2001 Edition
CIA World Factbook 2001 (Project Gutenberg)
Introduction
Administrative divisions
14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara
Age structure
0-14 years: 20.99% (male 1,205,159; female 1,142,070) 15-64 years: 69.14% (male 3,876,432; female 3,855,878) 65 years and over: 9.87% (male 511,589; female 592,895) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products
sugar, tobacco, citrus, coffee, rice, potatoes, beans; livestock
Airports
171 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways
total: 77 over 3,047 m: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 35 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways
total: 94 914 to 1,523 m: 31 under 914 m: 63 (2000 est.) Cuba Military
Area
total: 110,860 sq km land: 110,860 sq km water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative
slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Background
Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his iron rule has held the country together since. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. The country is now slowly recovering from a severe economic recession in 1990, following the withdrawal of former Soviet subsidies, worth $4 billion to $6 billion annually. Havana portrays its difficulties as the result of the US embargo in place since 1961. Illicit migration to the US - using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, or falsified visas - is a continuing problem. Some 3,000 Cubans took to the Straits of Florida in 2000; the US Coast Guard interdicted only about 35% of these. Cuba Geography
Birth rate
12.36 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget
revenues: $13.5 billion expenditures: $14.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Capital
Havana
Climate
tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)
Coastline
3,735 km
Constitution
24 February 1976, amended July 1992
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Cuba conventional short form: Cuba local long form: Republica de Cuba local short form: Cuba
Currency
Cuban peso (CUP)
Currency code
CUP
Death rate
7.33 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external
$11.1 billion (convertible currency, 1999); another $15 billion -$20 billion owed to Russia (2000)
Diplomatic representation from the US
none; note - the US has an Interests Section in the Swiss Embassy, headed by Principal Officer Vicki HUDDLESTON; address: USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada between L and M Streets, Vedado Seccion, Havana; telephone: 33-3551 through 3559 (operator assistance required); FAX: 33-3700; protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland
Diplomatic representation in the US
none; note - Cuba has an Interests Section in the Swiss Embassy, headed by Principal Officer Fernando REMIREZ DE ESTENOZ; address: Cuban Interests Section, Swiss Embassy, 2630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone: [1] (202) 797-8518
Disputes - international
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease
Economic aid - recipient
$68.2 million (1997 est.)
Economy - overview
The government, the primary player in the economy, has undertaken limited reforms in recent years to stem excess liquidity, increase enterprise efficiency, and alleviate serious shortages of food, consumer goods, and services, but prioritizing of political control makes extensive reforms unlikely. Living standards for the average Cuban, without access to dollars, remain at a depressed level compared with 1990. The liberalized farmers' markets introduced in 1994, sell above-quota production at market prices, expand legal consumption alternatives, and reduce black market prices. Income taxes and increased regulations introduced since 1996 have sharply reduced the number of legally self-employed from a high of 208,000 in January 1996. Havana announced in 1995 that GDP declined by 35% during 1989-93 as a result of lost Soviet aid and domestic inefficiencies. The slide in GDP came to a halt in 1994 when Cuba reported growth in GDP of 0.7%. Cuba reported that GDP increased by 2.5% in 1995 and 7.8% in 1996, before slowing down in 1997 and 1998 to 2.5% and 1.2% respectively. Growth recovered with a 6.2% increase in GDP in 1999 and a 5.6% increase in 2000. Much of Cuba's recovery can be attributed to tourism revenues and foreign investment. Growth in 2001 should continue at the same level as the government balances the need for economic loosening against its concern for firm political control.
Electricity - consumption
13.353 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports
0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports
0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production
14.358 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source
fossil fuel: 94.2% hydro: 0.7% nuclear: 0% other: 5.1% (1999)
Elevation extremes
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Pico Turquino 2,005 m
Environment - current issues
pollution of Havana Bay; overhunting threatens wildlife populations; deforestation
Environment - international agreements
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation
Ethnic groups
mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%
Exchange rates
Cuban pesos per US dollar - 1.0000 (nonconvertible, official rate, for international transactions, pegged to the US dollar); convertible peso sold for domestic use at a rate of 1.00 US dollar per 22 pesos by the Government of Cuba (January 2001)
Executive branch
chief of state: President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished; president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished; president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the Council of State, appointed by the National Assembly; note - there is also a Council of State whose members are elected by the National Assembly elections: president and vice president elected by the National Assembly; election last held 24 February 1998 (next election unscheduled) election results: Fidel CASTRO Ruz elected president; percent of legislative vote - 100%; Raul CASTRO Ruz elected vice president; percent of legislative vote - 100%
Exports
$1.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities
sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus, coffee
Exports - partners
Russia 23%, Netherlands 23%, Canada 13% (1999)
Fiscal year
calendar year Cuba Communications
Flag description
five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; design influenced by the US flag Cuba Economy
GDP
purchasing power parity - $19.2 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector
agriculture: 7% industry: 37% services: 56% (1998 est.)
