1988 Edition

Airfields

1 total, 1 usable with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m

Boundary disputes

it is US policy that the final borders of Germany have not been established

it is US policy that the final borders of Germany have not been established

Branches

Army, paramilitary Gendarmerie

Civil air

no major transport aircraft

Climate

temperate; cloudy, cold winters with frequent rain and snow; cool, wet summers

temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm, tropical foehn wind

tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest, hot and dry in north

Coastline

901 km

1,488 km

539 km

Comparative area

about the size of Virginia

about the size of Wyoming

slightly smaller than Oregon

Continental shelf

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

100 fathoms or to depth of exploitation

Environment

significant deforestation due to air pollution, acid rain

air and water pollution

recent drought in north severely affecting marginal agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; dry, northeasterly harmattan wind (January to March)

Ethnic divisions

primarily German; Danish minority

99.8% black African (major tribes Akan, Ewe, Ga), 0.2% European and other

Exclusive fishing zone

200 nm

200 nm

Highways

3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km unimproved earth

Infant mortality rate

11/1,000 (1983)

97/1,000 (1983)

Inland waterways

400 km

Labor force

27.8 million, including armed forces (est. avg. 1985); 41.6% industry, 34.7% services and other, 18.2% trade and transport, 5.4% agriculture; 9.0% unemployment (1986)

3.7 million; 54.7% agriculture and fishing; 18.7% industry; 15.2% sales and clerical; 7.7% services, transportation, and communications; 3.7% professional; 400,000 unemployed

Land boundaries

2,309 km total

4,232 km total

2,285 km total

Land use

45% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 12% meadows and pastures; 28% forest and woodland; 12% other; includes 2% irrigated

30% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 19% meadows and pastures; 30% forest and woodland; 20% other; includes 1% irrigated

5% arable land; 7% permanent crops; 15% meadows and pastures; 37% forest and woodland; 36% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

Language

German

English (official); African languages include 44% Akan, 16% MoleDagbani, 13% Ewe, and 8% Ga-Adangbe

Life expectancy

men 67.2, women 73.4

49

Literacy

99%

30%

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $2.4 million; 6.2% of central government budget; includes fire and police expenditures So The final borders Germany have not been established Sec regional map V

Military manpower

males 15-49, 166,000; 83,000 fit for military service

Nationality

noun — German(s); adjective — German

noun — Ghanaian(s); adjective — Ghanaian Ghana (continued)

Organized labor

9.3 million total, 7.76 million in German Trade Union Federation (DGB); union membership constitutes about 40% of union-eligible labor force, 34% of total labor force, and 35% of wage and salary earners (1986)

467,000 (about 13% of labor force)

Population

60,989,419, including West Berlin (July 1987), average annual growth rate -0.03%

13,948,925 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.89%

Ports

1 major (Banjul)

Religion

45% Roman Catholic, 44% Protestant, 11% other

38% indigenous beliefs, 30% Muslim, 24% Christian, 8% other

Special notes

strategic location on Northern European Plain and near entrance to Baltic Sea; West Berlin is an enclave (about 100 km from FRG)

separated from GDR by a highly secured strip that extends entire length of frontier; West Berlin is an exclave (about 100 km from FRG)

Lake Volta is world's largest artificial lake

Telecommunications

adequate network of radio-relay and wire; 3,500 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 2 FM, 3 AM , 1 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces

Terrain

mostly flat plain with hills and mountains in south

lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south

mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area

Territorial sea

12 nm

3 nm (extends, at one point, to 16 nm in the Helgolander Bucht)

200 nm

Total area

108,330 km2; land area: 105,980 km2

248,580 km2; land area: 244,280 km2 (including West Berlin)

238,540 km2; land area: 230,020 km2

Ethnic divisions

99.7% German, 0.3% Slavic and other

Infant mortality rate

9.6/1,000 (1985)

Labor force

8.937 million; 37.9% industry, 21.0% services, 10.2% commerce, 10.8% agriculture and forestry, 7.4% transport and communications, 6.8% construction, 3.1% handicrafts, 2.8% other (1985)

Language

German, Serbian

Life expectancy

men 69.6, women 75.4 (1984)

Literacy

99%

Nationality

noun — German(s); adjective — German

Organized labor

87.7% of total labor force

Population

16,610,265, including East Berlin (July 1987), average annual growth rate -0.10%

Religion

47% Protestant, 7% Roman Catholic, 46% unaffiliated or other; less than 5% of Protestants and about 25% of Roman Catholics active participants

Administrative divisions

(excluding East Berlin) 14 districts (Bezirke), 218 counties (Kreise), 7,570 communities (Gemeinden)

10 lander (states); Western sectors of Berlin are ultimately controlled by US, UK, and France; Eastern sector by USSR; the four countries share special rights and responsibilities in Berlin

8 administrative regions and separate Greater Accra Area; regions subdivided into 58 districts and 267 local administrative districts

