2018 Edition

Background

Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. Ghana endured a series of coups before Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS took power in 1981 and banned political parties. After approving a new constitution and restoring multiparty politics in 1992, RAWLINGS won presidential elections in 1992 and 1996 but was constitutionally prevented from running for a third term in 2000. John KUFUOR of the opposition New Patriotic Party (NPP) succeeded him and was reelected in 2004. John Atta MILLS of the National Democratic Congress won the 2008 presidential election and took over as head of state, but he died in July 2012 and was constitutionally succeeded by his vice president, John Dramani MAHAMA, who subsequently won the December 2012 presidential election. In 2016, however, Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO of the NPP defeated MAHAMA, marking the third time that the Ghana’s presidency has changed parties since the return to democracy.

Area

land

227,533 sq km

total

238,533 sq km

water

11,000 sq km

Area Comparative

slightly smaller than Oregon

Climate

tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north

Coastline

539 km

Elevation

elevation extremes

0 m lowest point: Atlantic Ocean

mean elevation

190 m

note

885 highest point: Mount Afadjato

Environment Current Issues

recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction threaten wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water

Environment International Agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Marine Life Conservation

Geographic Coordinates

8 00 N, 2 00 W

Geography Note

Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake (manmade reservoir) by surface area (8,482 sq km; 3,275 sq mi); the lake was created following the completion of the Akosombo Dam in 1965, which holds back the White Volta and Black Volta Rivers

Irrigated Land

340 sq km (2012)

Land Boundaries

border countries (3)

Burkina Faso 602 km, Cote d'Ivoire 720 km, Togo 1098 km

total

2,420 km

Land Use

arable land: 20.7% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 11.9% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 36.5% (2011 est.)

agricultural land

69.1% (2011 est.)

forest

21.2% (2011 est.)

other

9.7% (2011 est.)

Location

Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo

Map References

Africa

Maritime Claims

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200 nm

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural Hazards

dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds from January to March; droughts

Natural Resources

gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone

Population Distribution

population is concentrated in the southern half of the country, with the highest concentrations being on or near the Atlantic coast

Terrain

mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area

Age Structure

0-14 years

37.83% (male 5,344,146 /female 5,286,383)

15-24 years

18.61% (male 2,600,390 /female 2,629,660)

25-54 years

34.21% (male 4,663,234 /female 4,950,888)

55-64 years

5.05% (male 690,327 /female 727,957)

65 years and over

4.3% (male 557,155 /female 652,331) (2018 est.)

Birth Rate

30.2 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Children Under The Age Of 5 Years Underweight

11% (2014)

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

33% (2017)

Death Rate

6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Demographic Profile

Ghana has a young age structure, with approximately 57% of the population under the age of 25. Its total fertility rate fell significantly during the 1980s and 1990s but has stalled at around four children per woman for the last few years. Fertility remains higher in the northern region than the Greater Accra region. On average, desired fertility has remained stable for several years; urban dwellers want fewer children than rural residents. Increased life expectancy, due to better health care, nutrition, and hygiene, and reduced fertility have increased Ghana’s share of elderly persons; Ghana’s proportion of persons aged 60+ is among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. Poverty has declined in Ghana, but it remains pervasive in the northern region, which is susceptible to droughts and floods and has less access to transportation infrastructure, markets, fertile farming land, and industrial centers. The northern region also has lower school enrollment, higher illiteracy, and fewer opportunities for women.Ghana was a country of immigration in the early years after its 1957 independence, attracting labor migrants largely from Nigeria and other neighboring countries to mine minerals and harvest cocoa – immigrants composed about 12% of Ghana’s population in 1960. In the late 1960s, worsening economic and social conditions discouraged immigration, and hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mostly Nigerians, were expelled.During the 1970s, severe drought and an economic downturn transformed Ghana into a country of emigration; neighboring Cote d’Ivoire was the initial destination. Later, hundreds of thousands of Ghanaians migrated to Nigeria to work in its booming oil industry, but most were deported in 1983 and 1985 as oil prices plummeted. Many Ghanaians then turned to more distant destinations, including other parts of Africa, Europe, and North America, but the majority continued to migrate within West Africa. Since the 1990s, increased emigration of skilled Ghanaians, especially to the US and the UK, drained the country of its health care and education professionals. Internally, poverty and other developmental disparities continue to drive Ghanaians from the north to the south, particularly to its urban centers.

