2013 Edition

Background

Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "Goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later. In 2011, Hungary assumed the six-month rotating presidency of the EU for the first time.

Area

93,028 sq km 89,608 sq km 3,420 sq km

total

93,028 sq km

water

3,420 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Indiana

Climate

temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

Tisza River 78 m Kekes 1,014 m

highest point

Kekes 1,014 m

lowest point

Tisza River 78 m

Environment - current issues

the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EU requirements will require large investments

Environment - international agreements

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling none of the selected agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

5.58 cu km/yr (12%/83%/5%) 555.9 cu m/yr (2007)

per capita

555.9 cu m/yr (2007)

total

5.58 cu km/yr (12%/83%/5%)

Geographic coordinates

47 00 N, 20 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions

Irrigated land

1,409 sq km (2007)

Land boundaries

2,185 km Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, Romania 443 km, Serbia 166 km, Slovakia 676 km, Slovenia 102 km, Ukraine 103 km

border countries

Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, Romania 443 km, Serbia 166 km, Slovakia 676 km, Slovenia 102 km, Ukraine 103 km

total

2,185 km

Land use

47.24% 1.97% 50.79% (2011)

arable land

47.24%

other

50.79% (2011)

permanent crops

1.97%

Location

Central Europe, northwest of Romania

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural resources

bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border

Total renewable water resources

104 cu km (2011)

Age structure

14.8% (male 760,253/female 714,868) 11.9% (male 608,369/female 574,013) 41.6% (male 2,074,975/female 2,063,952) 14.2% (male 645,529/female 762,489) 17.5% (male 646,244/female 1,088,778) (2013 est.)

0-14 years

14.8% (male 760,253/female 714,868)

15-24 years

11.9% (male 608,369/female 574,013)

25-54 years

41.6% (male 2,074,975/female 2,063,952)

55-64 years

14.2% (male 645,529/female 762,489)

65 years and over

17.5% (male 646,244/female 1,088,778) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

9.37 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

80.6% percent of women aged 18-41 (1992/93)

Death rate

12.71 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Dependency ratios

46.8 % 21.5 % 25.3 % 4 (2013)

elderly dependency ratio

25.3 %

potential support ratio

4 (2013)

total dependency ratio

46.8 %

youth dependency ratio

21.5 %

Drinking water source

urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population (2010 est.)

rural

100% of population

total

100% of population (2010 est.)

urban

100% of population

Education expenditures

5.1% of GDP (2009)

Ethnic groups

Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001 census)

Health expenditures

7.7% of GDP (2011)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

less than 0.1% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 200 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

3,000 (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

7.2 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate

5.16 deaths/1,000 live births 5.43 deaths/1,000 live births 4.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

female

4.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total

5.16 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Hungarian 93.6%, other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census)

Life expectancy at birth

75.24 years 71.5 years 79.19 years (2013 est.)

female

79.19 years (2013 est.)

total population

75.24 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 99% 99.2% 98.9% (2011 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

98.9% (2011 est.)

male

99.2%

total population

99%

Major infectious diseases

intermediate tickborne encephalitis (2013)

degree of risk

intermediate

vectorborne diseases

tickborne encephalitis (2013)

Major urban areas - population

BUDAPEST (capital) 1.705 million (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

21 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

40.8 years 38.6 years 43.2 years (2013 est.)

female

43.2 years (2013 est.)

male

38.6 years

total

40.8 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

28.2 (2010 est.)

Nationality

Hungarian(s) Hungarian

adjective

Hungarian

noun

Hungarian(s)

Net migration rate

1.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

27.6% (2008)

Physicians density

3.41 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population

9,939,470 (July 2013 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.2% (2013 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 51.9%, Calvinist 15.9%, Lutheran 3%, Greek Catholic 2.6%, other Christian 1%, other or unspecified 11.1%, unaffiliated 14.5% (2001 census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population (2010 est.)

rural

100% of population

total

100% of population (2010 est.)

urban

100% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

15 years 15 years 16 years (2011)

female

16 years (2011)

male

15 years

total

15 years

Sex ratio

1.06 male(s)/female 1.06 male(s)/female 1.06 male(s)/female 1 male(s)/female 0.85 male(s)/female 0.59 male(s)/female 0.91 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.06 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.85 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.59 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

0.91 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.41 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

26.1% 27.2% 24.6% (2011)

female

24.6% (2011)

total

26.1%

Urbanization

69.5% of total population (2011) 0.51% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

0.51% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

69.5% of total population (2011)

