1988 Edition

Boundary disputes

none; has been divided de facto into two autonomous areas since 1974 hostilities — one controlled by the Cyprus Government or Greek area (60%) and the other administered by Turkish Cypriots (35%); those areas are separated by a UN buffer zone and two UK sovereign base areas (5%)

none; Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and UK

Climate

temperate; hot, dry summers; cool, rainy winters

temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

temperate; humid and overcast; mild winters and cool summers

Coastline

648 km

3,379 km

Comparative area

slightly smaller than Connecticut

about the size of New York State

about twice the size of Massachusetts

Contiguous zone

4 nm

Continental shelf

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

Environment

moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments and seasonal disparity in rainfall)

infrequent earthquakes; acid rain; water pollution

air and water pollution

Ethnic divisions

Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German

Exclusive fishing zone

200 nm

Infant mortality rate

7.7/1,000 (1983)

Labor force

2,779,000 (1985); 33.2% government; 20.7% manufacturing; 13.2% commerce; 2.0% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 5.9% construction; 7.5% banking and business services; 7.2% transportation; 10.3% unemployment rate

Land boundaries

3,540 km total

68 km total

Land use

40% arable land; 7% permanent crops; 10% meadows and pastures; 18% forest and woodland; 25% other; includes 10% irrigated

40% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 13% meadows and pastures; 37% forest and woodland; 9% other; includes 1% irrigated

61% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 6% meadows and pastures; 12% forest and woodland; 21% other; includes 9% irrigated

Language

Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect); small Germanspeaking minority

Life expectancy

men 71.5, women 77.5

Literacy

99%

Nationality

noun — Dane(s); adjective — Danish

Organized labor

65% of labor force

Population

5,121,766 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.07%

Religion

97% Evangelical Lutheran, 2% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1% other

Special notes

occupies important location in eastern Mediterranean, gateway to the Middle East

landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between northern Europe and Danube

controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas

Terrain

central plain with mountains to north and south

mixture of hills and mountains separated by plains and basins

low and flat to gently rolling plains

Territorial sea

12 nm

3 nm

Total area

9,250 km2; land area: 9,240 km2

127,870 km2; land area: 125,460 km2

43,070 km2; land area: 42,370 km2 (excluding Greenland and Faroe Islands)

Total area

50km Mediterranean Sea United NationBuffer Zonal '' Rizokarpaso amagusta Epiikopl\_J Limassol likot Mediterranean Sea Stt refional map VI

Ethnic divisions

78% Greek; 18% Turkish; 4% Armenian, Maronite, and other

64.3% Czech, 30.5% Slovak, 3.8% Hungarian, 0.4% German, 0.4% Polish, 0.3% Ukrainian, 0.1% Russian, 0.2% other (Jewish, Gypsy)

Greek Sector labor force

251,406; 42% services, 33% industry, 22% agriculture; 3.4% unemployed (1986)

Infant mortality rate

17/1,000 (1984)

16/1,000 (1983)

Labor force

7.6 million (1985); 38.1% industry; 12.5% agriculture; 49.4% construction, communications, and other (1982)

Language

Greek, Turkish, English

Czech and Slovak (official), Hungarian

Life expectancy

men 72.3, women 76.0 (1981)

71.6 (1985)

Literacy

about 99%

99%

Nationality

noun — Cypriot(s); adjective — Cypriot

noun — Czechoslovak(s); adjective— Czechoslovak

Population

683,651 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 1.26%

15,581,993 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.26%

Religion

78% Greek Orthodox; 18% Muslim; 4% Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other

77% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 2% Orthodox, 1% other

Administrative divisions

6 administrative districts

2 ostensibly separate and nominally autonomous republics (Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic); 7 regions (kraj) in Czech lands, 3 regions in Slovakia; republic capitals of Prague and Bratislava have regional status

14 counties, 275 communes (88 towns are included in communes)

