2019 Edition

Background

Strategically important, Gibraltar was reluctantly ceded to Great Britain by Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the British garrison was formally declared a colony in 1830. In a referendum held in 1967, Gibraltarians voted overwhelmingly to remain a British dependency. The subsequent granting of autonomy in 1969 by the UK led Spain to close the border and sever all communication links. Between 1997 and 2002, the UK and Spain held a series of talks on establishing temporary joint sovereignty over Gibraltar. In response to these talks, the Gibraltar Government called a referendum in late 2002 in which the majority of citizens voted overwhelmingly against any sharing of sovereignty with Spain. Since late 2004, Spain, the UK, and Gibraltar have held tripartite talks with the aim of cooperatively resolving problems that affect the local population, and work continues on cooperation agreements in areas such as taxation and financial services; communications and maritime security; policy, legal and customs services; environmental protection; and education and visa services. A new noncolonial constitution came into force in 2007, and the European Court of First Instance recognized Gibraltar's right to regulate its own tax regime in December 2008. The UK retains responsibility for defense, foreign relations, internal security, and financial stability. Spain and the UK continue to spar over the territory. Throughout 2009, a dispute over Gibraltar's claim to territorial waters extending out three miles gave rise to periodic non-violent maritime confrontations between Spanish and UK naval patrols and in 2013, the British reported a record number of entries by Spanish vessels into waters claimed by Gibraltar following a dispute over Gibraltar's creation of an artificial reef in those waters. Spain renewed its demands for an eventual return of Gibraltar to Spanish control after the UK’s June 2016 vote to leave the EU, but London has dismissed any connection between the vote and its continued sovereignty over Gibraltar. The EU has said that Gibraltar will be ouside the territorial scope of any future UK-EU trade deal and that separate agreements between the EU and UK regarding Gibraltar would require Spain's prior approval.

Area

Land

6.5 sq km

Total

6.5 sq km

Water

0 sq km

Area Comparative

more than 10 times the size of The National Mall in Washington, D.C.

Climate

Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

Coastline

12 km

Elevation

Highest Point

Rock of Gibraltar 426 m

Lowest Point

Mediterranean Sea 0 m

Environment Current Issues

limited natural freshwater resources: more than 90% of drinking water supplied by desalination, the remainder from stored rainwater; a separate supply of saltwater used for sanitary services

Geographic Coordinates

36 08 N, 5 21 W

Geography Note

note 1: strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea note 2: one of only two British territories where traffic drives on the right, the other being the island of Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory

Land Boundaries

Border Countries

Spain 1.2 km

Total

1.2 km

Land Use

Agricultural Land

0% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Arable Land

0% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Crops

0% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Pasture

0% (2011 est.)

Forest

0% (2011 est.)

Other

100% (2011 est.)

Location

Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southern coast of Spain

Map References

Europe

Maritime Claims

3 nm

Natural Hazards

occasional droughts; no streams or large bodies of water on the peninsula (all potable water comes from desalination)

Natural Resources

none

Terrain

a narrow coastal lowland borders the Rock of Gibraltar

Age Structure

0 14 Years

20.29% (male 3,064 /female 2,915)

15 24 Years

13.76% (male 2,110 /female 1,944)

25 54 Years

40.35% (male 6,094 /female 5,794)

55 64 Years

9.31% (male 1,183 /female 1,560)

65 Years And Over

16.28% (male 2,336 /female 2,461) (2018 est.)

Birth Rate

13.9 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Death Rate

8.5 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Ethnic Groups

Gibraltarian 79%, other British 13.2%, Spanish 2.1%, Moroccan 1.6%, other EU 2.4%, other 1.6% (2012 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Female

5.1 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

6.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

5.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Languages

English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese

Life Expectancy at Birth

Female

82.8 years

Male

76.8 years

Total Population

79.7 years (2018 est.)

Major Urban Areas Population

35,000 GIBRALTAR (capital) (2018)

Median Age

Female

36 years

Male

34.1 years

Total

35 years (2018 est.)

Nationality

Adjective

Gibraltar

Noun

Gibraltarian(s)

Net Migration Rate

-3.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Population

29,461 (July 2018 est.)

Population Growth Rate

0.21% (2018 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 72.1%, Church of England 7.7%, other Christian 3.8%, Muslim 3.6%, Jewish 2.4%, Hindu 2%, other 1.1%, none 7.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2012 est.)

