1988 Edition

Boundary disputes

none; occasional source of friction between Spain and UK

none; Gibraltar question with UK; controls two presidios or places of sovereignty (Ceuta, Melilla) on the coast of Morocco

Climate

Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast

tropical; monsoonal; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)

Coastline

12 km

4,964 km

1,340 km

Comparative area

about one-twentyseventh the size of Washington, D.C.

about the size of Arizona and Utah combined

about one-half the size of North Carolina

Contiguous zone

24 nm

Continental shelf

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

edge of continental margin or 200 nm

Environment

natural fresh water sources are very meager so large water catchments (concrete or natural rock) collect rain water

deforestation; desertification

occasional cyclones, tornados; deforestation; soil erosion

Ethnic divisions

mostly Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, and Spanish descent

74% Sinhalese; 18% Tamil; 7% Moor; 1% Burgher, Malay, and Veddha

Extended economic zone

200 nm

200 nm

Infant mortality rate

37/1,000 (1983)

Labor force

about 14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers)

6.6 million (1985 est.); 45.9% agriculture, 13.3% mining and manufacturing, 12.4% trade and transport, 26.3% services and other; extensive underemployment; 19% unemployment (1985 est.)

Land boundaries

1.6 km total

1,899 km total

Land use

0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other

31% arable land; 10% permanent crops; 21% meadows and pastures; 31% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes 6% irrigated

16% arable land; 17% permanent crops; 7% meadows and pastures; 37% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes 8% irrigated

Language

English and Spanish are primary languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian also spoken; English used in the schools and for official purposes

Sinhala (official); Sinhala and Tamil listed as national languages; Sinhala spoken by about 74% of population, Tamil spoken by about 18%; English commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population

Life expectancy

68

Literacy

about 99%

87%

Nationality

noun — Gibraltarian; adjective— Gibraltar

noun — Sri Lankan(s); adjective— Sri Lankan

Organized labor

over 6,000

about 33% of labor force, over 50% of which employed on tea, rubber, and coconut estates

Population

29,048 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.36%

16,406,576 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 1.37%

Religion

75% Roman Catholic, 8% Church of England, 2.25% Jewish

69% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 8% Christian, 8% Muslim

Special notes

strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea

strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

only 29 km from India; near major Indian Ocean sea lanes

Terrain

a narrow coastal lowland borders The Rock

large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills

mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior

Territorial sea

3 nm

12 nm

12 nm

Total area

6.5 km2; land area: 6.5 km2

504,750 km2; land area: 499,400 km2

65,610 km2; land area: 64,740 km2

Ethnic divisions

composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Infant mortality rate

9.6/1,000 (1983)

Labor force

13.7 million (1986 est); 52.0% services, 24.4% industry, 16.1% agriculture, 7.5% construction; unemployment, 21.5% (June 1986)

Language

Castilian Spanish; second languages include 17% Catalan, 7% Galician, and 2% Basque

Life expectancy

men 73, women 78

Literacy

97%

Nationality

noun — Spaniard(s); adjective— Spanish

Organized labor

no more than 25% of labor force (1984)

Population

39,000,804 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.54%

Religion

99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects

Administrative divisions

50 provinces

9 provinces, 24 administrative districts

Branches

parliamentary system comprising the Gibraltar House of the Assembly (15 elected members and 3 ex officio members), the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, and the Gibraltar Council; the Governor is appointed by the Crown

executive, with acts of the king subject to countersignature, Prime Minister and his ministers responsible to lower house; bicameral legislature — Cortes Generales, consisting of more powerful Congress of Deputies (350 members) and Senate (208 members), with possible addition of one to six members from each new autonomous region; judiciary, independent

the 1978 constitution established a strong presidential form of government under J. R. Jayewardene, who had been Prime Minister since his party's election victory in July 1977; Jayewardene was elected to a second term in October 1982 and will serve until 1989 regardless of whether Parliament is dissolved; the current Parliament was extended until August 1989 by a national referendum held in December 1982

Capital

Gibraltar

Madrid

Colombo

Communists

negligible

PCE membership has declined from a possible high of 160,000 in 1977 to roughly 60,000 today; the party lost 64% of its voters and 20 deputies in the 1982 election; remaining strength is in labor, where it dominates the Workers Commissions trade union (one of the country's two major labor centrals), which claims a membership of about 1 million; experienced a modest recovery in 1986 national election, nearly doubling the share of the vote it received in 1982

Dependent areas

Ceuta, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla, Pefton de Alhucemas, Pefton de Velez de la Gomera

