1988 Edition

Boundary disputes

Peru (two areas)

none; disputes with Israel over Taba area and precise location of some individual boundary markers; Administrative Boundary and international boundary with Sudan; West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied with status to be determined

Honduras

none; maritime dispute with Gabon

Climate

tropical along coast becoming cooler inland

desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April)

tropical; always hot, humid

Coastline

2,237 km

2,450 km

307 km

296 km

Comparative area

about the size of Colorado

about the size of Oregon and Texas combined

about the size of Massachusetts

about the size of Maryland

Contiguous zone

18 nm

Continental shelf

200 m

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

Environment

subject to frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity, tsunamis; deforestation; desertification; soil erosion

Nile is only perennial water source; increasing soil salinization below Aswan High Dam; hot, driving windstorm called khamsins occurs in spring; water pollution; desertification

The Land of Volcanoes; subject to frequent and sometimes very destructive earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution

subject to violent windstorms

Ethnic divisions

55% mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish), 25% Indian, 10% Spanish, 10% black

90% Eastern Hamitic stock; 10% Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese

89% mestizo, 10% Indian, 1% white

indigenous population of Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos; Rio Muni, primarily Fang; less than 1,000 Europeans, mostly Spanish

Extended economic zone

200 nm

Infant mortality rate

68.4/1,000 (1984)

94/1,000 (1984)

41/1,000 (1984)

142.9/1,000(1984)

Labor force

(1983) 2.8 million; 52% agriculture, 13% manufacturing, 7% commerce, 4% construction, 4% public administration, 16% other services and activities

about 13.0 million (1985); 40-45% agriculture, 36% government (local and national), public sector enterprises, and armed forces; 20% privately owned service and manufacturing enterprises (1984); shortage of skilled labor; unemployment about 7% (official estimate); estimated 2.0 million Egyptians work abroad, mostly in Iraq and the Gulf Arab states (1986)

1.7 million (est. 1982); 40% agriculture, 16% manufacturing, 16% commerce, 13% government, 9% financial services, 6% transportation (1984 est.); shortage of skilled labor and large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training programs improving situation; significant unemployment and underemployment

most involved in subsistence agriculture; labor shortages on plantations

Land boundaries

1,931 km total

2,580 km total

515 km total

539 km total

Land use

6% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 17% meadows and pastures; 51% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes 2% irrigated

2% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; NEGL% forest and woodland; 98% other; includes 2% irrigated

27% arable land; 8% permanent crops; 29% meadows and pastures; 6% forest and woodland; 30% other; includes 5% irrigated

5% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 61% forest and woodland; 26% other

Language

Spanish (official); Indian languages, especially Quechua

Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes

Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians)

Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang

Life expectancy

64 (1984)

60

men 62.6, women 66.3

men 44, women 48

Literacy

85% (1981)

40%

65%

55%

Nationality

noun — Ecuadorean(s); adjective— Ecuadorean

noun — Egyptian(s); adjective— Egyptian

noun — Salvadoran(s); adjective— Salvadoran

noun — Equatorial Guinean(s); adjective — Equatorial Guinean

Organized labor

less than 15% of labor force

about 2.5 million

8% total labor force; 10% agricultural labor force; 7% urban labor force (1982)

Population

9,954,609 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.80%

51,929,962 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.74%

5,260,478 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.37%

340,434 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 1.83%; includes Rio Muni 265,281, average annual growth rate 1.83%, and Bioko 75,153, average annual growth rate 1.83%

Religion

95% Roman Catholic (majority nonpracticing)

(official estimate) 94% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian and other

about 97% Roman Catholic, with activity by Protestant groups throughout the country

natives all nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic; some pagan practices retained

Special notes

Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world

controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean; size and juxtaposition to Israel establishes its major role in Middle East geopolitics

smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline on Caribbean Sea

none

Terrain

coastal plain (Costa), Andes Mountains and central highlands (Sierra), flat to rolling eastern jungle (Oriente)

vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta

mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau

coastal plains rise to interior hills

Territorial sea

200 nm

12 nm

200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm)

