

Nationality

adjective

Hungarian

noun

Hungarian(s)

Net migration rate

1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

26% (2014)

Physicians density

3.1 physicians/1,000 population (2012)

Population

9,897,541 (July 2015 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.22% (2015 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 37.2%, Calvinist 11.6%, Lutheran 2.2%, Greek Catholic 1.8%, other 1.9%, none 18.2%, unspecified 27.2% (2011 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 97.8% of population

rural: 98.6% of population

total: 98% of population

urban: 2.2% of population

rural: 1.4% of population

total: 2% of population (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

16 years (2012)

male

15 years

total

15 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.06 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.01 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.85 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.6 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

0.91 male(s)/female (2015 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.43 children born/woman (2015 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

27.3% (2012 est.)

male

28.8%

total

28.1%

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.47% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

71.2% of total population (2015)

Administrative divisions

19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 23 cities with county rights (megyei jogu varosok, singular - megyei jogu varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros)

capital city

Budapest

cities with county rights

Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Erd, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Salgotarjan, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szekszard, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg

counties

Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

geographic coordinates

47 30 N, 19 05 E

name

Budapest

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Constitution

previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989 following collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012; amended several times, last in 2013 (2015)

Country name

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Hungary

local long form

none

local short form

Magyarorszag

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Colleen Bradley BELL (since 21 January 2015)

embassy

Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest

FAX

[36] (1) 475-4764

mailing address

pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5270 Budapest Place, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270

telephone

[36] (1) 475-4400

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Reka SZEMERKENYI (since 23 February 2015)

consulate(s)

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu (HI), Miami, New Orleans, Sacramento (CA), Salt Lake City (UT), Seattle

consulate(s) general

Cleveland (OH), Denver (CO), Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, St. Louis (MO)

FAX

[1] (202) 966-8135

telephone

[1] (202) 362-6730

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed by the president

chief of state

Janos ADER (since 10 May 2012)

election results

Janos ADER (Fidesz) elected president; National Assembly vote - 262 to 40; Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) elected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 130 to 57

elections/appointments

president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 May 2012 (next to be held by May 2017); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president

head of government

Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010)

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country

Government type

parliamentary democracy

Independence

16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Curia or Supreme Judicial Court (consists of the Curia president, vice president, and approximately 76 judges organized into 16 civil chambers, 3 criminal chambers, and 4 administrative chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges including the court president and 2 vice-presidents)

judge selection and term of office

Curia president elected from among its members for 9 years by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, a separate 15-member administrative body; judge tenure based on interim evaluations until normal retirement age; Constitutional Court judges elected by two-thirds vote of the National Assembly; members serve single renewable 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts

5 regional courts of appeal; 19 regional or county courts (including Budapest Metropolitan Court); 20 administrative and labor courts; 111 district or local courts

Legal system

civil legal system influenced by the German model

Legislative branch

description

unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (199 seats; 106 members directly elected in single-member constituencies by simple majority vote and 93 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by party list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party - Fidesz-KDNP 44.9%, Unity 25.6%, Jobbik 20.5%, LMP 5.3%; seats by party - Fidesz-KDNP 133, Unity 38, Jobbik 23, LMP 5

elections

last held on 6 April 2014 (next to be held in April 2018)

National anthem

lyrics/music

Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL

name

"Himnusz" (Hymn)

note

adopted 1844

National holiday

Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August; note - commemorates the date when his remains were transferred to Buda (now Budapest)

National symbol(s)

Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); national colors: red, white, green

Political parties and leaders

Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN]

Democratic Coalition or DK [Ferenc GYURCSANY]

Dialogue for Hungary or PM [Gergely KARACSONY, Timea SZABO, co-chairs]

Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN]

Hungarian Liberal Party or MLP [Gabor FODOR]

Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Jozsef TOBIAS]

Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Gabor VONA]

Politics Can Be Different or LMP [Andras SCHIFFER, Bernadett SZEL]

Together 2014 or Egyutt [Viktor SZIGETVARI]