Elections

every four years; last held in January 1984 Political parties and leaders: Gibraltar Labor Party/Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), Sir Joshua Hassan; Democratic Party of British Gibraltar (DPBG), Peter Isola; Socialist Labor Party, Joe Bossano

parliamentary election held 22 June 1986 for four-year term; local elections for municipal and provincial councils held April 1983; regional elections staggered Political parties and leaders: principal national parties, from right to left — Popular Alliance (AP), Antonio Hernandez Mancha; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Oscar Alzaga; Liberal Party (PL), Jose Antonio Segurado; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Adolfo Suarez; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe Gonzalez Marquez; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Gerardo Iglesias; chief regional parties — Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi Pujol, in Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier Arzallus; Basque Solidarity (EA), Carlos Garaicoetxea; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon Idigoras; Basque Left (EE), Kepa Aulestia; Andalusian Party (PA), Luis Urufluela; Independent Canary Group (AIC); Aragon Regional Party (PAR); Valencian Union (UV)

national elections ordinarily held every six years; must be held more frequently if government loses confidence vote; the constitution was amended in August 1982 to permit the President to call an early presidential election Political parties and leaders: Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike; Sri Lanka Mahajana Party, Vijaya Kumaratunga; Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP; Trotskyite), C. R. de Silva; Nava Sama Samaja Party (NSSP), V. Nanayakkara; Tamil United Liberation Front, A. Amirthalingam; United National Party (UNP), J. R. Jayewardene; Communist Party/Moscow, K. P. Silva; Communist Party/Beijing, N. Shanmugathasan; Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front), M. B. Ratnayaka; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP; People's Liberation Front), Rohana Wijeweera; All-Ceylon Tamil Congress, Kumar Ponnambalam

Government leader

Junius Richard JAYEWARDENE, President (since 1978)

Government leaders

Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter TERRY, Governor and Commander in Chief (since 1985); Sir Joshua A. HASSAN, Chief Minister (1964-69 and since 1972)

JUAN CARLOS I, King (since November 1975); Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez, Prime Minister (since December 1982)

Legal system

English law; constitutional talks in July 1968; new system effected in 1969 after electoral inquiry

civil law system, with regional applications; constitution provides for rule of law, established jury system as well as independent constitutional court to rule on constitutionality of laws and serve as court of last resort in protecting liberties and rights granted in constitution; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim, and customary law; new constitution 7 September 1978 reinstituted a strong, independent judiciary; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Member of

"Andean Pact (observer), ASSIMER, Council of Europe, EC, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC — International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

ADB, ANRPC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, VVFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

24 June

Independence Day, 22 May

Official name

Gibraltar

Spanish State

Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

Other political or pressure groups

Housewives Association, Chamber of Commerce, Gibraltar Representatives Organization

on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university students

Tamil separatist groups, Buddhist clergy, Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; far-left violent revolutionary groups; labor unions

Suffrage

all adult Gibraltarians, plus other UK subjects resident six months or more

universal at age 18

universal over age 18

Type

British dependent territory

parliamentary monarchy

republic

Voting strength

(January 1984) House of the Assembly— GCL/AACR, 8 seats; Socialist Labor, 7 seats

(1986 parliamentary election in lower house — 350 seats) PSOE 44%, 184 seats; AP, PDP, and PL in coalition 26%, 105 seats (dissolution of coalition and party defections in 1986— AP 68 seats, PDP 21 seats, PL 12 seats, independent 4 seats); CDS 9%, 19 seats; Communist-led coalition 5%, 18 seats; CiU 5%, 18 seats; Basque Nationalist Party 1%, 1 seat; Popular Unity 1%, 1 seat; Basque Left 1%, 1 seat; Independent Canary Group, 0%, 1 seat; Aragon Regional Party, 0%, 1 seat; Valencian Union 0%, 1 seat; 6%, vote other, no seats

(October 1982 presidential election) UNP 52.91%, SLFP 39.07%, JVP 4.18%, All Ceylon Tamil Congress 2.67%, LSSP .9%, NSSP .27%

Agriculture

grains, citrus, fruits, vegetables; virtually self-sufficient in good crop years

agriculture accounts for about 26% of GDP; main crops — paddy, coconuts, tea, rubber

Aid

US authorizations, $1.9 billion, including Ex-Im (FY70-85); other Western bilateral (ODA and OOF), $545.0 million (1970-79)

Budget

revenues, $89 million; expenditures, $84.2 million (FY82)

revenues, $56 billion; expenditures, $67 billion; deficit, $10 billion (1985)

