2019 Edition

Background

Although first sighted by an English navigator in 1592, the first landing (English) did not occur until almost a century later in 1690, and the first settlement (French) was not established until 1764. The colony was turned over to Spain two years later and the islands have since been the subject of a territorial dispute, first between Britain and Spain, then between Britain and Argentina. The UK asserted its claim to the islands by establishing a naval garrison there in 1833. Argentina invaded the islands on 2 April 1982. The British responded with an expeditionary force that landed seven weeks later and after fierce fighting forced an Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982. With hostilities ended and Argentine forces withdrawn, UK administration resumed. In response to renewed calls from Argentina for Britain to relinquish control of the islands, a referendum was held in March 2013, which resulted in 99.8% of the population voting to remain a part of the UK.

Area

Land

12,173 sq km

Total

12,173 sq km

Water

0 sq km

Area Comparative

slightly smaller than Connecticut

Climate

cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 60 cm in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but typically does not accumulate

Coastline

1,288 km

Elevation

Highest Point

Mount Usborne 705 m

Lowest Point

Atlantic Ocean 0 m

Environment Current Issues

overfishing by unlicensed vessels is a problem; reindeer - introduced to the islands in 2001 from South Georgia - are part of a farming effort to produce specialty meat and diversify the islands' economy; this is the only commercial reindeer herd in the world unaffected by the 1986 Chornobyl disaster; grazing threatens important habitats including tussac grass and its ecosystem with penguins and sea lions; soil erosion from fires

Geographic Coordinates

51 45 S, 59 00 W

Geography Note

deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors; short growing season

Land Boundaries

0 km

Land Use

Agricultural Land

92.4% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Arable Land

0% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Crops

0% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Pasture

92.4% (2011 est.)

Forest

0% (2011 est.)

Other

7.6% (2011 est.)

Location

Southern South America, islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, about 500 km east of southern Argentina

Map References

South America

Maritime Claims

Continental Shelf

200 nm

Exclusive Fishing Zone

200 nm

Territorial Sea

12 nm

Natural Hazards

strong winds persist throughout the year

Natural Resources

fish, squid, wildlife, calcified seaweed, sphagnum moss

Population Distribution

a very small population, with most residents living in and around Stanley

Terrain

rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains

Birth Rate

10.9 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)

Death Rate

4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2012 est.)

Ethnic Groups

Falkland Islander 48.3%, British 23.1%, St. Helenian 7.5%, Chilean 4.6%, mixed 6%, other 8.5%, unspecified 2% (2016 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Total

NA (2018)

Languages

English 89%, Spanish 7.7%, other 3.3% (2006 est.)

Life Expectancy at Birth

Female

79.6

Male

75.6

Total Population

77.9 (2017 est.)

Major Urban Areas Population

2,000 STANLEY (capital) (2018)

Nationality

Adjective

Falkland Island

Noun

Falkland Islander(s)

Population

3,198 (2016 est.)

Population Growth Rate

0.01% (2014 est.)

Religions

Christian 57.1%, other 1.6%, none 35.4%, unspecified 6% (2016 est.)

Sex Ratio

1.12 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Urbanization

Rate Of Urbanization

0.76% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Urban Population

78.1% of total population (2019)

Administrative Divisions

none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Capital

Geographic Coordinates

51 42 S, 57 51 W

Name

Stanley

Time Difference

UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

see United Kingdom

Constitution

History

previous 1985; latest entered into force 1 January 2009 (The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008)

Country Name

Conventional Long Form

none

Conventional Short Form

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Etymology

the archipelago takes its name from the Falkland Sound, the strait separating the two main islands; the channel itself was named after the Viscount of Falkland, who sponsored an expedition to the islands in 1690; the Spanish name for the archipelago derives from the French "Iles Malouines," the name applied to the islands by French explorer Louis-Antoine de BOUGAINVILLE in 1764

Dependency Status

overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina

Diplomatic Representation From The Us

none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Diplomatic Representation In The Us

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Executive Branch

Cabinet

Executive Council elected by the Legislative Council

Chief Of State

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Nigel PHILLIPS (since 12 September 2017)

Elections Appointments

the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief executive appointed by the governor

Head Of Government

Chief Executive Barry ROWLAND (since 3 October 2016)

Flag Description

blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising was once the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT

Government Type

parliamentary democracy (Legislative Assembly); self-governing overseas territory of the UK

Independence

none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

International Organization Participation

UPU

Judicial Branch

Highest Courts

Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, the chief justice as an ex officio, non-resident member, and 2 justices of appeal); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)

Judge Selection And Term Of Office

all justices appointed by the governor; tenure specified in each justice's instrument of appointment

Subordinate Courts

Magistrate's Court (senior magistrate presides over civil and criminal divisions); Court of Summary Jurisdiction

Legal System

English common law and local statutes

Legislative Branch

Description

unicameral Legislative Assembly, formerly the Legislative Council (10 seats; 8 members directly elected by majority vote and 2 appointed ex-officio members - the chief executive, appointed by the governor, and the financial secretary; members serve 4-year terms)

Election Results

percent of vote - NA; seats - independent 8; composition -men 8, women 2, percent of women 20%

Elections

last held on 9 November 2017 (next to be held in November 2021)

National Anthem

Lyrics Music

Christopher LANHAM

Name

Song of the Falklands"

