1989 Edition

Climate

tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)

temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters

Coastline

3,735 km

648 km

none — landlocked

Comparative area

about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut

slightly larger than New York State

Continental shelf

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

Disputes

US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease

1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas— a Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of the island's land area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island) that are separated by a narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are two UK sovereign base areas (about 5% of the island's land area)

Nagymaros Dam dispute with

Environment

averages one hurricane every other year

moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most potable resources concentrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area)

Extended economic zone

200 nm

Land boundaries

none

3,446 km total; Austria 548 km, GDR 459 km, Hungary 676 km, Poland 1,309 km, USSR 98 km, FRG 356 km

Land use

23% arable land; 6% permanent crops; 23% meadows and pastures; 17% forest and woodland; 31% other; includes 10% irrigated

40% arable land; 7% permanent crops; 10% meadows and pastures; 18% forest and woodland; 25% other; includes 10% irrigated (most irrigated lands are in the Turkish-Cypriot area of the island)

Maritime claims

none — landlocked

Natural resources

cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica

copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment

Note

largest country in Caribbean; 145 km south of Florida

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast

central plain with mountains to north and south

Territorial sea

1 2 nm

1 2 nm

Total area

9,250 km2; land area: 9,240 km2

127,870 km2; land area: 125,460km2

Birth rate

18 births/ 1,000 population (1990)

19 births/ 1,000 population (1990)

Death rate

7 deaths/ 1 ,000 population (1990)

8 deaths/ 1 ,000 population (1990)

Ethnic divisions

51% mulatto, 37% white, 11% black, 1% Chinese

78% Greek; 18% Turkish; 4% other

Infant mortality rate

12 deaths/ 1,000 live births (1990) Cuba (continued)

10 deaths/ 1,000 live births (1990)

Labor force

3,400,000 in state sector; 30% services and government, 22% industry, 20% agriculture, 11% commerce, 10% construction, 7% transportation and communications (1988); economically active population 4,500,000 (1987)

Greek area— 25 1 ,406; 42% services, 33% industry, 22% agriculture; Turkish area— N A (1986)

Language

Spanish

Greek, Turkish, English

Life expectancy at birth

73 years male, 78 years female (1990)

73 years male, 78 years female (1990)

Literacy

98.5%

99% (est.)

Nationality

noun — Cuban(s); adjective — Cuban

noun — Cypriot(s); adjective — Cypriot

Net migration rate

— 1 migrant/ 1 ,000 population (1990)

0 migrants/ 1 ,000 population (1990)

Organized labor

Workers Central Union of Cuba (CTC), only labor federation approved by government; 2,910,000 members; the CTC is an umbrella organization composed of 1 7 member unions

156,000 (1985 est.)

Population

10,620,099 (July 1990), growth rate 1.1% (1990)

707,776 (July 1990), growth rate 1.0% (1990)

Religion

at least 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed power

78% Greek Orthodox; 18% Muslim; 4% Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other

Total fertility rate

1.9 children born/ woman (1990)

2.4 children born/ woman (1990)

Administrative divisions

14 provinces (provincias, singular — provincial and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Camagiiey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara

6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos

Capital

Havana

Nicosia

Communists

about 600,000 full and candidate members

about 1 2,000

Constitution

24 February 1976

16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots created their own Constitution and governing bodies within the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus, which was renamed the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by referendum in May 1985

Diplomatic representation

none; protecting power in the US is Czechoslovakia — Cuban Interests Section; Counselor Jose Antonio Arbesu FRAGA; 2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610; US— protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland — US Interests Section; Principal Officer John J. TAYLOR; Calzada entre L y M, Vedado Seccion, Havana; telephone 320551 or 320543

Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFIS; Chancery at 221 1 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-5772; there is a Cypriot Consulate General in New York; US — (vacant); Embassy at the corner of Therissos Street and Dositheos Street, Nicosia (mailing address is FPO New York 09530); telephone [357] (2) 465151

Elections

National Assembly of the People's Power — last held NA December 1986 (next to be held December 1991); results — PCC is the only party; seats — (510 total) PCC 510 (indirectly elected)

President — last held 14 February and 21 February 1988 (next to be held February 1993); results — George Vassiliou 52%, Glafkos Clerides 48%; House of Representatives — last held 8 December 1985 (next to be held December 1990); results— Democratic Rally 33.56%, Democratic Party 27.65%, AKEL 27.43%, EDEK 11.07%; seats— (56 total) Democratic Rally 19, Democratic Party 16, AKEL (Communist) 15, EDEK 6;

Executive branch

president of the Council of State, first vice president of the Council of State, Council of State, president of the Council of Ministers, first vice president of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers

president, Council of Ministers (cabinet); note — there is a presiCyprus (continued) dent, prime minister, and Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish area

Flag

five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white five-pointed star in the center

white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities

Independence

20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898 to 1902)

16 August 1960 (from UK)

Judicial branch

People's Supreme Court

Supreme Court; note — there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish area

Leaders

Chief of State and Head of Government— President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (became Prime Minister in January 1959 and President since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976) Political parties and leaders: only party — Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel Castro Ruz, first secretary

Chief of State and Head of Government—President George VASSILIOU (since February 1988); note— Rauf R. DENKTAS was proclaimed President of the Turkish area on 13 February 1975 Political parties and leaders: Greek Cypriot — Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Dimitrios Christotias, Democratic Rally (DESY), Glafkos Clerides; Democratic Party (DEKO), Spyros Kyprianou; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), Vassos Lyssarides; Turkish area — National Unity Party (NUP), Dervis Eroglu; Communal Liberation Party (CLP), Ismail Bozkurt; Republican Turkish Party (RTP), Ozker Ozgur; New Birth Party (NBP), Aytac Besheshler; New Cyprus savey (NCP), Alpay Durduran

Legal system

based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on common law, with civil law modifications

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly of the People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular)

unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon); note — there is a unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish area

Long-form name

Republic of Cuba

Republic of Cyprus

Member of

CEMA, ECLA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB (nonparticipant), IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, IFAD, ICO, IHO, ILO, IMO, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, OAS (nonparticipant), PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

CCC, Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO; Turkish Federated State of Cyprus— OIC (observer)

National holiday

Revolution Day, 1 January (1959)

Independence Day, 1 October

Other political or pressure groups

United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; proWest); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled); Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; proWest); Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions (Dev-Is)

Suffrage

universal at age 16

universal at age 18

Turkish Area

President — last held 9 June 1985 (next to be held June 1990); results— Rauf Denktash 70%;

Legislative Assembly — last held 23 June 1985 (next to be held June 1 990); results — percent of vote by party NA; seats — (50 total) National Unity Party (conservative) 24, Republican Turkish Party (Communist) 1 2, Communal Liberation Party (center-right) 10, New Birth Party 4

Type

Communist state

republic; a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot President Rauf Denktash declared independence and the formation of a Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which has been recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of government

Agriculture

accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key commercial crops — sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other products — coffee, rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar exporter; not self-sufficient in food

accounts for 8% of GDP and employs 22% of labor force; major crops — potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, and citrus fruits; vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues

Aid

Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (197087), $657.5 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $13.5 billion

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $272 million; Western (nonUS) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $223 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $24 million

Budget

revenues $11.7 billion; expenditures $13.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)

revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $178 million (1989 est.)

Currency

Cuban peso (plural — pesos); 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos

Cypriot pound (plural — pounds) and in Turkish area, Turkish lira (plural — liras); 1 Cypriot pound (£C) = 100 cents and 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kuru$

Electricity

3,991,000 kW capacity; 14,972 million kWh produced, 1,425 kWh per capita (1989)

620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced, 2,530 kWh per capita (1989)

Exchange rates

Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1— 1.0000 (linked to the US dollar)

Cypriot pounds (£C) per US$1— 0.4854 (January 1990), 0.4933 (1989), 0.4663 (1988), 0.4807 (1987), 0.5167 (1986), 0.6095 (1985); in Turkish area, Turkish liras (TL) per US$1— 2,314.7 (November 1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987), 674.5 (1986), 522.0 (1985) Fiscal yean calendar year

Exports

$5.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities— sugar, nickel, shellfish, citrus, tobacco, coffee; partners — USSR 67%, GDR 6%, China 4% (1988)

$767 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities— citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes; partners — Middle East and North Africa 37%, UK 27%, other EC 1 1%, US 2%

External debt

$6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989)

$2.8 billion (1988)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP

$4.2 billion, per capita $6,100; real growth rate 6.9% (1988 est.)

GNP

$20.9 billion, per capita $2,000; real growth rate - 1% (1989 est.)

Imports

$7.6 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities— capital goods, industrial raw materials, food, petroleum; partners — USSR 71%, other Communist countries 15% (1988)

$1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities— consumer goods 23%, petroleum and lubricants 1 2%, food and feed grains, machinery; partners — EC 60%, Middle East and North Africa 7%, US 4%

Industrial production

3% (1988)

growth rate 6.5% (1988)

Industries

sugar milling, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals (particularly nickel), cement, fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural machinery

mining (iron pyrites, gypsum, asbestos); manufactured products — beverages, footwear, clothing, and cement — are principally for local consumption

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

NA%

3.9% (1989 est.)

Overview

The Soviet-style economy, centrally planned and largely state owned, is highly dependent on the agricultural sector and foreign trade. Sugar provides about 75% of export revenues and is mostly exported to the USSR and other CEMA countries. The economy has stagnated since 1985 under a program that has deemphasized material incentives in the workplace, abolished farmers' informal produce markets, and raised prices of government-supplied goods and services. Castro has complained that the ongoing CEMA reform process has interfered with the regular flow of goods to Cuba. Recently the government has been trying to increase trade with Latin America and China. Cuba has had difficulty servicing its foreign debt since 1982. The government currently is encouraging foreign investment in tourist facilities. Other investment priorities include sugar, basic foods, and nickel. The annual $4 billion Soviet subsidy, a main prop to Cuba's threadbare economy, may be cut in view of the USSR's mounting economic problems.

These data are for the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus (information on the northern Turkish-Cypriot area is sparse). The economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industry contributes about 28% to GDP and employs 35% of the labor force, while the service sector contributes about 55% to GDP and employs 40% of the labor force. Rapid growth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products and in tourism have played important roles in the average 6% rise in GDP in recent years. While this growth put considerable pressure on prices and the balance of payments, the inflation rate has remained low and the balance-of-payments deficit manageable.

Unemployment

6% overall, 10% for women (1989)

Unemployment rate

2.8% (1988)

Airports

197 total, 168 usable; 72 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with runways 1,2202,439 m

13 total, 13 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1, 220-2,439 m Czechoslovakia

Branches

Revolutionary Armed Forces (Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy, Air and Air Defense Force), Ministry of Interior Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Territorial Militia Troops, Youth Labor Army Military manpower eligible 15-49, 6,027,131; of the 3,024,385 males 15-49, 1,897,175 are fit for military service; of the 3,002,746 females 15-49, 1,879,471 are fit for military service; 96,319 males and 92,765 females reach military age (17) annually

Cyprus National Guard; Turkish area — Turkish Cypriot Security Force Military manpower males 15-49, 180,946; 125,044 fit for military service; 5,083 reach military age (18) annually

Civil air

8 major transport aircraft

Defense expenditures

about 6% of GNP, or $1.2-$1.4 billion (1989 est.) 50km Mediterranean Sea United Nation Buffer Zone ilikos Mediterranean Sea See refional m«p VI

2% of GDP, or $84 million (1990est.) 200km Ostrava See regional

Highways

about 21,000 km total; 9,000 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced

10,780 km total; 5,170 km bituminous surface treated; 5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth

Inland waterways

240 km

Merchant marine

91 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 701,418 GRT/ 1,0 14,0 14 DWT; includes 62 cargo, 7 refrigerated cargo, 3 cargo/training, 10 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemCyprus ical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 6 bulk; note — Cuba beneficially owns an additional 34 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 475,864 DWT under the registry of Panama, Cyprus, and Malta Civil air 59 major transport aircraft

1,100 ships (1,000 CRT or over) totaling 18,093,340 GRT/ 32,148,550 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 1 2 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 434 cargo, 61 refrigerated cargo, 18 rollon/roll-off cargo, 40 container, 94 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 specialized cargo, 3 liquefied gas, 1 3 chemical tanker, 29 combination ore/oil, 341 bulk, 3 vehicle carrier, 48 combination bulk carrier; note — a flag of convenience registry; Cuba owns at least 20 of these ships and Yugoslavia owns 1

Ports

Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7 secondary, 35 minor

Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos

Railroads

14,925 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,295 km of 1.435-meter gauge track; 199 km electrified; 9,630 km of sugar plantation lines of 0.914-1.435-meter gauge

Telecommunications

stations — 150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TV sets; 2,140,000 radio receivers; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station Defense Forces

excellent in the area controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greek area), moderately good in the Turkish-Cypriot administered area; 210,000 telephones; stations — 13 AM, 7 (7 repeaters) FM, 2 (40 repeaters) TV; tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece and Turkey; 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations— INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, and EUTELSAT systems Defense Forces