2013 Edition

Background

Although first sighted by an English navigator in 1592, the first landing (English) did not occur until almost a century later in 1690, and the first settlement (French) was not established until 1764. The colony was turned over to Spain two years later and the islands have since been the subject of a territorial dispute, first between Britain and Spain, then between Britain and Argentina. The UK asserted its claim to the islands by establishing a naval garrison there in 1833. Argentina invaded the islands on 2 April 1982. The British responded with an expeditionary force that landed seven weeks later and after fierce fighting forced an Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982. With hostilities ended and Argentine forces withdrawn, UK administration resumed. In response to renewed calls from Argentina for Britain to relinquish control of the islands, a referendum was held in March 2013, which resulted in 99.8% of the population voting to remain a part of the UK.

Area

12,173 sq km 12,173 sq km 0 sq km includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and about 200 small islands

total

12,173 sq km

water

0 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Connecticut

Climate

cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but typically does not accumulate

Coastline

1,288 km

Elevation extremes

Atlantic Ocean 0 m Mount Usborne 705 m

highest point

Mount Usborne 705 m

lowest point

Atlantic Ocean 0 m

Environment - current issues

overfishing by unlicensed vessels is a problem; reindeer were introduced to the islands in 2001 for commercial reasons; this is the only commercial reindeer herd in the world unaffected by the 1986 Chornobyl disaster

Geographic coordinates

51 45 S, 59 00 W

Geography - note

deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors; short growing season

Irrigated land

NA

Land boundaries

0 km

Land use

0% 0% 100% (99% permanent pastures, 1% other) (2011)

arable land

0%

other

100% (99% permanent pastures, 1% other) (2011)

permanent crops

0%

Location

Southern South America, islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, east of southern Argentina

Map references

South America

Maritime claims

12 nm 200 nm 200 nm

continental shelf

200 nm

exclusive fishing zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

strong winds persist throughout the year

Natural resources

fish, squid, wildlife, calcified seaweed, sphagnum moss

Terrain

rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains

Birth rate

NA

Ethnic groups

British

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Infant mortality rate

NA NA NA

female

NA

male

NA

total

NA

Languages

English

Life expectancy at birth

NA NA NA

female

NA

male

NA

total population

NA

Literacy

NA

Major urban areas - population

STANLEY (capital) 2,000 (2009)

Nationality

Falkland Islander(s) Falkland Island

adjective

Falkland Island

noun

Falkland Islander(s)

Net migration rate

NA

Population

3,140 (July 2008 est.)

Population growth rate

0.01% (2009 est.)

Religions

Christian 67.2%, none 31.5%, other 1.3% (2006 census)

Total fertility rate

NA

Urbanization

74% of total population (2010) 0.9% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

0.9% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

74% of total population (2010)

Administrative divisions

none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Capital

Stanley 51 42 S, 57 51 W UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) +1hr, observed all year in 2013

daylight saving time

+1hr, observed all year in 2013

geographic coordinates

51 42 S, 57 51 W

name

Stanley

time difference

UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

previous 1985; latest entered into force 1 January 2009 (2011)

Country name

none Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Dependency status

overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina

Diplomatic representation from the US

none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Diplomatic representation in the US

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Executive branch

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Governor Nigel HAYWOOD (since 16 October 2010) is the Queen's representative; Chief Executive Keith PADGETT (since 1 February 2012) Executive Council; three members elected by the Legislative Council, two ex officio members (chief executive and the financial secretary), and the governor; the governor must obey the rulings of the Executive Council on domestic affairs the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief executive appointed by the governor

cabinet

Executive Council; three members elected by the Legislative Council, two ex officio members (chief executive and the financial secretary), and the governor; the governor must obey the rulings of the Executive Council on domestic affairs

chief of state

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

elections

the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief executive appointed by the governor

head of government

Governor Nigel HAYWOOD (since 16 October 2010) is the Queen's representative; Chief Executive Keith PADGETT (since 1 February 2012)

Flag description

blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising was once the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT

Government type

NA

Independence

none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

International organization participation

UPU

Judicial branch

Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, the chief justice as an ex officio, non-resident member, and 2 justices of appeal); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice) note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) all justices appointed by the governor; tenure specified in each justice's instrument of appointment Magistrate's Court (senior magistrate presides over civil and criminal divisions); Court of Summary Jurisdiction

highest court(s)

Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, the chief justice as an ex officio, non-resident member, and 2 justices of appeal); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice)

judge selection and term of office

all justices appointed by the governor; tenure specified in each justice's instrument of appointment

subordinate courts

Magistrate's Court (senior magistrate presides over civil and criminal divisions); Court of Summary Jurisdiction