Branches

currently the Government of Cyprus has effective authority over only the Greek Cypriot community; headed by President of the Republic and comprising Council of Ministers, House of Representatives, and Supreme Court; Turkish Cypriots declared their own constitution and governing bodies within the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus in 1975; state renamed Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983; new constitution for the Turkish sector passed by referendum in May 1985

executive — President (elected by Federal Assembly), Cabinet (appointed by President); legislative (Federal Assembly; elected directly — Chamber of Nations, Chamber of the People), Czech and Slovak National Councils (also elected directly) legislate on limited area of regional matters; judiciary, Supreme Court (elected by Federal Assembly); entire governmental structure dominated by Communist Party

legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament (Folketing); executive power vested in Crown but exercised by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 2 superior courts, 106 lower courts

Capital

Nicosia

Prague

Communists

about 12,000 CyprUS (continued) Czechoslovakia

1.6 million party members (August 1984)

Dependent areas

Faroe Islands, Greenland

Elections

officially every five years (last presidential election held in February 1983); parliamentary elections held in December 1985; Turkish sector presidential elections last held in June 1985; assembly elections held in June 1985 Political parties and leaders: Greek Cypriot — Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Ezekias Papaioannou; Democratic Rally (DESY), Glafkos Clerides; Democratic Party (DEKO), Spyros Kyprianou; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), Vassos Lyssarides; Turkish sector — National Unity Party (NUP), Dervis Eroglu; Communal Liberation Party (CLP), Ismail Bozkurt; Republican Turkish Party (RTP), Ozker Ozgur; New Birth Party (NBP), Aytac Besheshler

governmental bodies and president every five years; last election June Dominant political party and leader: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC), Gustav Husak, General Secretary (since 1969); Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS) has status of provincial KSC organization

on call of prime minister but at least every four years; last election 10 January 1984 Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Anker J0rgensen; Liberal, Uffe Ellemann-Jensen; Conservative, Poul Schlter; Radical Liberal, Niels Helveg Petersen; Socialist People's, Gert Petersen; Communist, Jorgen Jensen; Left Socialist, Preben Wilnjelm; Center Democratic, Erhard Jakobsen; Christian People's, Christian Christensen; Justice, Poul Gerhard Kristiansen; Trade and Industry Party, Asger J. Lindinger; Free Democratic Party, Mogens Glistrup; Socialist Workers Party, no chairman; Communist Workers' Party (KAP), Benito Scocozza

Government leaders

Spyros KYPRIANOU, President (since 1977); Turkish Sector— Rauf DENKTASH, President (since 1975)

Gustav HUSAK, President (since 1975); Lubomir STROUGAL, Premier (since 1970)

MARGRETHE II, Queen (since January 1972); Poul SCHLUTER, Prime Minister (since September 1982)

Legal system

based on common law, with civil law modifications; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently

civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes, modified by Communist legal theory; revised constitution adopted 1960, and amended in 1968 and 1970; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

civil law system; constitution adopted 1953; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Member of

Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO; Turkish Federated State of Cyprus OIC (observer)

CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ICO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ELDO (observer), EMS, ESRO, FAQ, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE, Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG

National holiday

Independence Day, 1 October

Liberation Day, 9 May

birthday of the Queen, 16 April

Official name

Republic of Cyprus

Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR)

Kingdom of Denmark

Other political groups

puppet parties — Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party, Slovak Freedom Party, Slovak Revival Party

Other political or pressure groups

United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; proWest); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled); Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; proWest); Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions (Dev-Is)

Suffrage

universal at age 18

universal over age 18

universal over age 21

Type

republic; a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot President Rauf Denktash declared independence and the formation of a Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which has been recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of government

Communist state

constitutional monarchy Capita!: Copenhagen

Voting strength

in the 1983 presidential election, incumbent Spyros Kyprianou retained his position by winning 56% of the vote; in the 1985 parliamentary election, the proWestern Democratic Rally received 19 of the 56 seats; Kyprianou 's center-right Democratic Party won 16 seats; Communist AKEL secured 15 seats; and socialist EDEK won 6 seats; in 1985 presidential elections in the Turkish Cypriot sector, Rauf Denktash won with 70 percent of the vote; in the 1985 assembly elections the conservative National Unity Party won 24 of 50 seats; the Communist Republican Turkish Party received 12 seats; center-right Communal Liberation Party secured 10 seats; and the rightwing New Birth Party received 4 seats

(1986 election) 99.96% for Communist-sponsored single slate

(1984 election) 31.6% Social Democratic, 23.4% Conservative, 12.1% Liberal, 11.5% Socialist People's, 5.5% Radical Liberal, 4.6% Center Democratic, 3.6% Progress, 2.7% Christian People's, 2.6% Left Socialist, 1.5% Justice, 0.7% Communist, 0.2% others

Agriculture

potatoes and other vegetables, grapes, citrus, wheat, carob beans, olives

diversified agriculture; main crops — wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, hogs, cattle, horses; net food importer — meat, wheat, vegetable oils, fresh fruits and vegetables

highly intensive, specializes in dairying and animal husbandry; main crops — cereals, root crops; food imports — oilseed, grain, animal feedstuffs

Aid

donor — ODA and OOF economic aid commitments (1970-84) $3.6 billion

Budget

revenues, $663.2 million; expenditures, $804.9 million; deficit, $141.7 million (1984); Turkish sector — revenues, $46.3 million; expenditures, $110.9 million; deficit, $64.6 million (1986)

expenditures, $32.55 billion; revenues, $32.56 billion (1986)

Crude steel

15.0 million metric tons produced (1985), 965 kg per capita

0.5 million metric tons produced (1985), 100 kg per capita

Electric power

620,000 kW capacity; 1,520 million kWh produced, 2,260 kWh per capita (1986)

21,445,000 kW capacity; 83,000 million kWh produced, 5,260 kWh per capita (1986)

9,973,000 kW capacity; 28,290 million kWh produced, 5,550 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$561.2 million (f.o.b., 1985); principal items — food and beverages, including citrus, raisins, potatoes, wine; also cement and clothing; Turkish sector — $48.8 million (f.o.b., 1984); principal items — citrus, potatoes, metal pipes, pyrites

$17.84 billion (f.o.b., 1985); 54.8% machinery and equipment; 16.2% manufactured consumer goods; 14.2% fuels, minerals, and metals; 6.7% agricultural and forestry products, 8.1% other products (1984 est.)

$17.1 billion (f.o.b., 1985); principal items — meat, dairy products, industrial machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, transport equipment, fish, furs, furniture

Fiscal year

calendar year

calendar year

calendar year

Fishing

catch 1.67 million metric tons, exports $842 million, imports $360 million (1985)

GDP

$2.4 billion (1984), $3,609 per capita; real growth rate 1.3% (1984 est); Turkish sector— $205.9 million, $1,344 per capita (1983)

GNP

$135.6 billion in 1985 (in 1985 dollars), $8,700 per capita; 1985 real growth rate 1.6%

$38.4 billion, $7,533 per capita; 56.3% private consumption, 20.0% private investment, 26.4% government consumption, investment; —3.7% net exports of goods and services; 1% increase in stocks; growth rate, 2.7% (1985)

Imports

$1,469.7 million (c.i.f., 1985); principal items manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, food; Turkish sector — $170 million (c.i.f., 1984); principal items — foodstuffs, raw materials, fuels, machinery

$17.94 billion (f.o.b., 1985); 41.1% fuels, minerals, and metals; 33.2% machinery and equipment; 12.1% agricultural and forestry products; 5.7% manufactured consumer goods; 7.9% other products (1984)

$18.2 billion (c.i.f., 1985); principal items — industrial machinery, transport equipment, petroleum, textile fibers and yarns, iron and steel products, chemicals, grain and feedstuffs, wood and paper

Major industries

mining (iron pyrites, gypsum, asbestos), manufactures principally for local consumption — beverages, footwear, clothing, cement

iron and steel, machinery and equipment, cement, sheet glass, motor vehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics, wood, paper products

food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, electronics, construction, furniture, and other wood products Djibouti