National Holiday

Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)

National Symbol S

ram

Political Parties And Leaders

none; all independents

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture Products

fodder and vegetable crops; venison, sheep, dairy products; fish, squid

Budget

Expenditures

75.3 million (FY09/10)

Revenues

67.1 million (FY09/10)

Budget Surplus Or Deficit

-4% (of GDP) (FY09/10)

Debt External

2016

$0

2017

$0

Distribution Of Family Income Gini Index

2015

36

Economy Overview

The economy was formerly based on agriculture, mainly sheep farming, but fishing and tourism currently comprise the bulk of economic activity. In 1987, the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers operating within the Falkland Islands' exclusive fishing zone. These license fees net more than $40 million per year, which help support the island's health, education, and welfare system. The waters around the Falkland Islands are known for their squid, which account for around 75% of the annual 200,000-ton catch.Dairy farming supports domestic consumption; crops furnish winter fodder. Foreign exchange earnings come from shipments of high-grade wool to the UK and from the sale of postage stamps and coins.Tourism, especially ecotourism, is increasing rapidly, with about 69,000 visitors in 2009 and adds approximately $5.5 million to the Falkland’s annual GDP. The British military presence also provides a sizable economic boost. The islands are now self-financing except for defense.In 1993, the British Geological Survey announced a 200-mile oil exploration zone around the islands, and early seismic surveys suggest substantial reserves capable of producing 500,000 barrels per day. Political tensions between the UK and Argentina remain high following the start of oil drilling activities in the waters. In May 2010 the first commercial oil discovery was made, signaling the potential for the development of a long term hydrocarbon industry in the Falkland Islands.

Exchange Rates

2013

0.6391

2014

0.6542

2015

0.6542

2016

0.6542

2017

0.7836

Currency

Falkland pounds (FKP) per US dollar -

Exports

2004

$125 million

2015

$257.3 million

Exports Commodities

wool, hides, meat, venison, fish, squid

Exports Partners

Spain 74.4%, Namibia 10.4%, US 5% (2017)

Fiscal Year

1 April - 31 March

GDP Composition By Sector Of Origin

Agriculture

41% (2015 est.)

Industry

20.6% NA (2015 est.)

Services

38.4% NA (2015 est.)

GDP Official Exchange Rate

$206.4 million (2015 est.) (2015 est.)

GDP Per Capita Ppp

2014

$63,000

2015

$70,800

GDP Purchasing Power Parity

2013

$167.5 million

2014

$164.5 million

2015

$206.4 million

GDP Real Growth Rate

2013

-20.4%

2014

-1.8%

2015

25.5%

Imports

2004

$90 million

Imports Commodities

fuel, food and drink, building materials, clothing

Imports Partners

UK 47.8%, Spain 28.4%, Greece 10.2%, Netherlands 5.7%, Cote dIvoire 4.3% (2017)

Industries

fish and wool processing; tourism

Inflation Rate Consumer Prices

2014

1.4%

Labor Force

1,850 (2016 est.)

Labor Force By Occupation

Agriculture

41%

Industry

24.5%

Services

34.5% (2015 est.)

Public Debt

2015

0% of GDP

Taxes And Other Revenues

32.5% (of GDP) (FY09/10)

Unemployment Rate

2016

1%

Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption Of Energy

44,070 Mt (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Imports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Production

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude Oil Proved Reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity Consumption

17.67 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Exports

0 kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity From Fossil Fuels

74% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity From Hydroelectric Plants

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Nuclear Fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Other Renewable Sources

26% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity Imports

0 kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Installed Generating Capacity

12,100 kW (2016 est.)

Electricity Production

19 million kWh (2016 est.)

Natural Gas Consumption

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Imports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Production

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Proved Reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Consumption

290 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Imports

286 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Production

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

50 (2017 est.)

Total

1,610

Broadcast Media

TV service provided by a multi-channel service provider; radio services provided by the public broadcaster, Falkland Islands Radio Service, broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies, and by the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) (2007)

Internet Country Code

.fk

Internet Users

Percent Of Population

98.3% (July 2016 est.)

Total

3,000

Telephone System

Domestic

fixed-line subscriptions 77 per 100, 146 per 100 for mobile-cellular (2015)

General Assessment

government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radiotelephone networks provide effective service to almost all points on both islands

International

country code - 500; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) with links through London to other countries (2015)

Telephones Fixed Lines

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

77 (July 2016 est.)

Total Subscriptions

2,255

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

146 (July 2016 est.)

Total Subscriptions

4,674

Airports

7 (2013)

Airports With Paved Runways

2 438 To 3 047 M

1

914 To 1 523 M

1

Total

2 (2019)

Airports With Unpaved Runways

Total

5 (2013)

Under 914 M

5 (2013)

Civil Aircraft Registration Country Code Prefix

VP-F (2016)

Merchant Marine

By Type

general cargo 1, other 2 (2018)

Total

3

National Air Transport System

Inventory Of Registered Aircraft Operated By Air Carriers

5 (2015)

Number Of Registered Air Carriers

1 (2015)

Ports And Terminals

Stanley

Roadways

Paved

50 km (2008)

Total

440 km (2008)

Unpaved

390 km (2008)

Military And Security Forces

no regular military forces

Military Note

defense is the responsibility of the UK

Disputes International

Argentina, which claims the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force; UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks