2019 Edition

Background

The original Arawak Indian settlers who arrived on the island from South America in about 1000, were largely enslaved by the Spanish early in the 16th century and forcibly relocated to other colonies where labor was needed. Curacao was seized by the Dutch from the Spanish in 1634. Once the center of the Caribbean slave trade, Curacao was hard hit economically by the abolition of slavery in 1863. Its prosperity (and that of neighboring Aruba) was restored in the early 20th century with the construction of the Isla Refineria to service the newly discovered Venezuelan oil fields. In 1954, Curacao and several other Dutch Caribbean possessions were reorganized as the Netherlands Antilles, part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In referenda in 2005 and 2009, the citizens of Curacao voted to become a self-governing country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The change in status became effective in October 2010 with the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles.

Area

Land

444 sq km

Total

444 sq km

Water

0 sq km

Area Comparative

more than twice the size of Washington, DC

Climate

tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in mild temperatures; semiarid with average rainfall of 60 cm/year

Coastline

364 km

Elevation

Highest Point

Mt. Christoffel 372 m

Lowest Point

Caribbean Sea 0 m

Environment Current Issues

problems in waste management that threaten environmental sustainability on the island include pollution of marine areas from domestic sewage, inadequate sewage treatment facilities, industrial effluents and agricultural runoff, the mismanagement of toxic substances, and ineffective regulations; the refinery in Sint Anna Bay, at the eastern edge of Willemstad’s large natural harbor, processes heavy crude oil from Venezuela; it has caused significant environmental damage to the surrounding area because of neglect and a lack of strict environmental controls; the release of noxious fumes and potentially hazardous particles causes schools downwind to regularly close

Geographic Coordinates

12 10 N, 69 00 W

Geography Note

Curacao is a part of the Windward Islands (southern) group in the Lesser Antilles

Land Boundaries

0

Land Use

Agricultural Land

10% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Arable Land

10%

Agricultural Land Permanent Crops

0%

Agricultural Land Permanent Pasture

0% (2011 est.)

Forest

0% (2011 est.)

Other

90% (2011 est.)

Location

Caribbean, an island in the Caribbean Sea, 55 km off the coast of Venezuela

Map References

Central America and the Caribbean

Maritime Claims

Exclusive Economic Zone

200 nm

Territorial Sea

12 nm

Natural Hazards

Curacao is south of the Caribbean hurricane belt and is rarely threatened

Natural Resources

calcium phosphates, aloes, sorghum, peanuts, vegetables, tropical fruit

Population Distribution

largest concentration on the island is Willemstad; smaller settlements near the coast can be found throughout the island, particularly in the northwest

Terrain

generally low, hilly terrain

Age Structure

0 14 Years

19.88% (male 15,250 /female 14,613)

15 24 Years

14.05% (male 10,957 /female 10,158)

25 54 Years

36.66% (male 27,278 /female 27,802)

55 64 Years

13.84% (male 9,018 /female 11,769)

65 Years And Over

15.57% (male 9,547 /female 13,849) (2018 est.)

Birth Rate

13.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Death Rate

8.5 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Dependency Ratios

Elderly Dependency Ratio

23.6 (2015 est.)

Potential Support Ratio

4.2 (2015 est.)

Total Dependency Ratio

52.4 (2015 est.)

Youth Dependency Ratio

28.7 (2015 est.)

Education Expenditures

4.9% of GDP (2013)

Ethnic Groups

Curacaoan 75.4%, Dutch 6%, Dominican 3.6%, Colombian 3%, Bonairean, Sint Eustatian, Saban 1.5%, Haitian 1.2%, Surinamese 1.2%, Venezuelan 1.1%, Aruban 1.1%, other 5%, unspecified 0.9% (2011 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Female

6.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

7.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

7.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Languages

Papiamento (official) (a creole language that is a mixture of Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English, and, to a lesser extent, French, as well as elements of African languages and the language of the Arawak) 79.9%, Dutch (official) 8.8%, Spanish 5.6%, English (official) 3.1%, other 2.9%, unspecified .3% (2001 census)

Life Expectancy at Birth

Female

81.1 years

Male

76.3 years

Total Population

78.6 years (2018 est.)

Major Infectious Diseases

note: active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus

Major Urban Areas Population

144000 WILLEMSTAD (capital) (2018)

Median Age

Female

39.6 years

Male

33.8 years

Total

36.3 years (2018 est.)

Nationality

Adjective

Curacaoan; Dutch

Noun

Curacaoan

Net Migration Rate

-1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Population

150,241 (July 2018 est.)

Population Growth Rate

0.39% (2018 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 72.8%, Pentecostal6.6%, Protestant 3.2%, Adventist 3%, Jehovah's Witness2%, Evangelical 1.9%, other 3.8%, none 6%, unspecified 0.6% (2011 est.)

School Life Expectancy Primary To Tertiary Education

Female

19 years (2013)

Male

18 years

Total

18 years

Sex Ratio

0 14 Years

1.04 male(s)/female

15 24 Years

1.08 male(s)/female

25 54 Years

0.98 male(s)/female

55 64 Years

0.77 male(s)/female

65 Years And Over

0.69 male(s)/female

At Birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Total Population

0.92 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Total Fertility Rate

2.03 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Unemployment Youth Ages 15 24

Female

NA (2015 est.)

Total

29.7%

Urbanization

Rate Of Urbanization

0.62% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Urban Population

89.1% of total population (2018)

Administrative Divisions

none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

Capital

Geographic Coordinates

12 06 N, 68 55 W

Name

Willemstad

Time Difference

UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

see the Netherlands

Constitution

previous 1947, 1955; latest adopted 5 September 2010, entered into force 10 October 2010 (regulates governance of Curacao but is subordinate to the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands); note - in October 2010, with the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, Curacao became a semi-autonomous entity within the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Country Name

Conventional Long Form

none

Conventional Short Form

Curacao

Etymology

the most plausible name derivation is that the island was designated Isla de la Curacion (Spanish meaning "Island of the Cure" or "Island of Healing") or Ilha da Curacao (Portuguese meaning the same) to reflect the locale's function as a recovery stop for sick crewmen

Former

Netherlands Antilles; Curacao and Dependencies

Local Long Form

Land Curacao (Dutch); Pais Korsou (Papiamento)

Local Short Form

Curacao (Dutch); Korsou (Papiamento)

Dependency Status

constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands; full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 2010; Dutch Government responsible for defense and foreign affairs

Diplomatic Representation From The Us

Chief Of Mission

Consul General Allen GREENBERG (since June 2019); note - also accredited to Aruba and Sint Maarten

Fax

[599] (9) 4616489

Mailing Address

P. O. Box 158, J.B. Gorsiraweg #1, Willemstad, Curacao

Telephone

[599] (9) 4613066

Diplomatic Representation In The Us

none (represented by the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

Executive Branch

Cabinet

Cabinet sworn-in by the governor

Chief Of State

King WILLEM-ALEXANDER of the Netherlands (since 30 April 2013); represented by Governor Lucille A. GEORGE-WOUT (since 4 November 2013)

Elections Appointments

the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party usually elected prime minister by the Parliament of Curacao; next election scheduled for 2016

Head Of Government

Prime Minister Ivar ASJES (since 7 June 2013)

Flag Description

on a blue field a horizontal yellow band somewhat below the center divides the flag into proportions of 5:1:2; two five-pointed white stars - the smaller above and to the left of the larger - appear in the canton; the blue of the upper and lower sections symbolizes the sky and sea respectively; yellow represents the sun; the stars symbolize Curacao and its uninhabited smaller sister island of Klein Curacao; the five star points signify the five continents from which Curacao's people derive

Government Type

parliamentary democracy

Independence

none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

International Organization Participation

Caricom (observer), FATF, ILO, ITU, UNESCO (associate), UPU

Judicial Branch

Highest Courts

Joint Court of Justice of Aruba, Curacao, Sint Maarten, and of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba or "Joint Court of Justice" (sits as a 3-judge panel); final appeals heard by the Supreme Court, in The Hague, Netherlands

Judge Selection And Term Of Office

Joint Court judges appointed by the monarch for life

Subordinate Courts

first instance courts, appeals court; specialized courts

Legal System

based on Dutch civil law

Legislative Branch

Description

unicameral Parliament of Curacao (21 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)

Election Results

percent of vote by party - PAR 23.3%, MAN 20.4%, MFK 19.9%, KdnT 9.4%, PIN 5.3%, PS 5.1%, MP 4.9%, other 11.7%; seats by party - PAR 6, MAN 5, MFK 5, KdnT 2, PIN 1, PS 1, MP 1; composition - men 15, women 6, percent of women 28.6%

Elections

last held on 28 April 2017 (next to be held in 2021); early elections were held after Prime Minister Hensley KOEIMAN resigned on 12 February 2017, when the coalition government lost its majority

National Anthem

Lyrics Music

Guillermo ROSARIO, Mae HENRIQUEZ, Enrique MULLER, Betty DORAN/Frater Candidus NOWENS, Errol "El Toro" COLINA

Name

Himmo di Korsou (Anthem of Curacao)

National Holiday

King's Day (birthday of King WILLEM-ALEXANDER), 27 April (1967); note - King's or Queen's Day are observed on the ruling monarch's birthday; celebrated on 26 April if 27 April is a Sunday

National Symbol S

laraha (citrus tree); national colors: blue, yellow, white

Political Parties And Leaders

Korsou di Nos Tur or KdnT [Amparo dos SANTOS] Mayors for Liberec Region (Starostove pro Liberecky Kraj) or SLK [Martin PUTA] Movementu Futuro Korsou or MFK [Gerrit SCHOTTE] Movementu Progresivo or MP [Marylin MOSES] Movishon Antia Nobo or MAN [Hensley KOEIMAN] Partido Antia Restruktura or PAR [Eugene RHUGGENAATH] Partido Inovashon Nashonal or PIN [Suzanne CAMELIA-ROMER] Partido pa Adelanto I Inovashon Soshal or PAIS [Alex ROSARIA] Partido Nashonal di Pueblo or PNP [Humphrey DAVELAAR] Pueblo Soberano or PS Un Korsou Hustu [Omayra LEEFLANG]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture Products

aloe, sorghum, peanuts, vegetables, tropical fruit

Budget Surplus Or Deficit

-0.4% (of GDP) (2012 est.)

Central Bank Discount Rate

NA% (31 December 2010)

Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate

31 December 2010

14.5%

31 December 2011

14.5%

Current Account Balance

2010

-$600 million

2011

-$400 million

Economy Overview

Most of Curacao's GDP results from services. Tourism, petroleum refining and bunkering, offshore finance, and transportation and communications are the mainstays of this small island economy, which is closely tied to the outside world. Curacao has limited natural resources, poor soil, and inadequate water supplies, and budgetary problems complicate reform of the health and education systems. Although GDP grew only slightly during the past decade, Curacao enjoys a high per capita income and a well-developed infrastructure compared to other countries in the region. Curacao has an excellent natural harbor that can accommodate large oil tankers, and the port of Willemstad hosts a free trade zone and a dry dock. Venezuelan state-owned oil company PdVSA, under a contract in effect until 2019, leases the single refinery on the island from the government, directly employing some 1,000 people. Most of the oil for the refinery is imported from Venezuela and most of the refined products are exported to the US and Asia. Almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, with the US, the Netherlands, and Venezuela being the major suppliers. The government is attempting to diversify its industry and trade. Curacao is an Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) of the European Union. Nationals of Curacao are citizens of the European Union, even though it is not a member. Based on its OCT status, products that originate in Curacao have preferential access to the EU and are exempt from import duties. Curacao is a beneficiary of the Caribbean Basin Initiative and, as a result, products originating in Curacao can be imported tax free into the US if at least 35% has been added to the value of these products in Curacao. The island has state-of-the-art information and communication technology connectivity with the rest of the world, including a Tier IV datacenter. With several direct satellite and submarine optic fiber cables, Curacao has one of the best Internet speeds and reliability in the Western Hemisphere.

Exchange Rates

2013

1.79

2014

1.79

2015

1.79

2016

1.79

2017

1.79

Currency

Netherlands Antillean guilders (ANG) per US dollar -

Exports

2010

$1.44 billion

2017

$839.7 million

Exports Commodities

petroleum products

GDP Composition By End Use

Exports Of Goods And Services

17.5% (2016 est.)

Government Consumption

33.6% (2016 est.)

Household Consumption

66.9% (2016 est.)

Imports Of Goods And Services

-37.5% (2016 est.)

Investment In Fixed Capital

19.4% (2016 est.)

Investment In Inventories

0% (2016 est.)

GDP Composition By Sector Of Origin

Agriculture

0.7% (2012 est.)

Industry

15.5% (2012 est.)

Services

83.8% (2012 est.)

GDP Official Exchange Rate

$5.6 billion (2012 est.)

GDP Per Capita Ppp

2004

$15,000

GDP Purchasing Power Parity

2010

$2.96 billion

2011

$3.02 billion

2012

$3.128 billion

GDP Real Growth Rate

2010

0.1%

2011

2%

2012

3.6%

Imports

2017

$453.8 billion

2018

$540.3 billion

Imports Commodities

crude petroleum, food, manufactures

Industries

tourism, petroleum refining, petroleum transshipment, light manufacturing, financial and business services

Inflation Rate Consumer Prices

2012

2.8%

2013

2.6%

Labor Force

73,010 (2013)

Labor Force By Occupation

Agriculture

1.2%

Industry

16.9%

Services

81.8% (2008 est.)

Public Debt

2011

40.6% of GDP

2012

33.2% of GDP

Reserves Of Foreign Exchange And Gold

31 December 2017

$0

Stock Of Broad Money

31 December 2009

$4.31 billion

31 December 2011

$4.953 billion

Stock Of Domestic Credit

31 December 2010

$3.799 billion

31 December 2011

$3.882 billion

Stock Of Narrow Money

31 December 2010

$1.618 billion

31 December 2011

$1.728 billion

Taxes And Other Revenues

16.6% (of GDP) (2012 est.)

Unemployment Rate

2011

9.8%

2013

13%

Crude Oil Exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Imports

191,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Production

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Proved Reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2011 est.)

Electricity Access

100% (2016)

Electricity Consumption

968 million kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity Exports

0 kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity Imports

0 kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity Production

1.785 billion kWh (2012 est.)

Natural Gas Consumption

0 cu m (2009 est.)

Natural Gas Exports

0 cu m (2009 est.)

Natural Gas Imports

0 cu m (2009 est.)

Natural Gas Production

0 cu m (2009 est.)

Natural Gas Proved Reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2011 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Consumption

70,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Exports

167,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Imports

45,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Production

189,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadcast Media

government-run TeleCuracao operates a TV station and a radio station; 2 other privately owned TV stations and several privately owned radio stations (2019)

Internet Country Code

.cw

Internet Users

Percent Of Population

93.9% (July 2016 est.)

Total

138,750

Telephone System

country code - +599, PCCS submarine cable system to US, Caribbean and Central and South America (2019)

Airports

1 (2017)

Airports With Paved Runways

Over 3 047 M

1

Total

1 (2019)

Civil Aircraft Registration Country Code Prefix

PJ (2016)

Merchant Marine

By Type

general cargo 11, oil tanker 1, other 70 (2018)

Total

82

National Air Transport System

Inventory Of Registered Aircraft Operated By Air Carriers

11 (2015)

Number Of Registered Air Carriers

2 (2015)

Ports And Terminals

Bulk Cargo Port S

Fuik Bay (phosphate rock)

Major Seaport S

Willemstad

Oil Terminal S

Bullen Baai (Curacao Terminal)

Roadways

550 km

Military And Security Forces

no regular military forces; the Dutch Government controls foreign and defense policy. The Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard (DCCG) provides maritime security. (2019)

Military Note

defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (2019)

Military Service Age And Obligation

no conscription (2010)