1986 Edition

Agriculture

main cash crop — cotton; other crops— rice, onions, beans, citrus fruit, wheat, corn, barley; not self-sufficient in food

Airfields

177 total, 174 usable; 29 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,4403,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

97 total, 80 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 44 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,2202,439 m

Branches

Ecuadorean Army, Ecuadorean Air Force, Ecuadorean Navy

executive power vested in President, who appoints Cabinet; People's Assembly is principal legislative body, with Shura Council having consultative role; independent judiciary administered by Minister of Justice

Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command

Capital

Cairo

Civil air

44 major transport aircraft

43 major transport aircraft

Coastline

2,450 km (1967) People

Elections

regular elections to People's Assembly every five years (most recent May 1984); two-thirds of Shura Council is elected for six-year term (first elections were in September 1980) with remaining members appointed by President; presidential election every six years; last held October 1981 Egypt (continued) Political parties and leaders: formation of political parties must be approved by government; National Democratic Party, led by Mubarak, is the dominant party; legal opposition parties are Socialist Liberal Party, Kamal Murad; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim Shukri; National Progressive Unionist Grouping, Khalid Muhyi-al-Din; Umma Party, Ahmad al-Sabahi; and New Wafd Party, Fu'ad Siraj al-Din Communists.- approximately 500 party members

Electric power

6,836,000 kW capacity (1984); 35.931 billion kWh produced (1984), 730 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

90% Eastern Hamitic stock; 10% Greek, Italian, SyroLebanese

Exports

$3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1985 est); crude petroleum, raw cotton, cotton yarn and fabric

Fiscal year

July through June Communications

Freight carried

Suez Canal (1984) 260 million metric tons, of which 98 million metric tons were petroleums, oils, and lubricants

GNP

$39.7 billion (1984; based on flexible bank exchange rate of 1.23 Egyptian pounds=US$l), $466 per capita; 5% real growth (1984)

Government leaders

Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, President (since 1981); 'Ali Lotfy Mahmoud LOTFY, Prime Minister (since September 1985)

Highways

28,500 km total; 15,000 km surfaced, 13,500 km unsurfaced

Imports

$10. 1 billion (c.i.f ., 1985 est.); foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, woods

Infant mortality rate

69/1,000 (1983)

Inland waterways

1,500 km

3,360 km (including the Nile River, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, the Ismailia Canal, and numerous smaller canals in the Delta); Suez Canal, 195 km long, used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water

Labor force

12.5 million (official estimate); 40-45% agriculture, 36% government (local and national), public sector enterprises, and armed forces; 20% privately owned service and manufacturing enterprises; shortage of skilled labor; unemployment about 7%; estimated 2.5 million Egyptians work abroad, mostly in Iraq and the Gulf Arab states

Land boundaries

approximately 2,580 km Water

Language

Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes

Legal system

based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; permanent constitution written in 1971; judicial review of limited nature in Supreme Court, also in Council of State, which oversees validity of administrative decisions; legal education at Cairo University; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Life expectancy

57

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)

Literacy

40%

Major industries

textiles, food processing, chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement

Major trade partners

US, EC countries

Member of

AAPSO, Af DB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WPG, WSG, WTO; Egypt suspended from Arab League and OAPEC in April 1979 Economy

Military budget

estimated for the fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $345 million; about 10.9% of the central government budget Mediterranean Sea Land 1,001,449 km2; the size of Texas and Oregon combined; 96.5% desert, waste, or urban; 2.8% cultivated (of which about 70% is multiple crop); 0.7% inland water

operating expenditures for fiscal year ending 30 June 1985, $3 4 billion; 13% of central government budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 2,203,000; 1,497,000 fit for military service; 101,000 reach military age (20) annually

males 15-49, 12,588,000; 8,209,000 fit for military service; about 518,000 reach military age (20) annually

Monetary conversion rate

official rate 0.70 Egyptian pound=US$l; flexible "bank" rate 2.35 Egyptian pounds=US$l; parallel or "own" exchange market rate 1.80 Egyptian pounds=US$l (December 1985)

National holiday

National Day, 23 July

Nationality

noun — Egyptian(s); adjective — Egyptian

Natural resources

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc

Official name

Arab Republic of Egypt

Organized labor

about 2.5 million Government

Other political or pressure groups

Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is tolerated by the government; trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned

Pipelines

crude oil, 800 km; refined products, 1,358 km

crude oil, 930 km; refined products, 596 km; natural gas, 460 km

Political subdivisions

26 governorates

Population

50,525,000 (July 1986), average annual growth rate 2.8%

Ports

4 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, Esmeraldas), 6 minor

4 major (Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Bur SafSjah); 15 minor; 8 petroleum, oil, and lubricant terminals

Railroads

4,857 km total; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified; 4,510 km 1,435meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter gauge

Religion

(official estimate) 94% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian and other

Suffrage

universal over age 18

Telecommunications

domestic facilities generally adequate; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 318,000 telephones (3.9 per 100 popl.); 285 AM, 24 TV stations Defense Forces

system is large but still inadequate for needs; principal centers are Alexandria, Cairo, Al Man;flrah, Ismailia, and TantS; intercity connections by coaxial cable and microwave; extensive upgrading in progress; est. 600,000 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.); 25 AM, 5 FM, 47 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; 3 submarine coaxial cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan; radio-relay to Libya Defense Forces

Type

republic