Sex Ratio

0 14 Years

1.05 male(s)/female

15 24 Years

1.09 male(s)/female

25 54 Years

1.05 male(s)/female

55 64 Years

0.76 male(s)/female

65 Years And Over

0.95 male(s)/female

At Birth

1.07 male(s)/female

Total Population

1.01 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Total Fertility Rate

1.9 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Urbanization

Rate Of Urbanization

0.45% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Urban Population

100% of total population (2019)

Administrative Divisions

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Capital

Daylight Saving Time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Geographic Coordinates

36 08 N, 5 21 W

Name

Gibraltar

Time Difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

see United Kingdom

Constitution

Amendments

proposed by Parliament and require prior consent of the British monarch (through the Secretary of State); passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote in Parliament followed by simple majority vote in a referendum; note – only sections 1 through 15 in Chapter 1 (Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms) can be amended by Parliament (2016)

History

previous 1969; latest passed by referendum 30 November 2006, entered into effect 14 December 2006, entered into force 2 January 2007

Country Name

Conventional Long Form

none

Conventional Short Form

Gibraltar

Etymology

from the Spanish derivation of the Arabic "Jabal Tariq," which means "Mountain of Tariq" and which refers to the Rock of Gibraltar

Dependency Status

overseas territory of the UK

Diplomatic Representation From The Us

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic Representation In The Us

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Executive Branch

Cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed from among the 17 elected members of Parliament by the governor in consultation with the chief minister

Chief Of State

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Lt. Gen. Edward DAVIS (since 19 January 2016)

Elections Appointments

the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed chief minister by the governor

Head Of Government

Chief Minister Fabian PICARDO (since 9 December 2011)

Flag Description

two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band; the design is that of Gibraltar's coat of arms granted on 10 July 1502 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain; the castle symbolizes Gibraltar as a fortress, while the key represents Gibraltar's strategic importance - the key to the Mediterranean

Government Type

parliamentary democracy (Parliament); self-governing overseas territory of the UK

Independence

none (overseas territory of the UK)

International Organization Participation

ICC (NGOs), Interpol (subbureau), UPU

Judicial Branch

Highest Courts

Court of Appeal (consists of at least 3 judges, including the court president); Supreme Court of Gibraltar (consists of the chief justice and 3 judges); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)

Judge Selection And Term Of Office

Court of Appeal and Supreme Court judges appointed by the governor upon the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, a 7-member body of judges and appointees of the governor; tenure of the Court of Appeal president based on terms of appointment; Supreme Court chief justice and judges normally appointed until retirement at age 67 but tenure can be extended 3 years

Subordinate Courts

Court of First Instance; Magistrates' Court; specialized tribunals for issues relating to social security, taxes, and employment

Legal System

the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

Legislative Branch

Description

unicameral Parliament (18 seats; 17 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by majority vote and 1 appointed by Parliament as speaker; members serve 4-year terms) (e.g. 2019)

Election Results

percent of vote by party - GSLP-Liberal Alliance 52.5% (GSLP 37.0%, LPG 15.5%), GSD 25.6%; seats by party - GSLP-Liberal Alliance 10 (GSLP 7, LPG 3), GSD 6; composition of elected members - men 15, women 2, percent of women 11.8% (e.g. 2019)

Elections

last held on 17 October 2019 (next to be held in 2023) (e.g. 2019)

National Anthem

Lyrics Music

Peter EMBERLEY

Name

Gibraltar Anthem

National Holiday

National Day, 10 September (1967); note - day of the national referendum to decide whether to remain with the UK or join Spain

National Symbol S

Barbary macaque; national colors: red, white, yellow

Political Parties And Leaders

Gibraltar Liberal Party or Liberal Party of Gibraltar or LPG [Joseph GARCIA] Gibraltar Social Democrats or GSD [Keith AZOPARDI] Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or GSLP [Fabian PICARDO] GSLP-Liberal Alliance (includes GSLP and LPG) Together Gibraltar or TG [Marlene HASSAN-NAHON]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal; and British citizens with six months residence or more

Agriculture Products

none

Budget

Expenditures

452.3 million (2008 est.)

Revenues

475.8 million (2008 est.)

Budget Surplus Or Deficit

1.1% (of GDP) (2008 est.)