Unity [a coalition of MSZP, Egyutt, DK, PM, and MLP for the 2014 legislative elections, since dissolved]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Civil Osszefogas Forum ("Civil Unity Forum," nominally independent organization that serves as the steering committee for the pro-government mass organization Bekemenet (Peace March), supporting ORBAN government's policies)

Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (Tarsasag a Szabadsagjogokert) or TASZ (freedom of expression, information privacy)

Hungarian Helsinki Committee (asylum seekers' rights, human rights in law enforcement and the judicial system)

MostMi ("Now Us") [Bori TAKACS, Zsolt VARADY](Facebook group that was a major participant at anti-government demonstrations in late 2014-early 2015; pro-Europe, anti-establishment movement that blames Fidesz for the state of the country, but also blames all established political parties for perceived political and economic failures since the fall of communism)

Okotars (empowerment of civil society in Hungary)

Energy Club (Energia Klub)

Greenpeace Hungary (Greenpeace Magyarorszag)

Suffrage

18 years of age, 16 if married; universal

Agriculture - products

wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products

Budget

expenditures

$70.15 billion (2014 est.)

revenues

$66.28 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-3% of GDP

note

Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012 the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, recognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the latest EC forecasts project the Hungarian deficit to increase above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening (2014 est.)

Central bank discount rate

5.75% (19 December 2012)

7% (31 December 2011)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

4.8% (31 December 2014 est.)

6.33% (31 December 2013 est.)

Current account balance

$5.824 billion (2014 est.)

$3.903 billion (2013 est.)

Debt - external

$164.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$167.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

24.7 (2009)

24.4 (1998)

Economy - overview

Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income nearly two-thirds that of the EU-28 average. In late 2008, Hungary's impending inability to service its short-term debt - brought on by the global financial crisis - led Budapest to obtain an IMF/EU/World Bank-arranged financial assistance package worth over $25 billion. The global economic downturn, declining exports, and low domestic consumption and investment, dampened by government austerity measures, resulted in a severe economic contraction in 2009. In 2010 the new government implemented a number of changes including cutting business and personal income taxes, but imposed "crisis taxes" on financial institutions, energy and telecom companies, and retailers. The IMF/EU bail-out program lapsed at the end of 2010 and was replaced by Post Program Monitoring and Article IV Consultations on overall economic and fiscal processes. At the end of 2011 the government turned to the IMF and the EU to obtain financial backstop to support its efforts to refinance foreign currency debt and bond obligations in 2012 and beyond, but Budapest's rejection of EU and IMF economic policy recommendations led to a breakdown in talks with the lenders in late 2012. Global demand for high yield has since helped Hungary to obtain funds on international markets. Hungary’s progress reducing its deficit to under 3% of GDP led the European Commission in 2013 to permit Hungary for the first time since joining the EU in 2004 to exit the Excessive Deficit Procedure.

Exchange rates

forints (HUF) per US dollar -

231.7 (2014 est.)

223.7 (2013 est.)

225.1 (2012 est.)

201.05 (2011 est.)

207.94 (2010 est.)

Exports

$99.54 billion (2014 est.)

$95.19 billion (2013 est.)

Exports - commodities

machinery and equipment 53.5%, other manufactures 31.2%, food products 8.7%, raw materials 3.4%, fuels and electricity 3.9% (2012 est.)

Exports - partners

Germany 28.8%, Austria 5.8%, Romania 5.7%, Slovakia 5.1%, Italy 4.8%, France 4.7%, Poland 4%, Czech Republic 4% (2014)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

(2014 est.)

exports of goods and services

90.1%

government consumption

19.5%

household consumption

54.5%

imports of goods and services

-86.8%

investment in fixed capital

22%

investment in inventories

0.6%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

3.4%

industry

31.1%

services

65.5% (2014 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$24,900 (2014 est.)

$24,100 (2013 est.)

$23,700 (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

3.6% (2014 est.)

1.5% (2013 est.)

-1.5% (2012 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$137.1 billion (2014 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$246.4 billion (2014 est.)

$237.7 billion (2013 est.)

