1985 Edition

Agriculture

major cash crops — Rio Muni, timber, coffee; Bioko, cocoa; main food products— rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, livestock

main crop — coffee; also grain

predominantly sheep farming

subsistence food production, and smallholder and plantation production for export; main crops — rice, cassava, rubber, copra, other tropical products; food shortages — rice, wheat

wheat, barley, rice, sugar beets, cotton, dates, raisins, tea, tobacco, sheep, goats

cash crops — cocoa, copra, coconuts, coffee, palm oil, bananas

Aid

economic commitments — (1970-79) Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF, $24 million

economic commitments — Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (197081), $583 million; US (FY77-83), $2.7 million; Communist countries (1970-83), $23 million

Airfields

3 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanentsurface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3, 659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

170 total, 136 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 45 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Defense Forces

5 total, 4 usable, 1 with permanentsurface runways; 1 with runways 1,200-2,439 m; 1 new airfield with permanent surface runway under construction

393 total, 373 usable; 96 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 1 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 69 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

158 total, 128 usable; 75 with permanent-surface runways; 14 with runways over 3,659 m, 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 62 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Defense Forces

2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanentsurface runways; 2 with runways 1,2202,439 m

Area

2,027,087 km2; about the size of Alaska and California combined; 64% forest; 24% inland water, waste, urban, and other; 12% small holding and estate; 8.6% cultivated

923,768 km2; more than twice the size of California; 35% forest; 24% arable (13% of total land area under cultivation); 41 % desert, waste, urban, or other

963 km2 (Sao Tome, 855 km2 and Principe, 109 km2; including small islets of Pedras Tinhosas); slightly larger than New York City Water

Branches

constitution provides for president with broad powers, prime minister, unicameral legislature (Chamber of Representatives of the People) and free judiciary

Army, Navy

executive power exercised by the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC), dominated by its chairman and small circle of associates; predominantly civilian Cabinet holds office at sufferance of military; legislature dissolved September 1974; judiciary at higher levels based on Western pattern, at lower levels on traditional pattern, without jury system in either

Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense; paramilitary Emergency Strike Force Police

Civil Commissioner (replaced governors in post — Falklands war period); shares power with local garrison commander

executive headed by President who is chief of state and head of Cabinet; Cabinet selected by President; unicameral legislature (DPR or House of Representatives) of 460 members (96 appointed, 364 elected); second body (MPR or People's Consultative Assembly) of 920 members includes the legislature and 460 other members (chosen by several processes, but not directly elected); MPR elects President and Vice President and theoretically determines national policy; judicial, Supreme Court is highest court

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

Ayatollah ol-Ozma Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, provides general guidance for the government, which is divided into executive, unicameral legislature (Islamic Consultative Assembly), and judicial branches

Islamic Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, and Revolutionary Guard (includes Basij militia)

President heads the government assisted by a cabinet of ministers; unicameral legislature (elected National Popular Assembly)

Army, Navy

Budget

(1976) receipts, $2.8 million

revenues and cash grants, $1.1 billion; current expenditures, $1.0 billion; development expenditures, $467 million (1983/84)

revenues, $5 million (1982); expenditures, $4.8 million (1982)

(1983-84) expenditures, $18.3 billion; receipts, $14.4 billion domestic, $3.9 billion foreign

(FY84) proposed expenditures of $42 billion; projected deficit of $3 billion — actual deficit likely to be higher

(1981 est.) central government budget $22.0 million; (1979 est.) revenues, $15.7 million; current expenditures, $10.4 million; capital expenditures, $9.1 million

Capital

Malabo

Addis Ababa

Stanley

Jakarta

Tehran

Sao Tome

Civil air

1 major transix>rt aircraft

22 major transport aircraft

no major transport aircraft

approximately 150 major transport aircraft

44 major transport aircraft

2 major transport aircraft

Coastline

1,094 km (includes offshore islands) People

1,288km People

54,716 km People

3,180 km, including islands, with 676km People

853 km People

estimated 209 km People

Communists

no significant number of Communists but some sympathizers

government is officially Marxist-Leninist

Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966; current strength est. at 1,000-3,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity; pre-October 1965 hardcore membership has been estimated at 1.5 million

1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore; 15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers; crackdown in 1983 crippled the party; trials of captured leaders began in late 1983 and remain incomplete

no Communist party, probably a few sympathizers

Elections

parliamentary elections held October 1983 Political parties and leaders: political parties suspended; before coup of 3 August 1979, National Unity Party of Workers (PUNT) was the sole legal party

none (January 1985) Political parties and leaders: Ethiopian Workers Party (WPE) founded in September 1984; headed by Mengistu Haile-Mariam

elections to select a president held in November 1981; those to select an Assembly of Experts to name Khomeini's successor held in December 1982; parliamentary elections held in 1984; next presidential election to be held during the summer of 1985; next parliamentary elections to be held in 1988 Political parties and leaders: Islamic Republic Party (IRP), Ali Khamenei

da Costa reelected May 1980 by Popular Assembly; Assembly elections held March-April 1980 Political parties and leaders: Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Manuel Pinto da Costa

Electric power

10,000 kW capacity (1984); 17 million kWh produced (1984), 61 kWh per capita

412,000 kW capacity (1984); 902 million kWh produced (1984), 26 kWh per capita

1,250 kW capacity (1984); 2 million kWh produced (1984), l.lOOkWhper capita

9,100,000 kW capacity (1984); 24.3 billion kWh produced (1984), 144 kWh per capita

11,212,100 kW capacity (1984); 35.363 billion kWh produced (1984), 807 kWh per capita

4,300 kW capacity (1984); 7 million kWh produced (1984), 78 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

40% Oromo, 32% Amhara and Tigrean, 9% Sidamo, 6% ShankeHa, 6% Somali, 4% Afar, 2% Gurage, 1% other

almost totally British

majority of Malay stock comprising 45% Javanese, 14% Sundanese, 7.5% Madurese, 7.5% coastal Malays, 26% other

63% ethnic Persian, 18% Turkic, 13% other Iranian, 3% Kurdish, 3% Arab and other Semitic, 1% other

of the more than 250 tribal groups, the Hausa and Fulani of the north, the Yoruba of the southwest, and the Ibos of the southeast comprise 65% of the population; about 27,000 nonAfricans

mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), and Europeans (primarily Portuguese)

Exports

$16.9 million (1982 est); cocoa, coffee, wood

$403 million (f.o.b., 1983/84 est); 61% coffee, 10% hides and skins

to UK, $5.2 million (1982); wool, hides and skins, and other

$19.8 billion (f.o.b., FY83/84); petroleum and liquefied natural gas ($14.5 billion; 0.9 million b/d), timber, rubber, coffee, tin, palm oil, tea, copper Indonesia (continued) Iran

$15.5 billion (est., 1984); 98% petroleum; also carpets, fruits, nuts

$8.8 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); mainly cocoa (90%), copra (7%), coffee, palm oil

External debt

$1.0 billion, 1981/82; debt service payment, $1.3 billion outstanding (1983/84); 11.0% of exports of goods and nonfactor services (1982/83)

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

8 July-7 July Communications

1 April-31 March Communications

21 March20 March Communications

calendar year Communications

Fishing

catch 2.0 million metric tons (1982); exports $180 million (1983), imports $8 million (1977)

catch 2,700 metric tons (1982)

GDP

$5.0 billion (1983/84 est), $119 per capita; real growth rate 3.7% (1983/84)

$118 billion (1984 est.)

$30 million (1981 est.); per capita income $300(1981 est.); average annual growth rate 10% (1981 est.)