Dependency Ratios

elderly dependency ratio

5.9 (2015 est.)

potential support ratio

17.1 (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

73 (2015 est.)

youth dependency ratio

67.1 (2015 est.)

Drinking Water Source

improved: urban: 92.6% of population

rural: 84% of population

total: 88.7% of population

unimproved: urban: 7.4% of population

rural: 16% of population

total: 11.3% of population (2015 est.)

Education Expenditures

6.2% of GDP (2014)

Ethnic Groups

Akan 47.5%, Mole-Dagbon 16.6%, Ewe 13.9%, Ga-Dangme 7.4%, Gurma 5.7%, Guan 3.7%, Grusi 2.5%, Mande 1.1%, other 1.4% (2010 est.)

Health Expenditures

3.6% of GDP (2014)

Hiv Aids Adult Prevalence Rate

1.7% (2017 est.)

Hiv Aids Deaths

16,000 (2017 est.)

Hiv Aids People Living With Hiv Aids

310,000 (2017 est.)

Hospital Bed Density

0.9 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Infant Mortality Rate

female

30.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

male

38 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

total

34.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Languages

Asante 16%, Ewe 14%, Fante 11.6%, Boron (Brong) 4.9%, Dagomba 4.4%, Dangme 4.2%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.9%, Kokomba 3.5%, Akyem 3.2%, Ga 3.1%, other 31.2% (2010 est.)

note

English is the official language

Life Expectancy At Birth

female

70 years (2018 est.)

male

64.9 years (2018 est.)

total population

67.4 years (2018 est.)

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

female

71.4% (2015 est.)

male

82% (2015 est.)

total population

76.6% (2015 est.)

Major Infectious Diseases

animal contact diseases

rabies (2016)

degree of risk

very high (2016)

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever (2016)

respiratory diseases

meningococcal meningitis (2016)

vectorborne diseases

malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever (2016)

water contact diseases

schistosomiasis (2016)

Major Urban Areas Population

3.065 million Kumasi, 2.439 million ACCRA (capital), 855,000 Sekondi Takoradi (2018)

Maternal Mortality Rate

319 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Median Age

female

21.7 years (2018 est.)

male

20.7 years

total

21.2 years

Mother S Mean Age At First Birth

22.3 years (2017 est.)

note

median age at first birth among women 25-29

Nationality

adjective

Ghanaian

noun

Ghanaian(s)

Net Migration Rate

-1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Obesity Adult Prevalence Rate

10.9% (2016)

Physicians Density

0.1 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population

28,102,471 (July 2018 est.)

note

estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

Population Growth Rate

2.16% (2018 est.)

Religions

Christian 71.2% (Pentecostal/Charismatic 28.3%, Protestant 18.4%, Catholic 13.1%, other 11.4%), Muslim 17.6%, traditional 5.2%, other 0.8%, none 5.2% (2010 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

improved: urban: 20.2% of population (2015 est.)

rural: 8.6% of population (2015 est.)

total: 14.9% of population (2015 est.)

unimproved: urban: 79.8% of population (2015 est.)

rural: 91.4% of population (2015 est.)

total: 85.1% of population (2015 est.)

School Life Expectancy Primary To Tertiary Education

female

12 years (2015)

male

12 years (2015)

total

12 years (2015)

Sex Ratio

0-14 years

1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

15-24 years

0.99 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

25-54 years

0.94 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

55-64 years

0.95 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

65 years and over

0.86 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

at birth

1.02 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

total population

0.97 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Total Fertility Rate

3.96 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Unemployment Youth Ages 15 24

female

14.6% (2015 est.)

male

15.8% (2015 est.)

total

15.2% (2015 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

3.34% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

urban population

56.1% of total population (2018)

Administrative Divisions

10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western

Capital

geographic coordinates

5 33 N, 0 13 W

name

Accra

time difference

UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent or grandparent must be a citizen of Ghana

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

Constitution

amendments

proposed by Parliament; consideration requires prior referral to the Council of State, a body of prominent citizens who advise the president of the republic; passage of amendments to "entrenched" constitutional articles (including those on national sovereignty, fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and authorities of the branches of government, and amendment procedures) requires approval in a referendum by at least 40% participation of eligible voters and at least 75% of votes cast, followed by at least two-thirds majority vote in Parliament, and assent by the president; amendments to non-entrenched articles do not require referenda; amended 1996 (2017)

history

several previous; latest drafted 31 March 1992, approved and promulgated 28 April 1992, entered into force 7 January 1993 (2017)

