1989 Edition

Climate

varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation; prone to extended droughts

harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature

Coastline

243,791 km

1,094km

2,510 km

Comparative area

slightly larger than US

slightly less than twice the size of Texas

slightly less than onefourth the size of US

Contiguous zone

1 8 nm

Continental shelf

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

not specific

Disputes

maritime boundary disputes with France (St. Pierre and Miquelon) and US

southern half of the boundary with Somalia is a Provisional Administrative Line; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis; territorial dispute with Somalia over the Ogaden; separatist movement in Eritrea; antigovernment insurgencies in Tigray and other areas

no defined boundaries with PDRY, UAE, and YAR; shares Neutral Zone with Iraq — in July 1975, Iraq and Saudi Arabia signed an agreement to divide the zone between them, but the agreement must be ratified, however, before it becomes effective; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim Islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia

Environment

80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US border; continuous permafrost in north a serious obstacle to development

geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; frequent droughts; famine

no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastal seawater desalination facilities; desertification

Exclusive fishing zone

200 nm

not specific

Land boundaries

8,893 km with US (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)

5,141 km total; Djibouti 459 km, Kenya 861 km, Somalia 1,600 km, Sudan 2,221 km

4,410 km total; Iraq 488 km, Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone 198 km, Jordan 742 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 40 km, UAE 586 km, PDRY 830 km, YAR 628 km

Land use

5% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 3% meadows and pastures; 35% forest and woodland; 57% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

12% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 41% meadows and pastures; 24% forest and woodland; 22% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

1% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 39% meadows and pastures; 1% forest and woodland; 59% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

Natural resources

nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, crude oil, natural gas

small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash

crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper

Note

second-largest country in world (after USSR); strategic location between USSR and US via north polar route

strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian oilfields; major resettlement project ongoing in rural areas will significantly alter population distribution and settlement patterns over the next several decades

extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal

Terrain

mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast

high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley

mostly uninhabited, sandy desert

Territorial sea

\ 2 nm

1 2 nm

1 2 nm

Total area

9,976,140 km2; land area: 9,220,970 km2

1,221,900 km2; land area: 1,101,000km2

2,149,690 km2; land area: 2,149,690km2

Birth rate

14 births/ 1,000 population (1990)

45 births/ 1,000 population (1990)

Death rate

7 deaths/ 1,000 population (1990)

15 deaths/ 1,000 population (1990)

Ethnic divisions

40% British Isles origin, 27% French origin, 20% other European, 1.5% indigenous Indian and Eskimo

40% Oromo, 32% Amhara and Tigrean, 9% Sidamo, 6% Shankella, 6% Somali, 4% Afar, 2% Gurage, 1% other

Infant mortality rate

7 deaths/ 1,000 live births (1990)

116 deaths/ 1,000 live births (1990)

Labor force

13,380,000; services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, construction 3%, other 4% (1988)

18,000,000; 80% agriculture and animal husbandry, 1 2% government and services, 8% industry and construction (1985) Organized labor All Ethiopian Trade Union formed by the government in January 1977 to represent 273,000 registered trade union members

Language

English and French (both official)

Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Arabic, English (major foreign language taught in schools)

Life expectancy at birth

74 years male, 81 years female (1990)

49 years male, 52 years female (1990)

Literacy

99%

55.2%

Nationality

noun — Canadian(s); adjective— Canadian

noun— Ethiopians); adjective— Ethiopian

Net migration rate

5 migrants/ 1 ,000 population (1990)

5 migrants/ 1 ,000 population (1990)

Organized labor

30.6% of labor force; 39.6% of nonagricultural paid workers

Population

26,538,229 (July 1990), growth rate 1.1% (1990)

51,666,622 (July 1990), growth rate 3.5% (1990)

Religion

46% Roman Catholic, 16% United Church, 10% Anglican

40-45% Muslim, 35-40% Ethiopian Orthodox, 15-20% animist, 5% other

Total fertility rate

1 .7 children born/ woman (1990)

7.0 children born/ woman (1990)