GNP

$75 million (1983); $417 per capita (Note: economy destroyed during regime of former President Masie Nguema) Equatorial Guinea (continued) Ethiopia

$90.0 billion (1984), about $530 per capita; real average annual growth, 6.0% (1979-83); real annual growth rate 4.5% (1984)

Government leader

Col. Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, President (since August 1979)

Lt. Col. MENGISTU Haile-Mariam, Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council (since February 1977)

Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO, President (since March 1968)

Dr. Manuel Pinto DA COSTA, President (since 1975)

Government leaders

Rex M. HUNT, Civil Commissioner (since June 1982); Maj. Peter DE LA BILLIERE, Military Commissioner and Commander in Chief Land Forces (since June 1984)

Ayatollah ol-Ozma Ruhollah KHOMEINI, "Guardian Jurisprudent" (since February 1979); Ali KHAMENEI (cleric), President (since October 1981); Mir Hosein MUSAVIKHAMENEI, Prime Minister (since October 1981); Ali Akbar HASHEMIRAF SANJANI (cleric), Speaker of Islamic Consultative Assembly (since July 1980)

Highways

Rio Muni — 2,460 km, including approx. 185 km bituminous, remainder gravel and earth; Bioko — 300 km, including 146 km bituminous, remainder gravel and earth

44,300 km total; 3,888 km bituminous, 8,344 km gravel, 2,456 km improved earth, 29,612 km unimproved earth

510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth

93,063 km total; 26,583 km paved, 41,521 km gravel or crushed stone, 24,959 km improved or unimproved earth

85,000 km total; 36,000 km gravel and crushed stone, 15,000 km improved earth, 19,000 bituminous and bituminoustreated surfaces, 15,000 unimproved earth

Imports

$41.5 million (1982 est.); foodstuffs, chemicals and chemical products, textiles

$906 million (c.i.f., 1983/84)

from UK, $8.2 million (1982); food, clothing, fuels, and machinery

$16.3 billion (FY83/84); rice, wheat, textiles, chemicals, iron and steel products, machinery, transport equipment, consumer durables

$18.5 billion (est., 1984); machinery, military supplies, foodstuffs, Pharmaceuticals, technical services

$20.0 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); food products, machinery and electrical equipment, fuels

Inland waterways

no significant waterways

21,579 km; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Borneo 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, and Irian Java 4,587 km

904 km, excluding the Caspian Sea, 104 km on the Shatt al Arab (closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq conflict)

Labor force

90% agriculture and animal husbandry; 10% government, military, and quasi-government

l,100(est); est. over 95% in agriculture, mostly sheepherding Government

61 million (1982); 66% agriculture, 23% trade and commerce, 10% services

12.0 million, est. (1979); 33% agriculture, 21% manufacturing; shortage of skilled labor; unemployment may be as high as 35% Government

most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing; some unemployment, but labor shortages on plantations and for skilled work Government

Land boundaries

5,198 km Water

2,736 km Water

5,318 km (including areas belonging to Iran and now occupied by Iraq during continuing border war) Water

4,034 km Water

Language

Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Arabic, English (major foreign language taught in schools)

English

Indonesian (modified form of Malay; official); English and Dutch leading foreign languages; local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Farsi, Turki, Kurdish, Arabic, English, French

English (official); Hausa, Yoruba, and Ibo also widely used

Portuguese (official)

Legal system

in transition; constitution approved 15 August 1982 by popular referendum; in part based on Spanish civil law and custom

complex structure with civil, Islamic, common, and customary law influences; constitution suspended September 1974; military leaders have promised a new constitution but established no time frame for its adoption; legal education at Addis Ababa University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

English common law

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; constitution of 1945 is legal basis of government; legal education at University of Indonesia, Jakarta; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

the new constitution codifies Islamic principles of government

based on Portuguese law system and customary law; constitution adopted December 1975; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Limits of territorial waters

12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm; for sedentary fisheries, territorial sea extends to limit of fisheries

3 nm

under an archipelago theory, claims 12 nm, measured seaward from straight baselines connecting the outermost islands (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)

12 nm (fishing 200 nm)

30 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)

Literacy

about 15%

compulsory education up to age 14

64%

48%

25-30%

est. 50%

Major industries

fishing, sawmilling

cement, sugar refining, cotton textiles, food processing, oil refinery

petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer production, timber

crude oil production (2.3 million b/d in 1984) and refining, textiles, cement and other building materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), metal fabricating (steel and copper)

light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing

Major industry

wool processing

Major trade partner

Spain

Major trade partners

exports — US, FRG, Djibouti, Japan, Saudi Arabia, France, Italy; imports— USSR, Italy, FRG, Japan, UK, US

nearly all exports to the UK, also some to the Netherlands and to Japan; imports from Curacao, Japan, and the UK

(1983) exports — 46% Japan, 20% US, 15% Singapore; imports — 23% Japan, 21% Singapore, 15% US, 4% FRG

exports — Japan, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, France, FRG; imports — FRG, Japan, UK, Italy

main partner Netherlands, followed by Portugal, US, and FRG

Member of

AfDB, Conference of East and Central African States, EGA, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO Economy

AfDB, EGA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICO, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy

ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Association of Tin Producing Countries, CIPEC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, NAM, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy

Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, QIC, OPEC, Regional Cooperation for Development, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO; continued participation in some of these organizations doubtful under the new Islamic constitution Economy

AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $6.2 million; 21% of central government budget Set regional map V II Land 1,221,900 km2; four-fifths the size of Alaska; 55% meadow and natural pasture; 10% crop and orchard; 6% forest and wood; 29% wasteland, urban, or other

for fiscal year ending 7 July 1984, $420.1 million; 25.1% of central government budget Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) South Atlantic Ocean West Falkland East Falkland (administered by U K claimed by Argentina) Sec regional map IV

for fiscal year ending 31 March 1985, $2. 1 billion; about 10.2% of central government budget 375fcm Persian Gull Sfr regional map VI Land 1,648,000 km2; smaller than Alaska and Washington combined; 51% desert, waste, or urban; 30% arable (16% cultivable with adequate irrigation; 11.5% cultivated; 14% agricultural); 11% forest; 8% migratory grazing and other

Military manpower

males 15-49, 62,000; 31,000 fit for military service

males 15-49, 9,580,000; 5,146,000 fit for military service; 489,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 43,881,000; 25,964,000 fit for military service; about 1,915,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 10,462,000; 6,428,000 fit for military service; about 448,000 reach military age (21) annually

Monetary conversion rate

ekuele replaced by Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFA) in 1985; 479.875 CFA francs=US$l (December 1984)

2.07 Ethiopian birr=US$l (31 October 1983)

.833 Falkland Island pound=.833 pounds sterling=US$l (December 1984) Communications

1,063 rupiahs=US$l (30 November 1984)

92.9 rials=US$l (October 1984)

46.2051 dobra = US$l (December 1984)

National holiday

12 October

Popular Revolution Commemoration Day, 12 September

Independence Day, 17 August

Shi'a Islam religious holidays observed nationwide

National holidays

Martyr's Day, 4 February; Independence Day, 12 July; Armed Forces Day, first week in September (varies); Farmer's Day, 30 September

Nationality

noun — Ethiopian(s); adjective— Ethiopian

noun — Falkland Islander(s); adjective— Falkland Island

noun — Indonesian(s); adjective— Indonesian

noun — Iranian(s); adjective — Iranian

noun — Nigerian(s); adjective — Nigerian

noun — Sao Tomean(s); adjective— Sao Tomean

NOTE

The possession of the Falkland Islands has been disputed by the UK and Argentina (which refers to them as the Islas Malvinas) since 1833. Land Colony — 16,654 km2; about the size of Connecticut; area consists of some 200 small islands and two principal islands, East Falkland (6,680 km2) and West Falkland (5,276 km2); dependencies — South Sandwich Islands, South Georgia, and the Shag and Clerke Rocks Water