12 nm

Total area

283,560 km2; land area: 276,840 km2

1,001,450 km2; land area: 995,450 km2

21,040 km2; land area: 20,720 km2

28,050 km2; land area: 28,050 km2

Administrative divisions

20 provinces including Galapagos Islands

26 governorates

14 departments

Branches

executive; unicameral legislature (Chamber of Representatives); independent judiciary

executive power vested in President, who appoints Cabinet; People's Assembly is principal legislative body, with Slmra Council having consultative role; independent judiciary administered by Minister of Justice

Legislative Assembly (60 seats), Executive, Supreme Court

Business organizations

National Association of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive Alliance (AP), conservative; National Federation of Salvadoran Small Businessmen (FENAPES), conservative

Capital

Quito

Cairo

San Salvador

Communists

Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-Moscow, Rene Mauge — secretary general), 6,000 members; Communist Party of Ecuador/ Marxist Leninist (PCMLE, Maoist), 6,000 members; Revolutionary Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSRE, pro-Cuba), 100 members plus an estimated 5,000 sympathizers

about 500 party members

Elections

parliamentary and presidential elections held January 1984; second-stage presidential election held May 1984; government and legislature took office in August 1984; an amendment to the constitution in August 1983 changed the term of office for the President from five to four years; the 59 deputies elected by the provinces serve for two years; the 12 at-large deputies serve for four years; next presidential election scheduled for 1988 Political parties and leaders: Social Christian Party (PSC, the party of President Leon Febres-Cordero), center-right; Popular Democracy (DP), Osvaldo Hurtado; Christian Democratic, Julio Cesar Trujillo; Democratic Left (ID), Xavier Ledesma; Social Democratic, Rodrigo Borja; Radical Alfarist Front (FRA), Cecilia Calderon de Castro, populist; Democratic Party (PD), Francisco Huerta, center-left; Radical Liberal Party, Eudoro Loor Rivadeneira, center-right; Conservative Party, Jose Teran, center-right; Concentration of Popular Forces (CFP), Averroes Bucaram, populist; People, Change, and Democracy (PCD), Aquiles Rigail Santistevan, centerleft; Democratic Popular Movement (MPD), Jaime Hurtado, Communist; Revolutionary Nationalist Party (PNR), Carlos Julio Arosemena, center-right; Broad Leftist Front (FADI), Rene Mauge, proMoscow Communist

regular elections to People's Assembly every five years (next slated for April 1987); two-thirds of Shura Council is elected for six-year term (first elections were in September 1980) with remaining members appointed by President; presidential election every six years; last held October 1981 Political parties and leaders: formation of political parties must be approved by government; National Democratic Party, led by Mubarak, is the dominant party; legal opposition parties are Socialist Liberal Party, Kamal Murad; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim Shukri; National Progressive Unionist Grouping, Khalid Muhyi-alDin; Umma Party, Ahmad al-Sabahi; and New Wafd Party, Fu'ad Siraj al-Din

Legislative Assembly (formerly Constituent Assembly), 28 March 1982; presidential election, 25 March 1984; presidential runoff election, 6 May 1984 (next scheduled for 1989); Legislative Assembly election, 31 March 1985 Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jose Antonio Morales Erlich; National Conciliation Party (PCN), Hugo Carrillo; Democratic Action (AD), Ricardo Gonzalez Camacho; Salvadoran Popular Party (PPS), Francisco Quifionez; National Republican Alliance (ARENA), Alfredo Cristiani; Salvadoran Authentic Institutional Party (PAISA), Roberto Escobar Garcia; Social Democratic Party (PSD), Mario Rene Roldan; Patria Libre, Hugo Barrera

Government leader

Leon FEBRESCORDERO Ribadeneyra, President (since August 1984)

Government leaders

Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, President (since 1981); 'Atif SIDQI (since November 1986)

Jose Napoleon DUARTE, President (since June 1984); Rodolfo CASTILLO Claramount, Vice President (since June 1984); Abraham RODRIGUEZ, First Presidential Designate (since September 1984); Rene FORTIN, Magafla, Second Presidential Designate (since September 1984)

Labor organizations

Federation of Construction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant association; Unitary Federation of Salvadoran Unions (FUSS), leftist; National Federation of Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS), leftist; Democratic Workers Central (CTD), moderate; General Confederation of Workers (CGT), moderate; Popular Democratic Unity (UPD), moderate labor coalition which includes FESINCONSTRANS, and other democratic labor organizations