(1985) revenues, $1.4 billion; expenditures, $2.0 billion

Crude steel

14.2 million metric tons produced (1985), 370 kg per capita

Electric power

60,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 6,570 kWh per capita (1986)

41,120,000 kW capacity; 134,380 million kWh produced, 3,440 kWh per capita (1986)

982,000 kW capacity; 3,200 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$47.8 million (1983); principally reexports of tobacco, petroleum, and wine

$24.0 billion (f.o.b., 1985); iron and steel products, machinery, automobiles, citrus, fruits, vegetables, wine, soybean oil, feed barley, textiles, footwear

$1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1985); tea, textiles and garments, petroleum products, coconut, rubber, agricultural products, gems and jewelry, marine products

Fiscal year

calendar year

calendar year

Fishing

catch, 1,100,000 metric tons (1985)

catch 140,000 metric tons (1985 est.)

GDP

$6.3 billion, $390 per capita (1985); real growth rate 5% (1984); 50% services, 26% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 15% manufacturing, 7% construction, 2% mining and quarrying (1985)

GNP

$187.6 billion (1986 est); 70% private consumption, 13% government consumption, 17% gross fixed capital investment; 0.2% change in stocks; 2% net exports; real growth rate 2.9% (1986); 8.6% inflation (1986)

Imports

$136.8 million (1983); principally manufactured goods, fuels, and foodstuffs; 65% from UK

$28.0 billion (c.i.f., 1985); fuels (38%), machinery, chemicals, iron and steel, automobiles, corn, soybeans, coffee, tobacco, forest products, hides and skins, cotton, live cattle

$2.0 billion (c.i.f., 1985); petroleum, machinery and equipment, textiles and textile materials, wheat, transport equipment, electrical machinery, sugar, rice

Major industries

textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles

processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities; consumer goods manufacture; garment industry

Major trade partners

UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands

(1985) 42% EC, 31% less developed countries, 11% other developed countries, 11% US, 5% Communist countries

(1985) exports — US (22%), UAR, Iraq, UK, FRG, Singapore, Japan; imports — Japan, Saudi Arabia, US, India, Singapore, FRG, UK, Iran

Military transfers

US (FY70-85), $2.4 billion

Monetary conversion rate

0.70 Gibraltar pound=0.70 pound sterling=US$l (November 1986)

136.13 pesetas=US $1 (October 1986)

28.5 rupees=US$l (October 1986)

Natural resources

coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, hydroelectric power

limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates

Airfields

1 total, 1 usable with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m Gibraltar (continued)

121 total, 117 usable; 61 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Spain (continued) Sri Lanka

14 total, 12 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

Army, Navy, Air Force

Army, Air Force, Navy, Police Force, Special Police Task Force, National Auxiliary Force

Civil air

1 major transport aircraft

142 major transport aircraft

8 major transport (including 1 leased)

Highways

50 km, mostly good bitumen and concrete

150,396 km total; 82,070 km national 2,433 km limited-access divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate bituminous, concrete, or stone block; the remaining 68,326 km are provincial or local roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block)

66,176 km total (1985); 24,300 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 28,916 km crushed stone or gravel, 12,960 km improved earth or unimproved earth; in addition, several thousand km of tracks, mostly unmotorable

Inland waterways

1,045 km; of minor importance as transport arteries and contribute little to economy

430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $5.9 billion; 12.3% of the central government budget 100km Ste rc(ion.l m»p VIII */„</„„ Ocean

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $370 million, 13% of central government estimated budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 9,597,000; 7,810,000 fit for military service; 337,000 reach military age (20) annually

males 15-49, 4,262,000; 3,344,000 fit for military service; 174,000 reach military age (18) annually

Pipelines

265 km crude oil; 1,862 km refined products; 1,475 km natural gas

crude, 14 km; refined products, 55km

Ports

1 major (Gibraltar)

23 major, 175 minor

3 major, 9 minor

Railroads

1.000-meter gauge system in dockyard area only

15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km 1.668-meter gauge, 6,050 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track; FEVE (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km of predominantly 1. 000-meter gauge and 441 km electrified; privately owned railways operate 918 km of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double track

1,868 km total (1985); all 1.868meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no electrification; government owned

Telecommunications

generally adequate, modern facilities; 14.4 million telephones (34.5 per 100 popl.); 193 AM, 406 FM, 1,500 TV stations; 22 coaxial submarine cables; 2 satellite stations with total of 6 antennas Defense Forces

good international service; 106,500 (est.) telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 12 AM, 3 FM, and 1 TV stations; submarine cables extend to Indonesia, Djibouti, India; 1 satellite ground station Defense Forces