Legal system

English common law and local statutes

Legislative branch

unicameral Legislative Assembly (10 seats; 2 members are ex officio and 8 are elected by popular vote; members to serve four-year terms); presided over by the governor last held on 5 November 2009 (next to be held in November 2013) percent of vote - NA; seats - independents 8

election results

percent of vote - NA; seats - independents 8

elections

last held on 5 November 2009 (next to be held in November 2013)

National anthem

"Song of the Falklands"" Christopher LANHAM adopted 1930s; the song is the local unofficial anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, "God Save the Queen" is official (see United Kingdom)

lyrics/music

Christopher LANHAM

name

"Song of the Falklands""

National holiday

Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)

National symbol(s)

ram

Political parties and leaders

none; all independents

Political pressure groups and leaders

Falkland Islands Association (supports freedom of the people from external causes)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

fodder and vegetable crops; venison, sheep, dairy products; fish, squid

Budget

$67.1 million $75.3 million (FY09/10)

expenditures

$75.3 million (FY09/10)

revenues

$67.1 million

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-5% of GDP (FY09/10)

Debt - external

$NA

Economy - overview

The economy was formerly based on agriculture, mainly sheep farming but fishing and tourism currently comprise the bulk of economic activity. In 1987, the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers operating within the Falkland Islands' exclusive fishing zone. These license fees net more than $40 million per year, which help support the island's health, education, and welfare system. The waters around the Falkland Islands are known for their squid, which account for around 75% of the annual 200,000 ton fish catch. Dairy farming supports domestic consumption; crops furnish winter fodder. Foreign exchange earnings come from shipments of high-grade wool to the UK and from the sale of postage stamps and coins. In 2001, the government purchased 100 reindeer with the intent to increase the number to 10,000 over the following 20 years so that venison could be exported to Scandinavia and Chile. Tourism, especially eco-tourism, is increasing rapidly, with about 69,000 visitors in 2009. The British military presence also provides a sizeable economic boost. The islands are now self-financing except for defense. In 1993 the British Geological Survey announced a 200-mile oil exploration zone around the islands, and early seismic surveys suggest substantial reserves capable of producing 500,000 barrels per day. Political tensions between the UK and Argentina remain high following the start of oil drilling activities in the waters. In September 2011, a British exploration firm announced that it plans to commence oil production in 2016.

Exchange rates

Falkland pounds (FKP) per US dollar - 0.63 (2012) 0.62 (2011) 0.65 (2010) 0.62 (2009)

Exports

$125 million (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities

wool, hides, meat, venison, fish, squid

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

95% NA% NA% (1996)

agriculture

95%

industry

NA%

services

NA% (1996)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$55,400 (2002 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$164.5 million (2007 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$164.5 million (2007 est.) $105.1 million (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

NA% NA%

highest 10%

NA%

lowest 10%

NA%

Imports

$90 million (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities

fuel, food and drink, building materials, clothing

Industrial production growth rate

NA%

Industries

fish and wool processing; tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.2% (2003) 3.6% (1998)

Labor force

5,246 (2006)

Labor force - by occupation

95% (mostly sheepherding and fishing) 5% (1996)

agriculture

95% (mostly sheepherding and fishing)

industry and services

5% (1996)

Population below poverty line

NA%

Taxes and other revenues

40.8% of GDP (FY09/10)

Unemployment rate

4.1% (2010)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

45,740 Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2013 es)

Electricity - consumption

17.67 million kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

90% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

10% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

10,000 kW (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

19 million kWh (2010 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2013 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

300 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

312.5 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

TV service provided by a multi-channel service provider; radio services provided by the public broadcaster, Falkland Islands Radio Service, broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies, and by the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) (2007)

Internet country code

.fk

Internet hosts

110 (2012)

Internet users

2,900 (2009)

Telephone system

government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radiotelephone networks provide effective service to almost all points on both islands country code - 500; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) with links through London to other countries (2011)

domestic

government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radiotelephone networks provide effective service to almost all points on both islands

international

country code - 500; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) with links through London to other countries (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

1,980 (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

3,450 (2012)

Airports

7 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1 (2013)

2,438 to 3,047 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

1 (2013)

total

2

Airports - with unpaved runways

5 (2013)

total

5

Ports and terminals

Stanley

major seaport(s)

Stanley

Roadways

440 km 50 km 390 km (2008)

total

440 km

unpaved

390 km (2008)

Military - note

defense is the responsibility of the UK

Military branches

no regular military forces

Military expenditures

NA

Disputes - international

Argentina, which claims the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force; UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks