1989 Edition

Agriculture

accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial crops include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 8 million metric tons in 1986

Aid

US commitments, including Hx-lm (FY70-87), $220.7 million; Western (nonUS) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $11.1 billion

Budget

revenues SNA; expenditures SNA, including capital expenditures of SNA

Climate

tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons

tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)

tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)

Coastline

4,675 km total (2,068 km Peninsular Malaysia, 2,607 km East Malaysia)

36,289 km

51 km

Comparative area

slightly larger than New Mexico

slightly larger than Arizona

about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Continental shelf

200 meters or to depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South China Sea

to depth of exploitation

Currency

Chilean peso (plural — pesos); 1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos

yuan (plural — yuan); 1 yuan (¥) = 10 jiao

Disputes

involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam; state of Sabah claimed by the Philippines; Brunei may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides Brunei into two parts

involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; claims Malaysian state of Sabah

Electricity

1 10,000,000 kW capacity; 560,000 million kWh produced, 500 kWh per capita (1989)

Environment

subject to flooding; air and water pollution

astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 1 5 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes, destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution

subject to typhoons (especially November to March)

Exchange rates

Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1— 296.68 (January 1990), 267.16 (1989), 245.05 (1988), 219.54 (1987), 193.02(1986), 161.08(1985) Fiscal yean calendar year

yuan (¥) per US$1 — 4.7221 (January 1990), 3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988), 3.7221 (1987), 3.4528 (1986), 2.9367(1985)

Exclusive fishing zone

200 nm

200 nm

Exports

$52.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities— manufactured goods, agricultural products, oilseeds, grain (rice and corn), oil, minerals; partners — Hong Kong, US, Japan, USSR, Singapore, FRG (1989)

Extended economic zone

200 nm

200 nm

External debt

$51 billion (1989 est.)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GNP

SNA, per capita SNA; real growth rate 4% (1989 est.)

Imports

$59.1 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities— grain (mostly wheat), chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw materials, machinery, equipment; partners — Hong Kong, Japan, US, FRG, USSR (1989)

Industrial production

growth rate 8.0% (1989)

Industries

iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

19.5% (1989)

Land boundaries

2,669 km total; Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782, Thailand 506 km

none

none

Land use

3% arable land; 10% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and pastures; 63% forest and woodland; 24% other; includes 1% irrigated

26% arable land; 1 1% permanent crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 40% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes 5% irrigated

NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest and woodland; NA% other

Maritime claims

(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)

Natural resources

tin, crude oil, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite

timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper

miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish

Note

strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea

located in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Peru and New Zealand

Terrain

coastal plains rising to hills and mountains

mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands

rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs

Territorial sea

1 2 nm

irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth

3 nm

Total area

329,750 km2; land area: 328,550 km2

300,000 km2; land area: 298,170km2

47 km2; land area: 47 km2

Unemployment rate

3.0% in urban areas (1989)

Birth rate

29 births/ 1,000 population (1990)

32 births/ 1,000 population (1990)

NA births/ 1,000 population (1990)

Death rate

6 deaths/ 1,000 population (1990)

7 deaths/ 1 ,000 population (1990)

NA deaths/ 1,000 population (1990)

Ethnic divisions

59% Malay and other indigenous, 32% Chinese, 9% Indian

91.5% Christian Malay, 4% Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3% other

descendants of Bounty mutineers

Infant mortality rate

30 deaths/ 1,000 live births (1990)

48 deaths/ 1,000 live births (1990)

NA deaths/ 1,000 live births (1990)

Labor force

6,800,000; 30.8% agriculture, 17% manufacturing, 13.6% government, 5.8% construction, 4.3% finance, 3.4% business services, transport and communications, 0.6% mining, 24.5% other (1989 est.)

22,889,000; 47% agriculture, 20% industry and commerce, 13.5% services, 10% government, 9.5% other (1987)

Language

Peninsular Malaysia — Malay (official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil; Sabah — English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Mandarin and Hakka dialects predominate among Chinese; Sarawak — English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages

Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official

Life expectancy at birth

65 years male, 71 years female (1990)

63 years male, 69 years female (1990)

NA years male, N A years female (1990)

Literacy

65.0% overall, age 20 and up; Peninsular Malaysia — 80%; Sabah — 60%; Sarawak — 60%

88% (est.)

Nationality

noun — Malaysian(s); adjective— Malaysian

noun — Filipino(s); adjective — Philippine

noun — Pitcairn Islandcr(s); adjective — Pitcairn Islander

Net migration rate

0 migrants/ 1 ,000 population (1990)

- 1 migrant/ 1 ,000 population (1990)

NA migrants/ 1 ,000 population (1990)

Organized labor

660,000, 10% of total labor force (1988)

2,064 registered unions; total membership 4.8 million (includes 2.7 million members of the National Congress of Farmers Organizations)

Population

17,510,546 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)

66,1 17,284 (July 1990), growth rate 2.5% (1990)

56 (July 1990), growth rate 0.0% (1990)

Religion

Peninsular Malaysia — Malays nearly all Muslim, Chinese predominantly Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu; Sabah— 38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45% other; Sarawak — 35% tribal religion, 24% Buddhist and Confucianist, 20% Muslim, 16% Christian, 5% other