Branches

unicameral legislature (People's Chamber — Volkskammer, elected directly); executive (Council of State, Council of Ministers); judiciary (Supreme Court); entire structure dominated by Socialist Unity (Communist) Party

bicameral parliament — Bundesrat (Federal Council, upper house), Bundestag (National Assembly, lower house); President (titular head of state), Chancellor (executive head of government); independent judiciary

executive authority vested in seven-member Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC); on 21 January 1982 PNDC appointed secretaries to head most ministries

Capital

East Berlin (not officially recognized by US, UK, and France, which together with the USSR have special rights and responsibilities in Berlin)

Bonn

Accra

Communists

2.195 million party members (1986)

about 40,000 members and supporters

a small number of Communists and sympathizers

Elections

national every five years; prepared by an electoral commission of the National Front; ballot supposed to be secret and voters permitted to strike names off ballot; more candidates than offices available; parliamentary election held 8 June 1986; local elections held 6 May 1984 Political parties and leaders: Socialist Unity (Communist) Party of Germany (SED), headed by General Secretary Erich Honecker, dominates the regime; four token parties (Christian Democratic Union, National Democratic Party, Liberal Democratic Party, and Democratic Peasants' Party) and an amalgam of special interest organizations participate with the SED in National Front

national election generally held every four years; last held on 25 January 1987; next scheduled for 1991 Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut Kohl, Heiner Geissler, Walter Wallmann, Gerhard Stoltenberg, Ernst Albrecht, Alfred Dregger, Lothar Spaeth; Christian Social Union (CSU), Franz-Josef Strauss, Gerold Tandler, Friedrich Zimmermann, Theo Waigel; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Martin Bangemann, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Wolfgang Mischnick, Helmut Haussmann; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Hans-Jochen Vogel, Johannes Rau, Horst Ehmke, Egon Bahr, Oskar Lafontaine; National Democratic Party (NPD), Martin Mussgnug; Communist Party (DKP), Herbert Mies; Green Party (Greens), Rainer Trampert, Otto Schily, Lukas Beckmann, Joschka Fischer, Jutta Ditfurth, Thomas Ebermann

none scheduled since 1981 coup Political parties and leaders: political parties outlawed after 31 December 1981 coup

Government leader

Fit. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry John RAWLINGS, Chairman of PNDC (since December 1981)

Government leaders

Erich HONECKER, Chairman, Council of State (Head of State; since October 1976); Willi STOPH, Chairman, Council of Ministers (Premier; since October 1976)

Richard von WEIZSACKER, President (since July 1984); Dr. Helmut KOHL, Chancellor (since October 1982)

Legal system

civil law system modified by Communist legal theory; new constitution adopted 1974; court system parallels administrative divisions; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; more stringent penal code adopted in 1968 and amended in 1974 and 1979

civil law system with indigenous concepts; constitution adopted 1949; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Member of

CEMA, IAEA, ICES, ILO, IMO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EIB, ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

AfDB, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, World Confederation of Labor, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

Foundation of German Democratic Republic, 7 October

Independence Day, 6 March

Official name

German Democratic Republic

Federal Republic of Germany

Republic of Ghana

Other political or pressure groups

expellee, refugee, and veterans groups

Other special interest groups

Free German Youth, Free German Trade Union Federation, Democratic Women's League, Cultural League of the German Democratic Republic (all Communist dominated)

Suffrage

all citizens age 18 and over

universal over age 18

Type

Communist state

federal republic

military; 31 December 1981 coup ended two-year-old civilian government, suspended constitution and political activity

Voting strength

1986 parliamentary elections and 1984 local elections; over 99% voted the regime slate

(1987 election) 44.3% CDU/CSU, 37.0% SPD, 9.1% FDP, 8.3% Greens, 1.3% other

Agriculture

food deficit area; potatoes, rye, wheat, barley, oats

grains, potatoes, sugar beets; 75% self-sufficient

main crop — cocoa; others — root crops, corn, sorghum, millet, coffee, peanuts; not self-sufficient but has that potential

Aid

donor — ODA and OOF economic aid commitments (1970-84), $43.4 billion

Budget

revenues, $80.3 billion; federal government expenditures, $88. 1 billion; deficit, $7.8 billion (1985)

revenues, $1.8 billion; expenditures and net lending, $3.5 billion (1981/82)

Crude steel

7.9 million metric tons produced, 471 kg per capita (1985)

60 million metric tons capacity (est); 37.1 million metric tons produced, 610 kg per capita (1986)

Electric power

(including East Berlin) 23,704,000 kW capacity; 118,000 million kWh produced, 7,070 kWh per capita (1986)

(including West Berlin) 99,670,000 kW capacity; 414,000 million kWh produced, 6,820 kWh per capita (1986)

1,200,000 kW capacity; 3,680 million kWh produced, 270 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$23.9 billion (f.o.b., 1985 est.)

$174 billion (f.o.b., 1985); manufactures 85% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 6%, fuels 3%, raw materials 3%, other 3%

$617 million (f.o.b., 1985); cocoa (about 60%), wood, gold, diamonds, manganese, bauxite, aluminum (aluminum regularly excluded from balance-ofpayments data)

Fiscal year

calendar year

calendar year

calendar year

Fishing

catch 264,900 metric tons (1985)

catch 293,170 metric tons, $112.1 million; exports $192 million, imports $589 million (1984)

catch 241,000 metric tons (1982)

GNP

$174.7 billion, $10,400 per capita; growth rate 2.4% (1985)

$628.2 billion, $10,300 per capita; 56.4% private consumption, 19.4% investment, 19.8% public consumption, 3.9% net foreign balance; real growth rate 2.5%; average annual exchange rate DM2.94=US$1 (1985) Ghana

$10.5 billion; real growth rate -7.2% (1982 est.)