Administrative divisions

19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 23 urban counties (singular - megyei varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros) Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Erd, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Salgotarjan, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szekszard, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg Budapest

capital city

Budapest

counties

Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala

urban counties

Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Erd, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Salgotarjan, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szekszard, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg

Capital

Budapest 47 30 N, 19 05 E UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

geographic coordinates

47 30 N, 19 05 E

name

Budapest

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989following collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012; amended several times, last in 2013 (2013)

Country name

none Hungary none Magyarorszag

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Hungary

local long form

none

local short form

Magyarorszag

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires M. Andre GOODFRIEND (since August 2013) Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5270 Budapest Place, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270 [36] (1) 475-4400 [36] (1) 475-4764

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires M. Andre GOODFRIEND (since August 2013)

embassy

Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest

FAX

[36] (1) 475-4764

mailing address

pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5270 Budapest Place, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270

telephone

[36] (1) 475-4400

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Gyorgy SZAPARY (since 31 January 2011) 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 [1] (202) 362-6730 [1] (202) 966-8135 Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

chancery

3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Gyorgy SZAPARY (since 31 January 2011)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

FAX

[1] (202) 966-8135

telephone

[1] (202) 362-6730

Executive branch

Janos ADER (since 10 May 2012) Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010) Cabinet of Ministers prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; other ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed and relieved of their duties by the president president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 May 2012 (next to be held by May 2017); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; election last held 29 May 2010 Janos ADER elected president, National Assembly vote - 262 to 40; Viktor ORBAN elected prime minister, National Assembly vote - 261 to 107 to be elected, the president must win two-thirds of legislative vote in the first round or a simple majority in the second round

cabinet

Cabinet of Ministers prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; other ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed and relieved of their duties by the president

chief of state

Janos ADER (since 10 May 2012)

election results

Janos ADER elected president, National Assembly vote - 262 to 40; Viktor ORBAN elected prime minister, National Assembly vote - 261 to 107

elections

president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 May 2012 (next to be held by May 2017); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; election last held 29 May 2010

head of government

Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010)

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folkl

red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country

Government type

parliamentary democracy

Independence

16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)

16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates

25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

Curia or Supreme Judicial Court (consists of Curia president and 8 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 members) Curia president elected from among its members for 9 years by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Council of Justice, a separate 15-member administrative body; all judges serve until the normal retirement age; Constitutional Court members elected by two-thirds vote of the National Assembly; members serve 12-year terms regional courts of appeal; county courts, including the Municipal Court of Budapest; local courts

highest court(s)

Curia or Supreme Judicial Court (consists of Curia president and 8 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 members)

judge selection and term of office

Curia president elected from among its members for 9 years by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Council of Justice, a separate 15-member administrative body; all judges serve until the normal retirement age; Constitutional Court members elected by two-thirds vote of the National Assembly; members serve 12-year terms

subordinate courts

regional courts of appeal; county courts, including the Municipal Court of Budapest; local courts

Legal system

civil legal system influenced by the German model

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (386 seats; members elected by popular vote under a system of proportional and direct representation to serve four-year terms) last held on 11 and 25 April 2010 (next to be held in spring 2014) percent of vote by party (5% or more of the vote required for parliamentary representation in the first round) - Fidesz-KNDP 52.7%, MSZP 19.3%, Jobbik 16.7%, LMP 7.5%, other 3.8%; seats by party - Fidesz-KNDP 263, MSZP 59, Jobbik 47, LMP 16, independent 1 composition as of mid-April 2013 - seats by party - Fidesz 226, MSZP 48, Jobbik 43, KNDP 37, Democratic Coalition 10, Dialog for Hungary 8, LMP 7, independent 7

election results

percent of vote by party (5% or more of the vote required for parliamentary representation in the first round) - Fidesz-KNDP 52.7%, MSZP 19.3%, Jobbik 16.7%, LMP 7.5%, other 3.8%; seats by party - Fidesz-KNDP 263, MSZP 59, Jobbik 47, LMP 16, independent 1

elections

last held on 11 and 25 April 2010 (next to be held in spring 2014)

National anthem

"Himnusz" (Hymn) Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL adopted 1844

lyrics/music

Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL

name

"Himnusz" (Hymn)

National holiday

Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August; note - commemorates the date when his remains were transferred to Buda (now Budapest)

National symbol(s)

Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); turul (falcon)

Political parties and leaders

Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN] Democratic Coalition [Ferenc GYURCSANY] Dialogue for Hungary [Benedek JAVOR, Timea SZABO, co-chairs] Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN, chairman] Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Attila MESTERHAZY] Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Gabor VONA] Politics Can Be Different or LMP [13-member leadership; some positions currently vacant]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Air Work Group (works to reduce air pollution in towns and cities) Danube Circle (protests the building of the Gabchikovo-Nagymaros dam) Fourth Republic (Negyedik Koztarsasag) or 4K! (anti-Orban, pro-democracy Facebook movement emerged from a Facebook group, One Million for Freedom of the Press or "Milla," and plans to form a leftist political party) Green Future (protests the impact of lead contamination of local factory on health of the people) Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (Tarsasag a Szabadsagjogokert) or TASZ (freedom of expression, information privacy) Hungarian Helsinki Committee (asylum seekers' rights, human rights in law enforcement and the judicial system) Szolidaritas ("Solidarity," formed in October 2011 by three trade unions and an NGO - anti-Orban government) "Egyutt 2014" ("Together 2014," a political electoral alliance bringing together Milla, Szolidaritas, and "Haza es Haladas," an association headed by former PM Gordon BAJNAI, to contest Fidesz and Viktor ORBAN in the 2014 parliamentary elections) Civil Osszefogas Forum ("Civil Unity Forum," nominally independent organization that serves as pro-government mass organization, supporting ORBAN government's policies) Hungarian Ornithological and Nature Conservation Society (Magyar Madartani Egyesulet) or MME Green Alternative (Zold Alternativa)

Suffrage

18 years of age, 16 if married; universal

Agriculture - products

wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products

Budget

$58.02 billion $60.68 billion (2012 est.)

expenditures

$60.68 billion (2012 est.)

revenues

$58.02 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.1% of GDP Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012 the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, reognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the latest EC forecasts project the Hungarian deficit to increase above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate

5.75% (19 December 2012) 7% (31 December 2011)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

9.02% (31 December 2012 est.) 8.34% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

$2.087 billion (2012 est.) $1.211 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$169.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $184.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

24.7 (2009) 24.4 (1998)

Economy - overview

Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income nearly two-thirds that of the EU-27 average. The private sector accounts for more than 80% of GDP. Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms are widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment worth more than $70 billion. In late 2008, Hungary's impending inability to service its short-term debt - brought on by the global financial crisis - led Budapest to obtain an IMF/EU/World Bank-arranged financial assistance package worth over $25 billion. The global economic downturn, declining exports, and low domestic consumption and fixed asset accumulation, dampened by government austerity measures, resulted in an economic contraction of 6.8% in 2009. In 2010 the new government implemented a number of changes including cutting business and personal income taxes, but imposed "crisis taxes" on financial institutions, energy and telecom companies, and retailers. The IMF/EU bail-out program lapsed at the end of the year and was replaced by Post Program Monitoring and Article IV Consultations on overall economic and fiscal processes. The economy began to recover in 2010 with a big boost from exports, especially to Germany, and achieved growth of approximately 1.7% in 2011. At the end of 2011 the government turned to the IMF and the EU to obtain financial backstop to support its efforts to refinance foreign currency debt and bond obligations in 2012 and beyond, but Budapest's rejection of EU and IMF economic policy recommendations led to a breakdown in talks with the lenders in late 2012. Since joining the EU in 2004, Hungary has been subject to the European Commission's Excessive Deficit Procedure; Brussels has requested that the government outline measures to sustainably reduce the budget deficit to under 3% of GDP. Ongoing economic weakness in Western Europe as well as lack of domestic investment and demand caused a GDP to fall 1.7% in 2012. Unemployment remained high, at more than 11%.

Exchange rates

forints (HUF) per US dollar - 225.1 (2012 est.) 201.05 (2011 est.) 207.94 (2010 est.) 202.34 (2009) 171.8 (2008)

Exports

$90.23 billion (2012 est.) $98.83 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

machinery and equipment 53.5%, other manufactures 31.2%, food products 8.7%, raw materials 3.4%, fuels and electricity 3.9% (2012)

Exports - partners

Germany 25.6%, Romania 6.2%, Slovakia 6.1%, Austria 6%, Italy 4.8%, France 4.8%, UK 4.2% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

54.3% 20.3% 17.2% 0.4% 94.8% -87% (2012 est.)

exports of goods and services

94.8%

government consumption

20.3%

household consumption

54.3%

imports of goods and services

-87%

investment in fixed capital

17.2%

investment in inventories

0.4%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

3.3% 27.6% 69.1% (2012 est.)

agriculture

3.3%

industry

27.6%

services

69.1% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$19,500 (2012 est.) $19,700 (2011 est.) $19,400 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

-1.7% (2012 est.) 1.6% (2011 est.) 1.3% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$124 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$193.6 billion (2012 est.) $197.1 billion (2011 est.) $193.9 billion (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

Gross national saving

19.3% of GDP (2012 est.) 20.4% of GDP (2011 est.) 19.8% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

3.1% 22.6% (2009)

highest 10%

22.6% (2009)

lowest 10%

3.1%

Imports

$87.37 billion (2012 est.) $95.2 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment 45.4%, other manufactures 34.3%, fuels and electricity 12.6%, food products 5.3%, raw materials 2.5% (2012)

Imports - partners

Germany 25.1%, Russia 8.8%, China 7.4%, Austria 7.1%, Slovakia 5.6%, Poland 4.8%, Italy 4.5%, Netherlands 4.2% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

-1.3% (2012 est.)

Industries

mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

5.7% (2012 est.) 3.9% (2011 est.)

Labor force

4.257 million (2012 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

7.1% 29.7% 63.2% (2011 est.)

agriculture

7.1%

industry

29.7%

services

63.2% (2011 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$22.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $22.8 billion (31 December 2011) $27.71 billion (31 December 2010)

Population below poverty line

14% (2012)

Public debt

79.3% of GDP (2012 est.) 81.4% of GDP (2011 est.) general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and government, state government, local government, and social security funds.

general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities

currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and government, state government, local government, and social security funds.

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$44.67 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $48.84 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$74.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $86.68 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$41.82 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $30.63 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$107 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $93.13 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$87.27 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $88.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$33.03 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $30.51 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

46.8% of GDP (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate

10.7% (2012 est.) 10.7% (2011 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

49.56 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

114,800 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

27,990 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

27.32 million bbl (1 January 2013 es)

Electricity - consumption

36.13 billion kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - exports

9 billion kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

72% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

1% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

20% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

7% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - imports

16.97 billion kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

9.9 million kW (2011 est.)

Electricity - production

34.28 billion kWh (2012 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

11.9 billion cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - exports

2.837 billion cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - imports

10.18 billion cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - production

2.462 billion cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

8.098 billion cu m (1 January 2013 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

141,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

59,110 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

171,600 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

177,500 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 3 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 3 state-supported public-service radio networks and 2 major national commercial stations; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition postponed to the end of 2014 (2007)

Internet country code

.hu

Internet hosts

3.145 million (2012)

Internet users

6.176 million (2009)

Telephone system

the telephone system has been modernized; the system is digital and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was initiated in 1996 competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones since 2000 and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals (2011)

domestic

competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones since 2000 and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections

general assessment

the telephone system has been modernized; the system is digital and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was initiated in 1996

international

country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

2.96 million (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

11.58 million (2012)

Airports

41 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

6

2,438 to 3,047 m

6

914 to 1,523 m

5

over 3,047 m

2

total

20

under 914 m

1 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

11 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

2

914 to 1,523 m

8

total

21

Heliports

3 (2013)

Pipelines

gas 19,028 km; oil 1,007 km; refined products 842 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

Budapest, Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Csepel, Baja, Mohacs

Railways

8,057 km 36 km 1.524-m gauge 7,802 km 1.435-m gauge (2,911 km electrified) 219 km 0.760-m gauge (2009)

narrow gauge

219 km 0.760-m gauge (2009)

standard gauge

7,802 km 1.435-m gauge (2,911 km electrified)

total

8,057 km

Roadways

199,567 km 76,075 km (includes 1,477 km of expressways) 123,492 km (2010)

total

199,567 km

unpaved

123,492 km (2010)

Waterways

1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2011)

Manpower available for military service

2,349,948 2,290,568 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

2,290,568 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

2,349,948

Manpower fit for military service

1,902,639 1,897,378 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

1,897,378 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

1,902,639

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

59,237 55,533 (2010 est.)

female

55,533 (2010 est.)

male

59,237

Military branches

Hungarian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Hungarian Air Force (Magyar Legiero, ML) (2011)

Hungarian Defense Forces

Land Forces, Hungarian Air Force (Magyar Legiero, ML) (2011)

Military expenditures

1.75% of GDP (2005 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 6-month service obligation (2012)

Disputes - international

bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules

Illicit drugs

transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy

Refugees and internally displaced persons

111 (2012)

stateless persons

111 (2012)