1985 Edition

Agriculture

main crops — bananas, coffee, cocoa, sugarcane, corn, potatoes, rice

Aid

economic — bilateral commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), from US, $599 million; ODA and OOF from other Western countries (1970-82), $210 million; military authorized from US (1970-83), $33 million

economic — other Western countries (1970-82), $498 million; US (FY70-83), $250; Communist countries (1970-83), $46 million; military— US (FY70-83) $57 million

Airfields

47 total, 34 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,4403,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

167 total, 166 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

Army, Navy, Air Force

executive; unicameral legislature (Chamber of Representatives); independent judiciary

Ecuadorean Army, Ecuadorean Air Force, Ecuadorean Navy

Budget

revenues, $1.1 billion; expenditures, $1.0 million (1983)

(1982) revenues, $1,424 million; expenditures, $2,155 million

Capital

Quito

Civil air

14 major transport aircraft

44 major transport aircraft

Coastline

2,237 km (includes Galapagos Islands) People

Communists

Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-Moscow, Rene Mauge — secretary general), 6,000 members; Communist Party of Ecuador/Marxist Leninist (PCMLE, independent), 6,000 members; Revolutionary Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSRE, pro-Cuba), 100 members plus an estimated 5,000 sympathizers

Elections

parliamentary and presidential elections held January 1984; second-stage presidential election held May 1984; government and legislature took office in August 1984; an amendment to the constitution in August 1983 changed the term of office for the president from 5 to 4 years; the 59 deputies elected by the provinces serve for 2 years; the 12 at-large deputies serve for 4 years Political parties and leaders: Social Christian Party (PSC, the party of President Leon Febres-Cordero), center-right; Popular Democracy (DP), Osvaldo Hurtado; Christian Democratic, Julio Cesar Trujillo; Democratic Left (ID); Social Democratic, Rodrigo Borja; Radical Alfarist Front (FRA), Cecilia Calderon de Castro, populist; Democratic Party (PD), Francisco Huerta, center-left; Radical Liberal Party, Blasco Penaherrera, centerright; Conservative Party, Jose Teran, centerright; Concentration of Popular Forces (CFP), Averroes Bucaram, populist; People, Change, and Democracy (PCD), Aquiles Rigail, center-left; Ecuadorean Roldocist Party (PRE), Abdala Bucaram, populist; Democratic Popular Movement (MPD), Jaime Hurtado, Communist; Revolutionary Nationalist Party (PNR), Carlos Julio Arosemena, center-right; Democratic Institutionalist Coalition, Otto Arosemena, center-right; Broad Leftist Front (FADI), Rene Mauge, pro-Moscow Communist

Electric power

1,716,000 kW capacity (1984); 3.4 billion kWh produced (1984), 390 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

55% mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish), 25% Indian, 10% Spanish, 10% black

Exports

$2,365 million (f.o.b., 1983); petroleum exports $1 ,750 million; bananas, coffee, cocoa, fish products

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

Fishing

catch 636,532 metric tons (1982); exports $210 million (1982), imports negligible

GNP

$1 1.3 billion (1983), $1,343 per capita; 61% private consumption, 15% public consumption, 26% gross investment, 2% foreign (1982); growth rate -3.3% (1983)

Government leader

Leon FEBRESCORDERO Ribadeneyra, President (since August 1984)

Highways

12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600 km unimproved

69,280 km total; 11,925 km paved, 24,400 km gravel, 32,955 km earth roads and tracks

Imports

$1,408 million (c.i.f., 1983); agricultural and industrial machinery, industrial raw materials, building supplies, chemical products, transportation and communication equipment

Inland waterways

1,500 km

Labor force

(1983) 2.8 million; 52% agriculture, 13% manufacturing, 7% commerce, 4% construction, 4% public administration, 16% other services and activities

Land boundaries

1,931 km Water

Language

Spanish (official); Indian dialects, especially Quechua

Legal system

based on civil law system; progressive new constitution passed in January 1978 referendum; came into effect following the installation of a new civilian government in August 1979; legal education at four state and two private universities; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

200 nm

Literacy

84%

Major industries

food processing, textiles, chemicals, fishing, petroleum

Major trade partners

exports (1982) — 52% US, 25% Latin America and Caribbean, 1% Japan, 1% Italy, 1% FRG; imports (1982) 45% US, 15% Latin America and Caribbean, 12% Japan (1982)

Member of

Andean Pact, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE — Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy

Military budget

estimated for the fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, $136.2 million; about 7.3% of the central government budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 1,637,000; 1,080,000 fit for military service; 82,000 reach military age (18) annually 175 km Boundary representation is nol necessarily authoritative Galapagos Islands Land 283,561 km2 (including Galapagos Islands); the size of Colorado; 55% forest; 11% cultivated, 8% meadow and pasture; 26% waste, urban, or other (excludes the Oriente and the Galapagos Islands, for which information is not available)

males 15-49, 2,029,000; 1,379,000 fit for military service; 93,000 reach military age (20) annually

Monetary conversion rate

1 peso=US$l (December 1984)

official, 67.18 sucres=US$l; floating, 1 19.50 sucres=US$l (January 1984)

National holiday

Independence Day, 10 August

Nationality

noun — Ecuadorean(s); adjective— Ecuadorean

Official name

Republic of Ecuador

Organized labor

less than 15% of labor force Government

Pipelines

refined products, 69 km

crude oil, 800 km; refined products, 1,358 km

Political subdivisions

20 provinces including Galapagos Islands

Population

8,884,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.7%

Ports

4 major (Santo Domingo, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata), 17 minor

3 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, Esmeraldas), 6 minor

Railroads

375 km total of 1.435-meter gauge, privately owned

1,930 km total; all 1.067meter gauge single track

Religion

95% Roman Catholic (majority nonpracticing)

Suffrage

universal over age 18; compulsory for literates

Telecommunications

relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide radiorelay network; 175,100 telephones (3 per 100 popl.); 122 AM, 62 FM, 37 TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces

domestic facilities generally adequate; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 290,200 telephones (3.3 per 100 pop!.); 260 AM, 38 FM, 23 TV stations Defense Forces

Type

republic

Voting strength

results of May 1984 presidential runoff election — Leon FebresCordero of the Social Christian Party, who headed the coalition National Reconstruction Front, 52%; Rodrigo Borja of the Democratic Left, 48%