Country Name

conventional long form

Republic of Ghana

conventional short form

Ghana

etymology

named for the medieval West African kingdom of the same name, but whose location was actually further north than the modern country

former

Gold Coast

Diplomatic Representation From The Us

chief of mission

Ambassador Robert P. JACKSON (since 4 February 2016)

embassy

24 Fourth Circular Rd., Cantonments, Accra

FAX

[233] 030-274-1389

mailing address

P.O. Box 194, Accra

telephone

[233] 030-274-1000

Diplomatic Representation In The Us

chancery

3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Barfour ADJEI-BARWUAH (since 21 July 2017)

consulate(s) general

New York

FAX

[1] (202) 686-4527

telephone

[1] (202) 686-4520

Executive Branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers; nominated by the president, approved by Parliament

chief of state

President Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (since 7 January 2017); Vice President Mahamudu BAWUMIA (since 7 January 2017); the president is both chief of state and head of government

election results

Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (NPP) 53.7%, John Dramani MAHAMA (NDC) 44.5%, other 1.8%

elections/appointments

president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 December 2016 (next to be held in December 2020)

head of government

President Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (since 7 January 2017); Vice President Mahamudu BAWUMIA (since 7 January 2017)

Flag Description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence, yellow represents the country's mineral wealth, while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedom

note

uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band

Government Type

presidential republic

Independence

6 March 1957 (from the UK)

International Law Organization Participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International Organization Participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial Branch

highest courts

Supreme Court (consists of a chief justice and 12 justices)

judge selection and term of office

chief justice appointed by the president in consultation with the Council of State (a small advisory body of prominent citizens) and with the approval of Parliament; other justices appointed by the president upon the advice of the Judicial Council (an 18-member independent body of judicial, military and police officials, and presidential nominees) and on the advice of the Council of State; justices can retire at age 60, with compulsory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts

Court of Appeal; High Court; Circuit Court; District Court; regional tribunals

Legal System

mixed system of English common law and customary law

Legislative Branch

description

unicameral Parliament (275 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party - NPP 54%, NDC 44%, other 2%; seats by party - NPP 171, NDC 104

elections

last held on 7 December 2016 (next to be held in December 2020)

National Anthem

lyrics/music

unknown/Philip GBEHO

name

God Bless Our Homeland Ghana

note

music adopted 1957, lyrics adopted 1966; the lyrics were changed twice, in 1960 when a republic was declared and after a 1966 coup

National Holiday

Independence Day, 6 March (1957)

National Symbol S

black star, golden eagle; national colors: red, yellow, green, black

Political Parties And Leaders

note

Ghana has more than 20 registered parties; included are 5 of the more popular parties as of May 2017

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture Products

cocoa, rice, cassava (manioc, tapioca), peanuts, corn, shea nuts, bananas; timber

Budget

expenditures

12.36 billion (2017 est.)

revenues

9.544 billion (2017 est.)

Budget Surplus Or Deficit

-6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Central Bank Discount Rate

20% (31 December 2017)

25.5% (31 December 2016)

Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate

30.35% (31 December 2017 est.)

31.26% (31 December 2016 est.)

Current Account Balance

-$2.131 billion (2017 est.)

-$2.86 billion (2016 est.)

Debt External

$22.14 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$16.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Distribution Of Family Income Gini Index

note

42.3 (2012-13) 41.9 (2005-06)

Economy Overview

Ghana has a market-based economy with relatively few policy barriers to trade and investment in comparison with other countries in the region, and Ghana is endowed with natural resources. Ghana's economy was strengthened by a quarter century of relatively sound management, a competitive business environment, and sustained reductions in poverty levels, but in recent years has suffered the consequences of loose fiscal policy, high budget and current account deficits, and a depreciating currency.Agriculture accounts for about 20% of GDP and employs more than half of the workforce, mainly small landholders. Gold, oil, and cocoa exports, and individual remittances, are major sources of foreign exchange. Expansion of Ghana’s nascent oil industry has boosted economic growth, but the fall in oil prices since 2015 reduced by half Ghana’s oil revenue. Production at Jubilee, Ghana's first commercial offshore oilfield, began in mid-December 2010. Production from two more fields, TEN and Sankofa, started in 2016 and 2017 respectively. The country’s first gas processing plant at Atuabo is also producing natural gas from the Jubilee field, providing power to several of Ghana’s thermal power plants.As of 2018, key economic concerns facing the government include the lack of affordable electricity, lack of a solid domestic revenue base, and the high debt burden. The AKUFO-ADDO administration has made some progress by committing to fiscal consolidation, but much work is still to be done. Ghana signed a $920 million extended credit facility with the IMF in April 2015 to help it address its growing economic crisis. The IMF fiscal targets require Ghana to reduce the deficit by cutting subsidies, decreasing the bloated public sector wage bill, strengthening revenue administration, boosting tax revenues, and improving the health of Ghana’s banking sector. Priorities for the new administration include rescheduling some of Ghana’s $31 billion debt, stimulating economic growth, reducing inflation, and stabilizing the currency. Prospects for new oil and gas production and follow through on tighter fiscal management are likely to help Ghana’s economy in 2018.

Exchange Rates

cedis (GHC) per US dollar -

4.385 (2017 est.)

3.909 (2016 est.)

3.909 (2015 est.)

3.712 (2014 est.)

2.895 (2013 est.)

Exports

$13.84 billion (2017 est.)

$11.14 billion (2016 est.)

Exports Commodities

oil, gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore, diamonds, horticultural products

Exports Partners

India 23.8%, UAE 13.4%, China 10.8%, Switzerland 10.1%, Vietnam 5.2%, Burkina Faso 4% (2017)

Fiscal Year

calendar year

Gdp Composition By End Use

exports of goods and services

43% (2017 est.)

government consumption

8.6% (2017 est.)

household consumption

80.1% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services

-46.5% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital

13.7% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories

1.1% (2017 est.)

Gdp Composition By Sector Of Origin

agriculture

18.3% (2017 est.)

industry

24.5% (2017 est.)

services

57.2% (2017 est.)

Gdp Official Exchange Rate

$47.02 billion (2017 est.) (2017 est.)

Gdp Per Capita Ppp

$4,700 (2017 est.)

$4,500 (2016 est.)

$4,400 (2015 est.)

note

data are in 2017 dollars

Gdp Purchasing Power Parity

$134 billion (2017 est.)

$123.6 billion (2016 est.)

$119.2 billion (2015 est.)

note

data are in 2017 dollars

Gdp Real Growth Rate

8.4% (2017 est.)

3.7% (2016 est.)

3.8% (2015 est.)

Gross National Saving

9% of GDP (2017 est.)

7.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

9% of GDP (2015 est.)

Household Income Or Consumption By Percentage Share

highest 10%

32.8% (2006)

lowest 10%

32.8% (2006)

Imports

$12.65 billion (2017 est.)

$12.91 billion (2016 est.)

Imports Commodities

capital equipment, refined petroleum, foodstuffs

Imports Partners

China 16.8%, US 8%, UK 6.2%, Belgium 5.9%, India 4.1% (2017)

Industrial Production Growth Rate

16.7% (2017 est.)

Industries

mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food processing, cement, small commercial ship building, petroleum

Inflation Rate Consumer Prices

12.4% (2017 est.)

17.5% (2016 est.)

Labor Force

12.49 million (2017 est.)

Labor Force By Occupation

agriculture

44.7%

industry

14.4%

services

40.9% (2013 est.)

Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares

$13.41 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$13.48 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$15.11 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Population Below Poverty Line

24.2% (2013 est.)

Public Debt

71.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

73.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Reserves Of Foreign Exchange And Gold

$7.555 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$6.162 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock Of Broad Money

$7.018 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$6.472 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment Abroad

$16.62 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

$109 million (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment At Home

$19.85 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

$118 million (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock Of Domestic Credit

$14.25 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$13.67 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock Of Narrow Money

$7.018 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$6.472 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Taxes And Other Revenues

20.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment Rate

11.9% (2015 est.)

5.2% (2013 est.)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption Of Energy

13.67 million Mt (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Exports

104,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Imports

6,220 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Production

151,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Proved Reserves

660 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity Access

electrification - rural areas

50% (2013)

electrification - total population

72% (2013)

electrification - urban areas

92% (2013)

population without electricity

7.3 million (2013)

Electricity Consumption

9.363 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Exports

187 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity From Fossil Fuels

58% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity From Hydroelectric Plants

42% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Nuclear Fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Other Renewable Sources

1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity Imports

511 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Installed Generating Capacity

3.801 million kW (2016 est.)

Electricity Production

12.52 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Natural Gas Consumption

1.232 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Imports

317.4 million cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Production

914.4 million cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Proved Reserves

22.65 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Consumption

90,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Exports

2,654 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Imports

85,110 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Production

2,073 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

less than 1 (2017 est.)

total

56,810 (2017 est.)

Broadcast Media

state-owned TV station, 2 state-owned radio networks; several privately owned TV stations and a large number of privately owned radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are accessible; several cable and satellite TV subscription services are obtainable (2007)

Internet Country Code

.gh

Internet Users

percent of population

34.7% (July 2016 est.)

total

9,328,018 (July 2016 est.)

Telephone System

domestic

fixed-line 1 per 100 subscriptions; competition among multiple mobile-cellular providers has spurred growth with a subscribership of more than 140 per 100 persons and rising (2017)

general assessment

primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop has been installed; 2019 to bring universal access licences; government invested in fibre infrastructure; one of the most active mobile markets in Africa (2017)

international

country code - 233; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC, Main One, and GLO-1 fiber-optic submarine cables that provide connectivity to South Africa, Europe, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftel system connects Ghana to its neighbors (2016)

Telephones Fixed Lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

1 (2017 est.)

total subscriptions

301,551 (2017 est.)

Telephones Mobile Cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

134 (2017 est.)

total subscriptions

36,751,761 (2017 est.)

Airports

10 (2013)

Airports With Paved Runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

3 (2017)

2,438 to 3,047 m

1 (2017)

914 to 1,523 m

2 (2017)

over 3,047 m

1 (2017)

total

7 (2017)

Airports With Unpaved Runways

914 to 1,523 m

3 (2013)

total

3 (2013)

Civil Aircraft Registration Country Code Prefix

9G (2016)

Merchant Marine

by type

general cargo 6, oil tanker 2, other 36 (2017)

total

44 (2017)

National Air Transport System

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

844,630 mt-km (2015)

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

390,457 (2015)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

8 (2015)

number of registered air carriers

4 (2015)

Pipelines

394 km gas, 20 km oil, 361 km refined products (2013)

Ports And Terminals

major seaport(s)

Takoradi, Tema

Railways

narrow gauge

947 km 1.067-m gauge (2014)

total

947 km (2014)

Roadways

paved

13,787 km (2009)

total

109,515 km (2009)

unpaved

95,728 km (2009)

Waterways

1,293 km (168 km for launches and lighters on Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers; 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways on Lake Volta) (2011)

Military Branches

Ghana Army, Ghana Navy, Ghana Air Force (2012)

Military Expenditures

0.4% of GDP (2017)

0.38% of GDP (2016)

0.52% of GDP (2015)

0.68% of GDP (2014)

0.53% of GDP (2013)

Military Service Age And Obligation

18-26 years of age for voluntary military service, with basic education certificate; no conscription; must be HIV/AIDS negative (2012)

Disputes International

disputed maritime border between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire

Illicit Drugs

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to a lesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and the US; widespread crime and money-laundering problem, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center; significant domestic cocaine and cannabis use

Refugees And Internally Displaced Persons

refugees (country of origin)

6,623 (Cote d'Ivoire) (flight from 2010 post-election fighting) (2018)

Trafficking In Persons

current situation

Ghana is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the trafficking of Ghanians, particularly children, internally is more common than the trafficking of foreign nationals; Ghanian children are subjected to forced labor in fishing, domestic service, street hawking, begging, portering, mining, quarrying, herding, and agriculture, with girls, and to a lesser extent boys, forced into prostitution; Ghanian women, sometimes lured with legitimate job offers, and girls are sex trafficked in West Africa, the Middle East, and Europe; Ghanian men fraudulently recruited for work in the Middle East are subjected to forced labor or prostitution, and a few Ghanian adults have been identified as victims of false labor in the US; women and girls from Vietnam, China, and neighboring West African countries are sex trafficked in Ghana; the country is also a transit point for sex trafficking from West Africa to Europe

tier rating

Tier 2 Watch List - Ghana does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; Ghana continued to investigate and prosecute trafficking offenses but was unable to ramp up its anti-trafficking efforts in 2014 because the government failed to provide law enforcement or protection agencies with operating budgets; victim protection efforts decreased in 2014, with significantly fewer victims identified; most child victims were referred to NGO-run facilities, but care for adults was lacking because the government did not provide any support to the country’s Human Trafficking Fund for victim services or its two shelters; anti-trafficking prevention measures increased modestly, including reconvening of the Human Trafficking Management Board, public awareness campaigns on child labor and trafficking, and anti-trafficking TV and radio programs (2015)