Legal system

based on civil law system; progressive new constitution passed in January 1978 referendum; came into effect following the installation of a new civilian government in August 1979; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; permanent constitution written in 1971; judicial review of limited nature in Supreme Court, also in Council of State, which oversees validity of administrative decisions; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

based on Spanish law, with traces of common law; new constitution enacted in December 1983; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Member of

Andean Pact, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO

AAPSO, AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDE — Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC — International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WPC, WSG, WTO; Egypt suspended from Arab League and OAPEC in April 1979

CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE — Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

Independence Day, 10 August

National Day, 23 July

Independence Day, 15 September

Official name

Republic of Ecuador

Arab Republic of Egypt

Republic of El Salvador

Republic of Equatorial

Other political or pressure groups

Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is tolerated by the government; trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned

leftist revolutionary movement — Unified Revolutionary Directorate (DRU) and Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), leadership bodies of the insurgency; Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN), People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Salvadoran Communist Party/ Armed Forces of Liberation (PCES/FAL), and Central American Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/ Popular Liberation Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARLP); militant front organizations— Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses (CRM; alliance of front groups), Popular Revolutionary Bloc (BPR), Unified Popular Action Front (FAPU), Popular Leagues of 28 February (LP-28), National Democratic Union (UDN), and Popular Liberation Movement (MLP); Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR), coalition of CRM and Democratic Front (FD), controlled by DRU; FD consists of moderate leftist groups — Independent Movement of Professionals and Technicians of El Salvador (MIPTES), National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), and Popular Social Christian Movement (MPSC); extreme rightist vigilante organizations or death squads — Secret Anti-Communist Army (ESA); Maximiliano Hernandez Brigade; Organization for Liberation From Communism (OLC)

Suffrage

universal over age 18; compulsory for literate

universal over age 18

universal over age 18

Type

republic

republic

republic

Voting strength

results of May 1984 presidential runoff election — Leon FebresCordero of the Social Christian Party, who headed the coalition National Reconstruction Front, 52.2%; Rodrigo Borja of the Democratic Left, 47.8%

Legislative Assembly — PDC, 33 seats; ARENA, 13 seats; PAISA, 1 seat; PCN, 12 seats; independent, 1 seat

Agriculture

main crops — bananas, coffee, cocoa, sugarcane, corn, potatoes, rice; an illegal producer of coca for the international drug trade

main cash crop — cotton; other crops — rice, onions, beans, citrus fruit, wheat, corn, barley; not self-sufficient in food

coffee, cotton, corn, sugar, beans, rice, sorghum, wheat

Aid

Western (non-US) ODA and OOF commitments (1970-84), $721 million; US economic (FY70-85), $330 million; Communist countries (1970-85), $64 million

authorized from US, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $1.3 billion; ODA and OOF commitments by other Western countries (1970-84), $170 million

Budget

revenues, $1,718 million; expenditures, $1,876 million (1987)

government revenues, $502 million; expenditures, $582 million (1983)

Electric power

1,791,000 kW capacity; 4,540 million kWh produced, 470 kWh per capita (1986)

8,427,000 kW capacity; 40,600 million kWh produced, 800 kWh per capita (1986)

705,000 kW capacity; 1,710 billion kWh produced, 340 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1986); petroleum, shrimp, fish products, coffee, bananas, cocoa

$3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1985/86 est); crude petroleum, raw cotton, cotton yarn, fabric

$772 million (f.o.b., 1985); coffee, cotton, sugar, shrimp

Fiscal year

calendar year

1 July-30 June

calendar year

Fishing

catch 307,300 metric tons (1983); shrimp production 36,230 metric tons (1985); exports $260 million (1985), imports negligible

catch 10,500 metric tons (1984 est.)

GDP

$21.2 billion, $430 per capita; 3.5% real growth (1985)

$4.36 billion, $870 per capita (1985 est.)