Official name

Socialist Ethiopia

Colony of the Falkland Islands

Republic of Indonesia

Islamic Republic of Iran

Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe

Organized labor

All Ethiopian Trade Union formed by the government in January 1977 to represent 273,000 registered trade union members Government

est. 5% of labor force Government

Other political or pressure groups

important dissident groups include Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), and Eritrean Liberation Front/Popular Liberation Forces in Eritrea; Tigrean People's Liberation Front (TPLF) in Tigray Province; Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) in the Ogaden region

People's Strugglers (Mhjahedin), People's Fedayeen, and Kurdish Democratic Party are armed political groups that have been harshly but not completely repressed by the government; other ethnic minorities, local leaders, and Islamic Committees enforce their political views through armed militia

Pipelines

crude oil, 2,450 km; refined products, 456 km; natural gas, 450 km

crude oil, 5,900 km; refined products, 3,900 km; natural gas, 3,282 km

Political subdivisions

3 regions; 7 provinces with appointed governors

14 provinces (also referred to as regional administrations)

local government is confined to capital

27 first-level administrative subdivisions or provinces, which are further subdivided into 282 second-level

23 provinces, subdivided into districts, subdistricts, counties, and villages

Population

42,289,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.7%

2,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0%

173,103,000, including East Timor and West Irian (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.1%

45,191,000 (July 1985, average annual growth rate 3.1%; figures do not take into account the impact of the Iran-Iraq war

91,178,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.4%

88,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.8%

Ports

1 major (Malalx>), 3 minor

2 major (Aseb, Massawa)

1 major (Port Stanley), 4 minor

15 ocean ports

4 major (Bandar Abbas, Bandar Azadi, Bandar Khomeini, and Biishehr), 6 minor (Khorramshahr destroyed)

1 major (Sao Tome), 1 minor

Railroads

none

1,089 km total; 782 km 1.000meter gauge, of which 97 km are in Djibouti; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge

none

6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; government owned

4,601 km total; 4,509 km 1.435meter standard gauge

Religion

40-45% Muslim, .35-40% Ethiopian Orthodox, 15-20% animist, 5% other

predominantly Anglican

88% Muslim, 6% Protestant, 3% Roman Catholic, 2% Hindu, 1% other

93% Shi'a Muslim; 5% Sunni Muslim; 2% Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i

no exact figures on religious breakdown, but last census (1963) showed Nigeria to be 47% Muslim, 34% Christian, and 18% indigenous beliefs

Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh Day Adventist

Suffrage

universal for adults

universal over age 21

universal adult at age 18 Economy

universal over age 17 and married persons regardless of age Political parties and leaders: Golkar (quasiofficial "party" based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. Sudharmono; Indonesia Democracy Party (federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SunawarSukowati; United Development Party (federation of former Islamic parties), John Naro

universal over age 15

universal for age 18 and over

Telecommunications

poor system with adequate government services; international communications Irom Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; 2,000 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, no FM stations, 1 TV station Defense Forces

government-operated radiotelephone networks providing effective service to almost all points on both islands; approximately 590 telephones (est. 30 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station; satellite station under construction Defense Forces Defense is the responsibility of the United Kingdom

interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 392,563 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 251 AM, 1 FM, 14 TV stations; 1 international ground satellite station (1 Indian Ocean antenna and 1 Pacific Ocean antenna), and a domestic satellite communications system » Defense Forces

minimal system; 1500 telephones (1.7 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station Defense Forces

Type

republic

under military rule since September 1974; monarchy abolished in March 1975, but republic not yet declared

British dependent territory

republic

theocratic republic

republic

Voting strength

(1982 election) Golkar 64.1%, Unity Development 28%, Indonesia Democracy 7.9%

reliable figures not available; supporters of the Islamic Republic dominate the parliament