1984 Edition

Agriculture

70% of agricultural area used for permanent hay and pasture; main products— livestock and dairy products, turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; 85% self-sufficient; food shortages — grains, fruits, vegetables

mixed farming, dairy products, and wine

Airfields

40 total, 36 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,2202,439 m

Area

70,282 km2; 51% meadow and pasture; 27% waste or urban; 17% arable; 3% forest; 2% inland water

2,586 km'; 43.9% arable; 33% forest; 27% meadow and pasture; 15% waste or urban; negligible inland water

Branches

elected President; bicameral parliament (Seanad, Dail) reflecting proportional and vocational representation; judiciary appointed by President on advice of government

Army, Naval Service, Army Air Corps

parliamentary democracy; seven ministers compose Council of Government headed by President, which constitutes the executive; it is responsible to the unicameral legislature (Chamber of Deputies); the Council of State, appointed for indefinite term, exercises some powers of an upper house; judicial power exercised by independent courts; coalition governments are usual

Budget

(1982) $10.253 billion expenditures, $7.325 billion revenues, $2.928 billion deficit

(1982 prov.) revenues $1.31 billion, expenditures $1.35 billion, deficit $39.5 million; (1983 proj.) revenues $1.226 billion, expenditures $1.338 billion, deficit $13.1 million (1982)

Capital

Dublin

Luxembourg

Civil air

23 major transport aircraft

Coastline

1,448 km People

Communists

under 500

500 party members (1981)

Crude steel

66,000 metric tons produced in

4.6 million metric tons produced (1980), 14 metric tons per capita; 6.4 metric ton capacity (1981)

Elections

Dail (lower house) elected every five years — last election November 1982; President elected for seven-year term — last election October 1983 Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail, Charles Haughey; Labor Party, Richard Spring; Fine Gael, Garret FitzGerald; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'Riordan; Workers' Party, Tomas MacGiolla; Sinn Fein, Gerry Adams

every five years for entire Chamber of Deputies; latest elections June 1979 Political parties and leaders: Christian Social Party, Pierre Werner (parliamentary president) and Jean Spautz (party president); Socialist Workers, Robert Krieps (party president); Social Democrat, Henry Cravatte (party president); Liberal, Colette Flesch; Communist, Dominique Urbany; Independent Socialists, Jean Gremling (party president); Enroles de Force

Electric power

3,877,000 kW capacity (1983); 11:661 billion kWh produced (1983), 3,300 kWh per capita

1,496,500 kW capacity (1983); 933 million kWh produced (1983), 2,550 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

Celtic, with English minority

Celtic base, with French and German blend; also guest and worker residents from Portugal, Italy, and European countries

Exports

$8.06 billion (f.o.b., 1982); dairy products, live animals, textiles, chemicals, machinery, clothing

Exports, imports, major trade partners

Luxembourg has a customs union with Belgium under which foreign trade is recorded jointly for the two countries; Luxembourg's principal exports are iron and steel products, principal imports are coal and consumer goods; most of its foreign trade is with FRG, Belgium, France, and other EC countries (for totals, see Belgium)

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

Fishing

catch 1.6 million metric tons (1979); exports of fish and fish products $97 million (1982), imports of fish and fish products $36 million (1982)

GNP

$17 billion (1982), $5,667 per capita; 62.4% consumption, 26.5% investment, 20.9% government, —0.2% inventories; -9.6% net foreign demand; 1.2% real GNP (1982)

$3.4 billion, $9,289 per capita (1982); 60.0% private consumption, 17.1% government consumption, 24.9% investment, 2.0% stockbuilding, —4.9% net foreign balance; - 1.7% real GDP growth (1982)

Government leaders

Dr. Patrick J. HILLERY, President; Dr. Garret FITZGERALD, Prime Minister; Richard SPRING, Deputy Prime Minister

JEAN, Grand Duke; Pierre WERNER, Prime Minister -

Highways

92,294 km total; 87,422 km surfaced, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone

Imports

$9.696 billion (c.i.f., 1982); petroleum and petroleum products, machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, cereals

Inland waterways

limited for commercial traffic

Labor force

about 1,173,000(1981); 19.6% manufacturing; 17.8% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 16.2% commerce; 8.3% construction; 5.8% government; 5.5% transportation; 26.8% other; 10.9% unemployment (average 1981)

(1981) 161,700; one-third of labor force is foreign, comprising mostly workers from Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and FRG (1981); unemployment 1.0% (1981 average); 45% services, 42% industry and commerce, 12% government, 0.5% agriculture Government

Land boundaries

360 km Water

356 km People

Language

Irish (Gaelic) and English (official); English is generally spoken

Luxembourgish, German, French; most educated Luxembourgers also speak English

Legal system

based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; constitution adopted 1937; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on civil law system; constitution adopted 1868; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

3 nm (fishing 200 nm)

Literacy

99%

100%

Major ground units

4 infantry brigades and 2 independent battalions

Major industries

food products, brewing, textiles and clothing, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, machinery and transportation equipment

iron and steel (25% of GNP), food processing, chemicals, metal products and engineering, tires, and banking

Major trade partners

69.9% EC (43.8% UK); 10.3% US; 1.3% Communist (1982)

Member of

Council of Europe, EC, EMS, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy

Benelux, BLEU, Council of Europe, EC, EIB, EMS, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $296 million; about 3.5% of the central government budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 834,000; 683,000 fit for military service

Monetary conversion rate

0.8904 Irish pound=US$l (December 1983)

National holiday

St. Patrick's Day, 17 March

23 June

Nationality

noun — Irishman(men), Irish (collective pi.); adjective — Irish

noun — Luxembourger(s); adjective — Luxembourg

Official name

Ireland, Eire (Gaelic)

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Organized labor

36% of labor force Government

Other political or pressure groups

group of steel industries representing iron and steel industry, Centrale Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor unions; Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation

Pipelines

natural gas, 225 km

Political subdivisions

26 counties

unitary state, but for administrative purposes has 3 districts (Luxembourg, Diekirch, Grevenmacher) and 12 cantons

Population

3,575,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.2%

366,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0. 1 %

Ports

2 major, 6 secondary, 38 minor

Railroads

2,190 km 1.600meter gauge, government owned; 485 km double track

Religion

94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican, 2% other

97% Roman Catholic, 3% Protestant and Jewish

Shortages

coal, petroleum, timber and woodpulp, steel and nonferrous metals, fertilizers, cereals and animal feed, textile fibers and textiles

Suffrage

universal over age 18

universal and compulsory over age

Telecommunications

small, modern system using cable and radio-relay circuits; 650,000 telephones (18.7 per 100 popl.); 24 AM, 14 FM, and 74 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables; planned satellite station Defense Forces

Type

republic

constitutional monarchy

Voting strength

(1982 election) Dail— Fianna Fail, 75 seats; Fine Gael, 70 seats; Labor Party, 16 seats; independents, 3 seats; Workers' Party, 2 seats

(1979) Chamber of Deputies— Christian Socialist, 24; Socialist Workers, 14; Liberals, 15; Communists, 2; Social Democrats, 1; Independent Socialists, 1; Enroles de Force, 1; Chamber of Deputies will be enlarged to 64 sets in June 1984 election