Major trade partners

imports (1984) — 12.1% UK, 12% Japan, 10.5% Italy, 8.3% FRG, 5.2% Iraq; exports (1984)— 17% UK, 14.1% Lebanon, 11.4% Libya, 7.5% Saudi Arabia, 3.4% USSR; Turkish sectorimports (1984)— 46% Turkey, 36% EC, 17% Arab countries; exports (1984)— 61% EC, 22% Turkey, 16% Arab countries

USSR, GDR, Poland, Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria, Bulgaria, Romania; 80% with Communist countries, 20% with non-Communist countries (1986)

1985 exports — 42.3% EC, 15.4% FRG, 12.2% Sweden, 12.0% UK, 10.1% US, 6.8% Norway

Monetary conversion rate

.52 Cyprus pound=US$l (January 1987); Turkish sector — 755 Turkish liras=US$l (January 1987)

6.875 koronas=US$l (1985 average)

7.64 kroner=US$l (November 1986)

Natural resources

copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, lumber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment

coal, coke, timber, lignite, uranium, magnesite

oil, gas, fish

Shortages

ores, crude oil

Airfields

15 total, 14 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

135 total; 18 with runways 2,500 m or longer

132 total, 117 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

Cyprus National Guard; Turkish sector — Turkish Cypriot Security Force

Czechoslovak People's Army, Frontier Guard, Air and Air Defense Forces

Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force

Civil air

8 major transport aircraft

40 major transport aircraft

58 major transport aircraft

Freight carried

rail — 298.8 million metric tons, 74 billion metric tons/km; highway — 1,258 million metric tons, 20.90 billion metric tons/km; waterway — 13.40 million metric tons, 4.4 billion metric tons/km (excluding international transit traffic) (1984)

Highways

10,780 km total; 5,170 km bituminous surface treated; 5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth

74,891 km total; including 450 km superhighway (1984)

66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth

Inland waterways

475 km (1984)

417 km

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $60 million; 11.6% of central government budget See refionil map V

announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, 28.3 billion koronas, 7.5% of total budget Denmark Skagerrak 100^ 'Skaaen Faroe lslands «nd Greenland are separate Kattegat COPENHAGEN Bornholi Mfn Baltic Sea

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $1.7 billion; 7.3% of central government budget Gotte de Tadjoura — — -9k

Military manpower

males 15-49, 176,000; 122,000 fit for military service; about 5,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 3,867,000; 2,969,000 fy for military service; 121,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 1,351,000; 1,173,000 fit for military service; 38,000 reach military age (20) annually

Pipelines

crude oil, 1,448 km; refined products, 1,500 km; natural gas, 8,000 km

crude oil, 110 km; refined products, 508 km; natural gas, 640 km

Ports

3 major (Famagusta, Larnaca, Limassol), 2 secondary (Vasilikos, Kyrenia), 11 minor; Famagusta and Kyrenia under Turkish-Cypriot control

no maritime ports; outlets are Gdynia, Gdansk, and Szczecin in Poland; Rijeka and Koper in Yugoslavia; Hamburg, FRG; Rostock, GDR; principal river ports are Prague, Decin, Komarno, Bratislava

4 major, 15 secondary, 41 minor

Railroads

none

13,114 km total; 12,866 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 102 km 1.524-meter broad gauge, 146 km 0.750and 0.760-meter narrow gauge; 2,868 km double track; 3,307 km electrified; government owned (1984)

2,770 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail ferry services); 97 km electrified, 730 km double tracked; 650 km of standard-gauge lines are privately owned and operated

Telecommunications

moderately good telecommunication systems in both Greek and Turkish sectors; 185,000 telephones (25 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 14 FM, 29 TV stations; tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece and Turkey; 3 submarine coaxial cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite antenna and 1 Indian Ocean antenna Defense Forces

54 AM, 14 FM, 45 TV stations; 11 Soviet TV relays; 4,360,000 TV sets; 4,208,538 receiver sets; at least 1 satellite ground station Defense Forces

excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 4.0 million telephones (78.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 46 FM, 35 TV stations; 13 submarine coaxial cables; 7 satellite earth stations for domestic service Defense Forces