GNP

$10.7 billion (1985), $1,140 per capita; 66% private consumption, 21% gross investment, 12% public consumption, 27% foreign (1984); real growth rate 3.2% (1985); inflation rate 24.5% (1986)

Imports

$1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1986); agricultural and industrial machinery, industrial raw materials, building supplies, chemical products, transportation and communication equipment

$9.0 billion (c.i.f., 1985/86 est.); foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, woods

$1,052 million (c.i.f., 1985); machinery, intermediate goods, petroleum, construction materials, fertilizers, foodstuffs

Major industries

food processing, textiles, chemicals, fishing, petroleum

textiles, food processing, chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement

food processing, textiles, clothing, petroleum products

Major trade partners

exports — 54% US, 10% Latin America and Caribbean, 4% EC, 2% Japan; imports — 33% US, 16% Latin America and Caribbean, 23% EC, 12% Japan (1985)

US, EC countries

exports — 33% US, 15% FRG, 12% Guatemala; imports— 39% US, 18% Guatemala, 9% Mexico

Military transfers

US (FY70-85) $71 million

US (FY70-85), $548 million

Monetary conversion rate

146 sucres=US$l (1 January 1987)

official rate 0.70 Egyptian pound=US$l; commercial bank rate 1.35 Egyptian pounds=US$l; free market rate 1.95 Egyptian pounds=US$l (December 1986)

5.0 colones=US$l (November 1986)

Natural resources

petroleum, fish, timber Ecuador (continued) Egypt

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc

hydroelectric and geothermal power

Airfields

176 total, 174 usable; 32 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

102 total, 86 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 45 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Egypt (continued) El Salvador

161 total, 135 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

Ecuadorean Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Ecuadorean Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana), Ecuadorean Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana)

Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police, Treasury Police

Civil air

44 major transport aircraft

42 major transport aircraft

7 major transport aircraft

Freight carried

Suez Canal — 257.6 million metric tons, of which 94 million metric tons were petroleums, oils, and lubricants (1985)

Highways

28,000 km total; 3,600 km paved, 17,400 km gravel and improved earth, 7,000 km unimproved earth

28,500 km total; 15,000 km surfaced, 13,500 km unsurfaced

10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and unimproved earth

Inland waterways

1,500 km

3,360 km (including the Nile River, Lake Nasser, AlexandriaCairo Waterway, the Ismailia Canal, and numerous smaller canals in the Delta); Suez Canal, 162 km long, used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water

Rio Lempa partially navigable

Military budget

estimated for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $242 million; about 10.9% of the central government budget Mediterranean Sea port Bur Saf ajah Al Kh.rijah^ .Luxot Atwsn See rtfionil nup VI »nd VII Boundary representation is not necessarily authoritative

operating expenditures for fiscal year ending 30 June 1985, $3.7 billion; 13% of central government budget Boundary repres not necessarily a North Pacific Ocean Stt regional map 111

estimated for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $166.8 million; about 24.6% of the central government budget Equatorial Guinea -MALABO ^•^/ Bioko Gulf of Guinea Island not shown in true geographical position. H, Annobon 1««* XJMM ^-VS»__ RIO MUNI Acalayong S« refloiul m.p VII

Military manpower

males 15-49, 2,399,000; 1,628,000 fit for military service; 108,000 reach military age (20) annually

males 15-49, 12,203,000; 7,949,000 fit for military service; 513,000 reach military age (20) annually

males 15-49, 1,223,000; 780,000 fit for military service; 63,000 reach military age (18) annually

Pipelines

crude oil, 800 km; refined products, 1,358 km

crude oil, 1,107 km; refined products, 596 km; natural gas, 460 km

Ports

4 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, Esmeraldas), 6 minor

4 major (Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Bur Safajah); 15 minor; 9 petroleum, oil, and lubricant terminals

2 major (Acajutla, La Union), 1 minor

Railroads

965 km total; all 1.067-meter gauge single track

4,857 km total; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified; 4,510 km 1,435meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter gauge

602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track

Telecommunications

domestic facilities generally adequate; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 318,000 telephones (3.9 per 100 popl.); 285 AM, 24 TV stations Defense Forces

system is large but still inadequate for needs; principal centers are Alexandria, Cairo, Al Man;urah, Ismailia, and Tan(a; intercity connections by coaxial cable and microwave; extensive upgrading in progress; est. 600,000 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 25 AM, 5 FM, 47 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT station; 3 submarine coaxial cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan; radio-relay to Libya Defense Forces

nationwide trunk radio-relay system; connection into Central American microwave net; 116,000 telephones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 77 AM, 2 shortwave, 5 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces