1987 Edition

Boundary disputes

Peru (two areas)

Climate

tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation

tropical along coast becoming cooler inland

Coastline

1,288 km

2,237 km

Comparative area

about the size of New Hampshire and Vermont combined Land boundary 361 km with Haiti

about the size of Colorado

Contiguous zone

24 nm

Continental shelf

outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm

200 m

Environment

subject to occasional hurricanes; deforestation

subject to frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity, tsunamis; deforestation; desertification; soil erosion

Extended economic zone

200 nm

Infant mortality rate

63/1,000 (1983)

Labor force

over 2 million (1986); 45% agriculture, 34% industry, 16% services

Land boundaries

1,931 km total

Land use

23% arable land; 7% permanent crops; 43% meadows and pastures; 138% forest and woodland; 14% other; includes 4% irrigated

6% arable land; 8% permanent crops; 17% meadows and pastures; 51% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes 2% irrigated

Language

Spanish

Life expectancy

60

Literacy

68%

Organized labor

between 200,000 and 250,000 (1986); 10-15% of labor force

Special notes

shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti

Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world

Terrain

rugged highlands and mountains

coastal plain (Costa), Andes Mountains and central highlands (Sierra), flat to rolling eastern jungle (Oriente)

Territorial sea

6 nm

200 nm

Total area

100 km North Atlantic Ocean Bahia da Samana Higuey, San Padro* da Macoria Caribbean Sea

48,730 km?; land area: 48,380 km?

283,560 km?: land area: 276,840 km?

Ethnic divisions

73% mixed, 16% white, 11% black

55% mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish), 25% Indian, 10% Spanish, 10% black

Infant mortality rate

68.4/1,000 (1984)

Labor force

(1983) 2.8 million; 52% agriculture, 18% manufacturing, 7% commerce, 4% construction, 4% public administration, 16% other services and activities Organized labor; less than 15% of labor force

Language

Spanish (official); Indian languages, especially Quechua

Life expectancy

64 (1984)

Literacy

85% (1981)

Nationality

noun—Dominican(s); adjective—Dominican

noun—Ecuadorean(s); adjective—Ecuadorean

Population

6,960,743 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.49%

9,954,609 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.80%

Religion

95% Roman Catholic

95% Roman Catholic (majority nonpracticing)

Administrative divisions

29 provinces and the National District

20 provinces including Galapagos Islands

Agriculture

sugarcane, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, rice, corn

Aid

US economic commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), from US, $868 million; ODA and OOF from other Western countries (1970-84), $330 million

Branches

President popularly elected for a four-year term; bicameral legislature (National Congress—30-seat Senate and 120-seat Chamber of Deputies elected for four-year terms); Supreme Court

executive; unicameral legislature (Chamber of Representatives); independent judiciary

Budget

revenues, $828 million; expenditures, $750 million (1985 est.)

Capital

Quito

Communists

an estimated 8,000 to 10,000 members in several legal and illegal factions; effectiveness limited by ideological differences and organizational inadequacies

Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-Moscow, René Maugé— secretary general), 6,000 members; Communist Party of Ecuador/Marxist Leninist (PCMLE, Maoist), 6,000 members; Revolutionary Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSRE, pro-Cuba), 100 members plus an estimated 5,000 sympathizers

Elections

ast national election 16 May 1986; next election 16 May 1990 Political parties and leaders: Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD), Salvador Jorge Blanco, Jacobo Majluta, and José Francisco Pefia Gomez; Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin Balaguer Ricardo (formed in 1984 by merger of Reformist Party and Social Christian Revolutionary Party); Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), Juan Bosch Gavino; The Structure (LE), Andres Van Der Horst; Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias Wessin y Wessin; Constitutional Action Party (PAC), Luis Arzeno Rodriguez; National Progressive Force (FNP), Marino Vinicio Castillo; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio Delgado Bogaert; Dominican Communist Party (PCD), Narciso Isa Conde; AntiImperialist Patriotic Union (UPA), Ivan Rodriguez; in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form the Dominican Leftist Front (FID); however they still retain individual party structures

parliamentary and presidential elections held January 1984; second-stage presidential election held May 1984; government and legislature took office in August 1984; an amendment to the constitution in August 1983 changed the term of office for the President from five to four years; the 59 deputies elected by the provinces serve for two years; the 12 at-large deputies serve for four years; next presidential election scheduled for 1988 Political parties and leaders: Social Christian Party (PSC, the party of President Leon Febres-Cordero), center-right; Popular Democracy (DP), Osvaldo Hurtado; Christian Democratic, Julio César Trujillo; Democratic Left (1D), Xavier Ledesma; Social Democratic, Rodrigo Borja; Radical Alfarist Front (FRA), Cecilia Calderén de Castro, populist; Democratic Party (PD), Francisco Huerta, center-left; Radical Liberal Party, Eudoro Loor Rivadeneira, center-right; Conservative Party, José Teran, center-right; Concentration of Popular Forces (CFP), Averroes Bucaram, populist; People, Change, and Democracy (PCD), Aquiles Rigail Santistevan, centerleft; Democratic Popular Movement (MPD), Jaime Hurtado, Communist; Revolutionary Nationalist Party (PNR), Carlos Julio Arosemena, center-right; Broad Leftist Front (FADI), René Mangé, proMoscow Communist

Electric power

1,332,000 kW capacity; 8,800 million kWh produced, 560 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$735 million (f.0.b., 1985); sugar, nickel, coffee, tobacco, cocoa, gold, silver

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP

$14.9 billion, $858 per capita; real GDP growth 2.0% (1986 est.)

Government leader

Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo, President (since August 1986)

Le6n FEBRESCORDERO Ribadeneyra, President (since August 1984)

Imports

$1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1985); foodstuffs, petroleum, industrial raw materials, capital equipment

Legal system

based on French civil codes; 1966 constitution

based on civil law system; progressive new constitution passed in January 1978 referendum; came into effect following the installation of a new civilian government in August 1979; has not accepted compulsory 1CJ jurisdiction

Major industries

tourism, sugar processing, nickel mining, gold mining, textiles, cement

Major trade partners

exports—77% US, including Puerto Rico (1984 est.); imports—45% US, including Puerto Rico (1980)

Member of

FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO _ Economy

Andean Pact, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, 1LO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO

Military transfers

US (1970-85), $48 million

Monetary conversion rate

3.05 pesos=US$1 (November 1986)

National holiday

Independence Day, 27 February

Independence Day, 10 August

Natural resources

nickel, bauxite, gold, silver

Official name

Dominican Republic

Republic of Ecuador

Suffrage

universal and compulsory, over age 18 or married, except members of the armed forces and police, who cannot vote

universal over age 18; compulsory for literate

Type

republic Capital; Santo Domingo

republic

Voting strength

(1986 election) 72% voter turnout; 40.6% PRSC, 33.5% PRD, 18.3% PLD; 5.8% LE; 2.3% minor parties

results of May 1984 presidential runoff election—Le6én FebresCordero of the Social Christian Party, who headed the coalition National Reconstruction Front, 52.2%; Rodrigo Borja of the Democratic Left, 47.8%

Agriculture

main crops—bananas, coffee, cocoa, sugarcane, corn, potatoes, rice; an illegal producer of coca for the international drug trade

Aid

Western (non-US) ODA and OOF commitments (1970-84), $721 million; US economic (FY70-85), $330 million; Communist countries (1970-85), $64 million

Budget

revenues, $1,718 million; expenditures, $1,876 million (1987)

Electric power

1,791,000 kW capacity; 4,540 million kWh produced, 470 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$2.1 billion (f.0.b., 1986); petroleum, shrimp, fish products, coffee, bananas, cocoa

Fiscal year

calendar year

Fishing

catch 307,300 metric tons (1983); shrimp production 36,230 metric tons (1985); exports $260 million (1985), imports negligible

GNP

$10.7 billion (1985), $1,140 per capita; 66% private consumption, 21% gross investment, 12% public consumption, 27% foreign (1984); real growth rate 3.2% (1985); inflation rate 24.5% (1986)

Imports

$1.7 billion (f.0.b., 1986); agricultural and industrial machinery, industrial raw materials, building supplies, chemical products, transportation and communication equipment

Major industries

food processing, textiles, chemicals, fishing, petroleum

Major trade partners

exports—54% US, 10% Latin America and Caribbean, 4% EC, 2% Japan; imports—33% US, 16% Latin America and Caribbean, 23% EC, 12% Japan (1985)

Military transfers

US (FY70-85) $71 million

Monetary conversion rate

146 sucres=US$1 (1 January 1987)

Natural resources

petroleum, fish, timber Ecuador (continued)

Airfields

46 total, 34 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-2,4389 m

176 total, 174 usable; 32 with permanent-surface runways; | with runways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2] with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air

14 major transport aircraft

44 major transport aircraft

Highways

12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600 km unimproved

28,000 km total; 3,600 km paved, 17,400 km gravel and improved earth, 7,000 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways

1,500 km

Pipelines

crude oil, 96 km; refined products, 8 km

crude oil, 800 km; refined products, 1,358 km

Ports

4 major (Santo Domingo, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata), 17 minor

4 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, Esmeraldas), 6 minor

Railroads

1,655 km total in numerous segments; 4 different gauges from .558 m to 1.435 m

965 km total; all 1.067-meter gauge single track

Telecommunications

relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide radio-relay network; 190,000 telephones (3 per 100 popl.); 123 AM, 18 TV stations; I coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station

domestic facilities generally adequate; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 318,000 telephones (3.9 per 100 popl.); 285 AM, 24 TV stations

Branches

Army, Navy, Air Force

Ecuadorean Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Ecuadorean Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana), Ecuadorean Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana)

Military budget

estimated for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $242 million; about 10.9% of the central government budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 1,782,000; 1,129,000 fit for military service; 84,000 reach military age (18) annually Ecuador Boundary representation is not neceasarily authortlative Pecific Ocean istends not shown in tree geogrephicel position. Golfo f£ le Guayaquil

males 15-49, 2,399,000; 1,628,000 fit for military service; 108,000 reach military age (20) annually