GDP - per capita
purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate
5.6% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates
21 30 N, 80 00 W
Geography - note
largest country in Caribbean Cuba People
Government type
Communist state
Highways
total: 60,858 km paved: 29,820 km (including 638 km of expressway) unpaved: 31,038 km (1997)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
0.03% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths
120 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS
1,950 (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Illicit drugs
territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zone for cocaine bound for the US and Europe; established the death penalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999
Imports
$3.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities
petroleum, food, machinery, chemicals, semifinished goods, transport equipment, consumer goods
Imports - partners
Spain 18%, Venezuela 13%, Canada 8% (1999)
Independence
20 May 1902 (from US)
Industrial production growth rate
5% (2000 est.)
Industries
sugar, petroleum, tobacco, chemicals, construction, services, nickel, steel, cement, agricultural machinery
Infant mortality rate
7.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
0.3% (1999 est.)
International organization participation
CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since 1962), OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet country code
.cu
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
4 (2001)
Internet users
60,000 (2000) Cuba Transportation
Irrigated land
9,100 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch
People's Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo Popular (president, vice president, and other judges are elected by the National Assembly)
Labor force
4.3 million (2000 est.) note: state sector 75%, non-state sector 25% (1998)
Labor force - by occupation
agriculture 25%, industry 24%, services 51% (1998)
Land boundaries
total: 29 km border countries: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 29 km note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and thus remains part of Cuba
Land use
arable land: 24% permanent crops: 7% permanent pastures: 27% forests and woodland: 24% other: 18% (1993 est.)
Languages
Spanish
Legal system
based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal theory; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch
unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asemblea Nacional del Poder Popular (601 seats, elected directly from slates approved by special candidacy commissions; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 11 January 1998 (next to be held in 2003) election results: percent of vote - PCC 94.39%; seats - PCC 601
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 76.41 years male: 74.02 years female: 78.94 years (2001 est.)
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 95.7% male: 96.2% female: 95.3% (1995 est.)
Location
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, south of Florida
Map references
Central America and the Caribbean
Maritime claims
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
Merchant marine
total: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 54,821 GRT/78,062 DWT ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 7, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 5 (2000 est.)
Military - note
Moscow, for decades the key military supporter and supplier of Cuba, cut off almost all military aid by 1993 Cuba Transnational Issues
Military branches
Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) includes ground forces, Revolutionary Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR), Territorial Troops Militia (MTT), and Youth Labor Army (EJT); the Border Guard (TGF) is controlled by the Interior Ministry
Military expenditures - dollar figure
$NA
Military expenditures - percent of GDP
roughly 4% (FY95 est.)
Military manpower - availability
males age 15-49: 3,090,633 females age 15-49: 3,029,274 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service
males age 15-49: 1,911,160 females age 15-49: 1,867,958 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age
17 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually
males: 79,562 females: 85,650 (2001 est.)
National holiday
Independence Day, 10 October (1868); note - 10 October 1868 is the date of independence from Spain, 20 May 1902 is the date of independence from US administration
Nationality
noun: Cuban(s) adjective: Cuban
Natural hazards
the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to October (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year); droughts are common
Natural resources
cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica, petroleum, arable land
Net migration rate
-1.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
People - note
illicit migration is a continuing problem; Cubans attempt to depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; some 3,000 Cubans took to the Straits of Florida in 2000; the US Coast Guard interdicted about 35% of these migrants; Cubans also use non-maritime routes to enter the US; some 2,400 Cubans arrived overland via the southwest border and direct flights to Miami Cuba Government
Political parties and leaders
only party - Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary]
Political pressure groups and leaders
NA
Population
11,184,023 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line
NA%
Population growth rate
0.37% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors
Cienfuegos, Havana, Manzanillo, Mariel, Matanzas, Nuevitas, Santiago de Cuba
Radio broadcast stations
AM 169, FM 55, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios
3.9 million (1997)
Railways
total: 11,969 km standard gauge: 4,807 km 1.435-m gauge (147 km electrified) note: in addition to the 4,807 km of standard gauge track in public use, 7,162 km of track is in private use by sugar plantations; about 90% of the private use track is standard gauge and the rest is narrow gauge (2000)
Religions
nominally 85% Roman Catholic prior to CASTRO assuming power; Protestants, Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, and Santeria are also represented
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage
16 years of age; universal
Telephone system
general assessment: NA domestic: principal trunk system, end to end of country, is coaxial cable; fiber-optic distribution in Havana and on Isla de la Juventud; 2 microwave radio relay installations (one is old, US-built; the other newer, Soviet-built); both analog and digital mobile cellular service established international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
Telephones - main lines in use
473,031 (2000)
Telephones - mobile cellular
2,994 (1997)
Television broadcast stations
58 (1997)
Televisions
2.64 million (1997)
Terrain
mostly flat to rolling plains, with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast
Total fertility rate
1.6 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate
5.5% (2000 est.)
Waterways
240 km