Administrative divisions

10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*

14 administrative regions (plural — NA, singular — kifle hager); ArsI, Bale, Eritrea, Gamo Gofa, Gojam, Gonder, Harerge, Ilubabor, Kefa, Shewa, STdamo, Tigray, Welega, Welo; note — the administrative structure may be changing to 25 administrative regions (astedader akababiwach, singular — astedader akababee) and 5 autonomous regions* (rasgez akababiwach, singular — rasgez akababee); Addis Ababa, ArsT, Aseb*, Asosa, Bale, Borena, Dire Dawa*, East Gojam, East Harerge, Eritrea*, Gambela, Gamo Gofa, Ilubabor, Kefa, Metekel, Nazaret, North Gonder, North Shewa, North Welo, Ogaden*, Omo, STdamo, South Gonder, South Shewa, South Welo, Tigray*, Welega, West Gojam, West Harerge, West Shewa

Capital

Ottawa

Addis Ababa

Communists

3,000

Constitution

amended British North America Act 1 867 patriated to Canada 1 7 April 1982; charter of rights and unwritten customs

12 September 1987

Diplomatic representation

Ambassador Derek BURNEY; Chancery at 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 785-1400; there are Canadian Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle; US — Ambassador Edward N. NEY; Embassy at 100 Wellington Street, KIP 5T1, Ottawa (mailing address is P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669); telephone (613) 238-5335; there are US Consulates General in Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and Vancouver

Counselor, Charge d' Affaires ad interim GIRMA Amare; Chancery at 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-2281 or 2282; US— Charge d' Affaires Robert G. HOUDEK; Embassy at Entoto Street, Addis Ababa (mailing address is P.O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa); telephone 254-233-4141 Europa Island (French possession)

Elections

House of Commons — last held 21 November 1988 (next to be held by November 1993); results — Progressive Conservative 43.0%, Liberal 32%, New Democratic Party 20%, other 5%; seats — (295 total) Progressive Conservative 170, Liberal 82, New Democratic Party 43

President — last held 10 September 1987 (next to be held September 1992); results — National Assembly elected President Mengistu Haile-Mariam; National Assembly — last held 14 June 1987 (next to be held June 1992); results— WPE is the only party; seats— (835 total) WPE 835

Executive branch

British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister. Cabinet

president, vice president, Council of State prime minister, five deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers

Flag

three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width, square), and red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band

three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red; Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa and the colors of her flag were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the pan-African colors

Independence

1 July 1867 (from UK)

oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world— at least 2,000 years

Judicial branch

Supreme Court

Supreme Court

Leaders

Chief of State— Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Raymond John HNATSHYN (since 29 January 1990); Head of Government — Prime Minister (Martin) Brian MULRONEY (since 4 September 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Donald Frank MAZANKOWSKI (since NA June 1986) Canada (continued) Political parties and leaders: Progressive Conservative, Brian Mulroney; Liberal, John Turner; New Democratic, Audrey McLaughlin

Chief of State— President MENGISTU Haile-Mariam (Chairman from 11 September 1977 until becoming President on 10 September 1987); Vice President FISSEHA Desta (since 10 September 1987); Head of Government — Prime Minister (Acting) and Deputy Prime Minister HAILU Yimenu (since 7 November 1989; Deputy Prime Minister WOLLE Chekol (since 21 November 1989); Deputy Prime Minister ALEMU Abebe (since 10 September 1987); Deputy Prime Minister TESFAYE Dinka (since 10 September 1987); Deputy Prime Minister ASHAGRE Yigletu (since 21 November 1989) Political parties and leaders: only partyWorkers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE), Mengistu Haile-Mariam, secretary general

Legal system

based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

complex structure with civil, Islamic, common, and customary law influences; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Commons

unicameral National Assembly (Shengo)

Long-form name

none

People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Member of

ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, DAC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB — Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, IWC— International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS, OECD, PAHO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG

ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICO, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

National Revolution Day, 12 September (1974)

Other political or pressure groups

important dissident groups include Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) in Eritrea; Tigrean People's Liberation Front (TPLF) and Ethiopian Peoples Democratic Movement in Tigray, Welo, and border regions; Oromo Liberation Front in Welega and Harerge regions

Suffrage

universal at age 18

universal at age 1 8

Type

confederation with parliamentary democracy

Communist state

Agriculture

the agriculture and forestry sectors provide employment for the majority of the population, contributing nearly 25% to GDP and providing a high degree of self-sufficiency in staple foods; commercial and food crops include coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, livestock, root starches

accounts for 3% of GDP; one of the world's major producers and exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US agricultural imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land area; commercial fisheries provide annual catch of 1 .5 million metric tons, of which 75% is exported

accounts for 45% of GDP and is the most important sector of the economy even though frequent droughts, poor cultivation practices, and state economic policies keep farm output low; famines not uncommon; export crops of coffee and oilseeds grown partly on state farms; estimated 50% of agricultural production at subsistence level; principal crops and livestock— cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, vegetables, hides and skins, cattle, sheep, goats

dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash crops — cocoa (90%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products — bananas, papaya, beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meat

Aid

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $400 million; Western (nonUS) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $3.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $29 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $120 million

donor — ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $2.2 billion

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $471 million; Western (nonUS) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $8 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $2.0 billion

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), 41.9 million

Budget

revenues $2.17 billion; expenditures $2.17 billion, including capital expenditures of $833 million (FY88)

revenues $79.2 billion; expenditures $102.0 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.8 billion (FY88 est.)

revenues $ 1 .4 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $0.7 billion (FY87)

revenues $19.2 million; expenditures $25.1 million, including capital expenditures of $19.9 million (1987)

Currency

Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural — francs); I CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Canadian dollar (plural — dollars); 1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents

birr (plural — birr); 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents

dobra (plural — dobras); 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimes

Electricity

752,000 kW capacity; 2,940 million kWh produced, 270 kWh per capita (1989)

103,746,000 kW capacity; 472,580 million kWh produced, 17,960 kWh per capita (1989)

330,000 kW capacity; 700 million kWh produced, 14 kWh per capita (1989)

6,000 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1989)

Exchange rates

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1— 287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)

Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1— 1.1 7 14 (January 1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307(1988), 1.3260(1987), 1.3895(1986), 1.3655(1985) Fiscal year 1 April-3 1 March

birr (Br) per US$1— 2.0700 (fixed rate)

dobras (Db) per US$1 — 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827 (1987), 36.993(1986), 41.195(1985)

Exports

$2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities— petroleum products 56%, coffee, cocoa, timber, manufactures; partners— EC (particularly the Netherlands) about 50%, US 3%

$127.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities— newsprint, wood pulp, timber, grain, crude petroleum, natural gas, ferrous and nonferrous ores, motor vehicles; partners— US, Japan, UK, FRG, other EC, USSR

$418 million (f.o.b., FY88); commodities— coffee 60%, hides; partners — US, FRG, Djibouti, Japan, PDRY, France, Italy

$9.1 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities — cocoa 90%, copra, coffee, palm oil; partners— FRG, GDR, Netherlands, China

External debt

$4.9 billion (December 1989 est.)

$247 billion (1987)

$2.6 billion (1988)

$95 million (1988)

Fiscal year

1 July-30 June

8 July-7 July

calendar year

GDP

$12.9 billion, per capita $955; real growth rate -8.6% (1988)

$513.6 billion, per capita $19,600; real growth rate 2.9% (1989 est.)

$6.6 billion, per capita $130, real growth rate 4.5% (FY89 est.)

$37.9 million, per capita $340; real growth rate 1.8% (1986)

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market

Imports

$2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities— machines and electrical equipment, transport equipment, chemical products, consumer goods; partners — France 42%, Japan 7%, US 4%

$116.5 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities— processed foods, beverages, crude petroleum, chemicals, industrial machinery, motor vehicles, durable consumer goods, electronic computers; partners — US, Japan, UK, FRG, other EC, Taiwan, South Korea, Mexico

$1.1 billion (c.i.f., FY88), commodities— food, fuels, capital goods; partners—USSR, Italy, FRG, Japan, UK, US, France

$17.3 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities — machinery and electrical equipment 59%, food products 32%, fuels 9%; partners — Portugal, GDR, Angola, China

Industrial production

growth rate —6.4% (FY87)

growth rate 2.3% (1989)

growth rate —0.2% (FY88 est.)

growth rate 7.1% (1986)

Industries

crude oil products, small aluminum plant, food processing, light consumer goods industries, sawmills

processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, transportation equipment, chemicals, fish products, petroleum and natural gas

cement, textiles, food processing, oil refinery

light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

8.6% (FY88)

5.0% (1989)

9.6% (FY89)

4.2% (1986)

Overview

Over the past decade the economy has registered a remarkable performance because of the development of an offshore oil industry. Real GDP growth annually averaged 10% from 1978 to 1985. In 1986 Cameroon had one of the highest levels of income per capita in tropical Africa, with oil revenues picking up the slack as growth in other sectors softened. Because of the sharp drop in oil prices, however, the economy is now experiencing serious budgetary difficulties and balance-of-payments disequalibrium. Oil reserves currently being exploited will be depleted in the early 1990s, so ways must be found to boost agricultural and industrial exports in the medium term. The Sixth Cameroon Development Plan (198691) stresses balanced development and designates agriculture as the basis of the country's economic future.

As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles the US in per capita output, marketoriented economic system, and pattern of production. Since World War II the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. In the 1980s Canada registered one of the highest rates of growth among the OECD nations, averaging about 4%. With its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and modern capital plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects.

Ethiopia is one of the poorest and least developed countries in Africa. Its economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for about 45% of GDP, 90% of exports, and 80% of total employment; coffee generates over 60% of export earnings. The manufacturing sector is heavily dependent on inputs from the agricultural sector. The economy is centrally planned, and over 90% of large-scale industry is state run. Favorable agricultural weather largely explains the 4.5% growth in output in FY89.

The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the gained independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production has gradually deteriorated because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987 output had fallen to less than 50% of its former levels. As a result, a shortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-ofpayments problem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm kernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports by a ratio of 4 to 1 . The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs. It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years, Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which amounts to roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential exists for development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The government also implemented a FiveYear Plan covering 1 986-90 to restructure the economy and reschedule external debt service payments in cooperation with the International Development Association and Western lenders.

Unemployment rate

7% (1985)

7.5% (1989)

NA; shortage of skilled manpower

NA%

Airports

61 total, 54 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,2202,439 m

1,359 total, 1,117 usable; 442 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 322 with runways 1,2202,439 m

152 total, 1 1 1 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 51 with runways 1,2202,439 m

2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

Army, Navy, Air Force; paramilitary Gendarmerie

Mobile Command, Maritime Command, Air Command, Communications Command, Canadian Forces Europe, Training Commands

Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense

Army, Navy

Civil air

5 major transport aircraft

21 major transport aircraft

8 major transport aircraft

Defense expenditures

1.7% of GDP, or $219 million (1990 est.) 1 20O km Vancouver Calgary Halifax 'TTAWA oronto

2.0% of GDP, or $10 billion (1989 est.)

8.5% of GDP (1988)

1.6% of GDP (1980) 500 kn

Highways

about 65,000 km total; includes 2,682 km bituminous, 30,000 km unimproved earth, 32,318 km gravel, earth, and improved earth

884,272 km total; 712,936 km surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earth

44,300 km total; 3,650 km bituminous, 9,650 km gravel, 3,000 km improved earth, 28,000 km unimproved earth

300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in need of repair

Inland waterways

2,090 km; of decreasing importance

3,000 km, including St. Lawrence Seaway

Merchant marine

2 cargo ships ( 1 ,000 CRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/ 33,509 DWT

78 ships (1,000 CRT or over) totaling 555,749 GRT/774,914 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 1 2 cargo, 2 railcar carrier, 1 refrigerated cargo, 8 rollon/roll-off, 1 container, 29 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 10 bulk; note — does not include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes ships Civil air 636 major transport aircraft; Air Canada is the major carrier

14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,837 GRT/92,067 DWT; includes 10 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll off cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker

Military manpower

males 1 5-49, 2,553,867; 1,286,831 fit for military service; 121,773 reach military age (18) annually

males 1 5-49, 7,174,1 19; 6,251,492 fit for military service; 187,894 reach military age (17) annually

males 15-49, 11,438,616; 5,922,555 fit for military service; 589,231 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 27,805; 14,662 fit for military service

Pipelines

oil, 23,564 km total crude and refined; natural gas, 74,980 km

Ports

Douala

Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick), St. John's (Newfoundland), Toronto, Vancouver

Aseb, Mitsiwa

Sao Tome, Santo Antonio

Railroads

1,003 km total; 858 km 1.000meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge

80,095 km total; 79,917 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (includes 129 km electrified); 178 km 0.915-meter narrow gauge (mostly unused); two major transcontinental freight railway systemsCanadian National (government owned) and Canadian Pacific Railway; passenger service — VIA (government operated)

988 km total; 681 km 1.000meter gauge; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge (nonoperational)

Telecommunications

good system of open wire, cable, troposcatter, and radio relay; Canada 26,000 telephones; stations— 10 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations Defense Forces

excellent service provided by modern media; 18.0 million telephones; stations— 900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters) TV; 5 coaxial submarine cables; over 300 satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT (including 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic systems Defense Forces

open-wire and radio relay system adequate for government use; open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti; radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; stations — 4 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 45,000 TV sets; 3,300,000 radios; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station Defense Forces

minimal system; 2,200 telephones; stations — 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station Defense Forces