Imports

$22.2 billion (f.o.b., 1985 est.)

$145.4 billion (f.o.b., 1985); manufactures 56%, fuels 20%, agricultural products 12%, raw materials 9%, other 3%

$731 million (c.i.f., 1985); textiles and other manufactured goods, food, fuels, transport equipment

Major industries

metal fabrication, chemicals, light industry, brown coal, shipbuilding

among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, ships, vehicles, machine tools

mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, fishing, aluminum

Major trade partners

66.1% Socialist countries, 29.4% developed West, 4.5% less developed countries (1985)

(1984) EC 47.8% (France 11.6%, Netherlands 10.3%, UK 8%, Italy 7.8%, Belgium-Luxembourg 6.8%), other Europe 16.7%, less developed countries 14.5%, US 8.4%, Communist 6.5%, OPEC 5.7%

UK, EC, US

Monetary conversion rate

1.95 marks=US$l (January 1987)

2.03 marks=US$l (November 1986)

90.09 cedis=US$l (November 1986)

Natural resources

lignite coal, potash, uranium, copper, natural gas

iron, coal, potash

gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish

Shortages

grain, vegetables, vegetable oil, beef, coking coal, coke, crude oil, rolled steel products, nonferrous metals

fats and oils, pulses, tropical products, sugar, cotton, wool, rubber, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, nonferrous metals, sulfur

Airfields

185 total; 48 with runways 2,500 m or longer

479 total, 440 usable; 237 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 34 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

10 total, 9 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

National People's Army, Border Troops, Ministry of State Security Guard Regiment, Air and Air Defense Command, People's Navy

Army, Navy, Air Force

Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Palace Guard, paramilitary People's Militia

Civil air

45 major transport aircraft

194 major transport aircraft

4 major transport aircraft

Freight carried

rail — 349 million metric tons, 58.8 billion metric tons/km; highway— 558 million metric tons, 14.0 billion metric tons/km; waterway — 16.2 million metric tons, 2.84 billion metric tons/km (excluding international transit traffic) (1985)

Highways

120,314 km total; 47,261 km concrete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1,913 km are autobahn and limited access roads, 11,251 are trunk roads, and 34,097 are regional roads; 75,053 municipal roads (1984)

466,305 km total; 169,568 km classified, includes 6,435 km autobahn, 32,460 km national highways (Bundesstrassen), 65,425 km state highways (Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads (Kreisstrassen); 296,737 km of unclassified communal roads (Gemeindestrassen)

32,250 km total; 6,084 km concrete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel, laterite, and improved earth surfaces

Inland waterways

2,319 km (1984)

5,222 km, of which almost 70% usable by craft of 990-metric ton capacity or larger

Volta, Ankobra, and Tano rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for launches and lighters; Lake Volta reservoir provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways

Military budget

announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, 14.0 billion marks; 5.8% of total budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $27.1 billion; 22.98% of the proposed central government budget See regional mip VII

for fiscal year ending 30 June 1984, $64.4 million; 8% of central government budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 4,263,000; 3,419,000 fit for military service; 108,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 16,251,000; 14,090,000 fit for military service; 391,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 3,203,000; 1,797,000 fit for military service; 162,000 reach military age (18) annually

Pipelines

oil, 1,301 km; refined products, 500 km; natural gas 2,000 km

crude oil, 2,343 km; refined products, 3,389 km; natural gas, 95,414 km

3 km (refined products)

Ports

4 major (Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz), 13 minor; principal inland waterway ports are East Berlin, Riesa, Magdeburg, and Eisenhuttenstadt

9 major, 3 secondary, 15 minor

2 major (Tema, Takoradi)

Railroads

14,226 km total; 13,941 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 285 km 1.000-meter or other narrow gauge, 3,830 (est.) km 1.435-meter double track standard gauge; 2,321 km overhead electrified (1984)

31,800 km total; 27,778 km 1.435-meter government owned, standard gauge, 12,491 km double track; 11,396 km electrified; 4,022 km nongovernment owned; 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 214 km electrified, 424 km 1.000meter gauge; 186 km electrified

953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; diesel locomotives gradually replacing steam engines

Telecommunications

23 AM, 17 FM, 13 TV stations; 15 Soviet TV relays; 6,015,400 TV sets; 6,509,932 receiver sets; at least 1 satellite ground station Defense Forces

highly developed, modern telecommunication service to all parts of the country; fully adequate in all respects; 37.9 million telephones (62.1 per 100 popl.); 80 AM, 472 FM, and 6,200 TV stations (including repeaters); 6 submarine coaxial cables; 3 satellite stations with total of 10 antennas Defense Forces

fair system of open-wire and cable, radio-relay links; 68,900 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 9 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station Defense Forces