$234.1 billion (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

Gross national saving

26.2% of GDP (2014 est.)

24% of GDP (2013 est.)

21.1% of GDP (2012 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

22.6% (2009)

lowest 10%

3.1%

Imports

$96.83 billion (2014 est.)

$91.39 billion (2013 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment 45.4%, other manufactures 34.3%, fuels and electricity 12.6%, food products 5.3%, raw materials 2.5% (2012)

Imports - partners

Germany 25.6%, Austria 7.4%, Russia 7%, China 6.2%, Slovakia 5.5%, Poland 5.3%, France 4.8%, Czech Republic 4.6%, Italy 4.5%, Netherlands 4.1% (2014)

Industrial production growth rate

3.1% (2014 est.)

Industries

mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

-0.3% (2014 est.)

1.7% (2013 est.)

Labor force

4.388 million (2014 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

7.1%

industry

29.7%

services

63.2% (2011 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$22.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$22.8 billion (31 December 2011)

$27.71 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Population below poverty line

14% (2012 est.)

Public debt

78.2% of GDP (2014 est.)

77.3% of GDP (2013 est.)

note

general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and government, state government, local government, and social security funds.

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$44.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$46.51 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of broad money

$69.77 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$73.47 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$46.91 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$44.34 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$115.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$110.9 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$78.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$89.53 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$41.16 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$41.25 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

51.1% of GDP (2014 est.)

Unemployment rate

7.8% (2014 est.)

9.1% (2013 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

47.9 million Mt (2012 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - imports

108,200 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - production

23,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

27.32 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.)

Electricity - consumption

36.13 billion kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - exports

4.76 billion kWh (2013 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

70.7% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0.6% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

19.8% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

8.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - imports

16.64 billion kWh (2013 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

9.531 million kW (2011 est.)

Electricity - production

34.28 billion kWh (2012 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

9.603 billion cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - exports

1.443 billion cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - imports

8.176 billion cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - production

1.949 billion cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

7.843 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

134,800 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

59,110 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

46,850 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

166,900 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Broadcast media

mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 3 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 3 state-supported public-service radio networks and 2 major national commercial stations; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition postponed to the end of 2014 (2007)

Internet country code

.hu

Internet users

percent of population

74.4% (2014 est.)

total

7.4 million

Radio broadcast stations

AM 5, FM 90, shortwave 1 (2008)

Telephone system

domestic

competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones since 2000 and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections

general assessment

modern telephone system is digital and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was initiated in 1996

international

country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals (2011)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

30 (2014 est.)

total subscriptions

3.01 million

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

118 (2014 est.)

total

11.7 million

Television broadcast stations

95 (2008)

Airports

41 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

6

2,438 to 3,047 m

6

914 to 1,523 m

5

over 3,047 m

2

total

20

under 914 m

1 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

11 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

2

914 to 1,523 m

8

total

21

Heliports

3 (2013)

Pipelines

gas 19,028 km; oil 1,007 km; refined products 842 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

river port(s)

Baja, Csepel (Budapest), Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Mohacs (Danube)

Railways

broad gauge

36 km 1.524-m gauge

narrow gauge

219 km 0.760-m gauge (2014)

standard gauge

7,794 km 1.435-m gauge (2,889 km electrified)

total

8,049 km

Roadways

paved

76,075 km (includes 1,477 km of expressways)

total

199,567 km

unpaved

123,492 km (2010)

Waterways

1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2011)

Manpower available for military service

females age 16-49

2,290,568 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

2,349,948

Manpower fit for military service

females age 16-49

1,897,378 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

1,902,639

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

female

55,533 (2010 est.)

male

59,237

Military branches

Hungarian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Hungarian Air Force (Magyar Legiero, ML) (2011)

Military expenditures

0.83% of GDP (2012)

0.99% of GDP (2011)

0.83% of GDP (2010)

Military service age and obligation

18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 6-month service obligation (2012)

Disputes - international

bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules

Illicit drugs

transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (countries of origin)

5,950 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015)

stateless persons

124 (2014)