Debt External

NA

Economy Overview

Self-sufficient Gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping trade, offshore banking, and its position as an international conference center. Tax rates are low to attract foreign investment. The British military presence has been sharply reduced and now contributes about 7% to the local economy, compared with 60% in 1984. In recent years, Gibraltar has seen major structural change from a public to a private sector economy, but changes in government spending still have a major impact on the level of employment.The financial sector, tourism (over 11 million visitors in 2012), gaming revenues, shipping services fees, and duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. The financial sector, tourism, and the shipping sector contribute 30%, 30%, and 25%, respectively, of GDP. Telecommunications, e-commerce, and e-gaming account for the remaining 15%.

Exchange Rates

2013

0.7634

2014

0.885

2015

0.9214

2016

0.903

2017

0.885

Currency

Gibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar -

Exports

2004

$271 million

2014

$202.3 million

Exports Commodities

(principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods (2010 est.)

Exports Partners

Spain 27.1%, Germany 20.4%, Netherlands 10.8%, Poland 8.6%, France 6.6%, Italy 5.7%, Cote dIvoire 4.5% (2017)

Fiscal Year

1 July - 30 June

GDP Composition By Sector Of Origin

Agriculture

0% (2016 est.)

Industry

0% (2008 est.)

Services

100% (2016 est.)

GDP Official Exchange Rate

$2.044 billion (2014 est.) (2014 est.)

GDP Per Capita Ppp

2007

$41,200

2008

$43,000

2014

$61,700

GDP Purchasing Power Parity

2012

$2 billion

2013

$1.85 billion

2014

$2.044 billion

Imports

2004

$2.967 billion

Imports Commodities

fuels, manufactured goods, foodstuffs

Imports Partners

Spain 15.6%, Italy 13.4%, US 13.3%, Netherlands 10.9%, Greece 8.5%, Russia 6.6%, UK 5.8%, Belgium 4.4% (2017)

Industries

tourism, banking and finance, ship repairing, tobacco

Inflation Rate Consumer Prices

2012

2.2%

2013

2.5%

Labor Force

24,420 (2014 est.)

Labor Force By Occupation

Agriculture

NEGL

Industry

1.8%

Services

98.2% (2014 est.)

Public Debt

2006

8.4% of GDP

2008

7.5% of GDP

Taxes And Other Revenues

23.3% (of GDP) (2008 est.)

Unemployment Rate

2016

1%

Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption Of Energy

13.34 million Mt (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Imports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Production

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude Oil Proved Reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity Consumption

230.8 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Exports

0 kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity From Fossil Fuels

100% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity From Hydroelectric Plants

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Nuclear Fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Other Renewable Sources

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity Imports

0 kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Installed Generating Capacity

43,000 kW (2016 est.)

Electricity Production

238.8 million kWh (2016 est.)

Natural Gas Consumption

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Imports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Production

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Proved Reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Consumption

78,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Imports

74,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Production

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

59 (2017 est.)

Total

17,373

Broadcast Media

Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) provides TV and radio broadcasting services via 1 TV station and 4 radio stations; British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) operates 1 radio station; broadcasts from Spanish radio and TV stations are accessible

Internet Country Code

.gi

Internet Users

Percent Of Population

94.4% (July 2016 est.)

Total

27,699

Telephone System

Domestic

automatic exchange facilities; 67 per 100 fixed-line and 140 per 100 mobile-cellular (2018)

General Assessment

adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international facilities (2018)

International

country code - 350; landing point for the EIG to Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East via submarine cables; radiotelephone; microwave radio relay; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)

Telephones Fixed Lines

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

67 (2017 est.)

Total Subscriptions

19,753

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

140 (2017 est.)

Total Subscriptions

41,035

Airports

1 (2013)

Airports With Paved Runways

1 524 To 2 437 M

1 (2017)

Total

1 (2017)

Civil Aircraft Registration Country Code Prefix

VP-G (2016)

Merchant Marine

By Type

bulk carrier 11, container ship 26, general cargo 81, oil tanker 27, other 105 (2018)

Total

250

Ports And Terminals

Gibraltar

Roadways

Paved

29 km (2007)

Total

29 km (2007)

Military And Security Forces

Royal Gibraltar Regiment (2019)

Military Note

defense is the responsibility of the UK; the Royal Gibraltar Regiment replaced the last British regular infantry forces in 1991 (2019)

Disputes International

in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the Government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar even greater autonomy