83% Roman Catholic, 9% Protestant, 5% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other

100% Seventh-Day Adventist

Total fertility rate

3.5 children born/ woman (1990)

4.3 children born/ woman (199/0)

NA children born/ woman (1990)

Administrative divisions

1 3 states (negerinegeri, singular — negeri) and 2 federal Malaysia (continued) territories* (wilayah-wilayah persekutuan, singular — wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Labuan*, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan*

73 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*, Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*, Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*, Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*, Samar, San Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*, Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur

Capital

Kuala Lumpur

Manila

Communists

Peninsular Malaysia — about 1,000 armed insurgents on Thailand side of international boundary and about 200 full time inside Malaysia surrendered on 2 December 1989; only about 100 Communist insurgents remain in North Kalimantan and Sabah

the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) controls about 18,00023,000 full-time insurgents and is not recognized as a legal party; a second Communist party, the pro-Soviet Philippine Communist Party (PKP), has quasi-legal status

Constitution

31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963 when Federation of Malaya became Federation of Malaysia

2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987

Diplomatic representation

Ambassador Albert S. TALALLA; Chancery at 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2700; there are Malaysian Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York; US — Ambassador Paul M. CLEVELAND; Embassy at 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur (mailing address is P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur); telephone [6] (03) 248-90 11

Ambassador Emmanuel PELAEZ; Chancery at 1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-1414; there are Philippine Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle; US — Ambassador Nicholas PL ATT; Embassy at 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96528); telephone [63] (2) 521-71 16; there is a US Consulate in Cebu

Elections

House of Representatives — last held 2-3 August 1986 (next to be held by August 1991); results — National Front 57.4%, DAP 20.8%, PAS 15.6%, independents 3.3%, others 2.9%; note— within the National Front, UMNO got 35% and MCA got 14% of the vote; seats— (177 total) National Front 148, DAP 24, PAS 1 , independents 4; note — within the National Front, UMNO got 83 seats and MCA got 1 7 seats

President — last held 7 February 1986 (next election to be held May 1992); results — Corazon C. Aquino elected after the fall of the Marcos regime; Senate — last held 1 1 May 1987 (next to be held May 1993); results — ProAquino LDP 63%, Liberals LDP and PDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 25%, Opposition Nationalista Party 4%, independents 8%; seats — (24 total) Pro-Aquino LDP 15, Liberals LDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 6, Opposition 1, independents 2; House of Representatives — last held on 1 1 May 1987 (next to be held May 1992); results — Pro-Aquino LDP 73%, Liberals LDP and PDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 10%, Opposition Nationalista Party 17%; seats — (250 total, 1 80 elected) number of seats by party NA

Executive branch

paramount ruler, deputy paramount ruler, prime minister, deputy prime minister. Cabinet

president, vice president, Cabinet

Flag

fourteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of the US

two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star

Independence

31 August 1957 (from UK)

4 July 1946 (from US)

Judicial branch

Supreme Court

Supreme Court

Leaders

Chief of State — Paramount Ruler AZLAN Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan Yusof Izzudin (since 26 April 1989); Deputy Paramount Ruler JA'AFAR ibni Abdul Rahman (since 26 April 1989); Head of Government — Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since 16 July 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Abdul GHAFAR Baba (since 7 May 1986) Political parties and leaders: Peninsular Malaysia — National Front, a confederation of 14 political parties dominated by United Malays National Organization Baru (UMNO Baru), Mahathir bin Mohamad; Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), Ling Liong Sik; Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia, Datuk Lim Keng Yaik; Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), Datuk Samy Vellu; Sabah — Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohamed Noor Mansoor; Bersatu Sabah (PBS), Joseph Pairin Kitingan; United Sabah National Organizaton (USNO), Tun Datuk Mustapha; Sarawak — coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka Bumiputra Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri Haji Abdul Taib Mahmud; Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP), Datuk Amar Stephen Yong Kuat Tze; Sarawak National Party (SNAP), Datuk James Wong; Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Datuk Leo Moggie; major opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP), Lim Kit Siang and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Fadzil Noor

Chief of State and Head of Government— President Corazon C. AQUINO (since 25 February 1986); Vice President Salvador H. LAUREL (since 25 February 1986) Political parties and leaders: PDP-Laban, Aquilino Pimentel; Struggle of Philippine Democrats (LDP), Neptali Gonzales; Nationalista Party, Salvador Laurel, Juan Ponce Enrile; Liberal Party, Jovito Salonga

Legal system

based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Legislative branch

bicameral Parliament (Parlimen) consists of an upper house or Senate (Dewan Negara) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)

bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives

Long-form name

none

Republic of the Philippines

Member of

ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Association of Tin Producing Countries, CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic Development Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO

ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, CCC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

National Day, 31 August (1957)

Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898)

Suffrage

universal at age 21

universal at age 15

Type

Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; constitutional monarchy nominally headed by the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament composed of a 58-member Senate and a 177member House of Representatives; Peninsular Malaysian states — hereditary rulers in all but Penang and Melaka, where governors are appointed by Malaysian Government; powers of state governments are limited by federal Constitution; Sabah — self-governing state, holds 20 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government; Sarawak — self-governing state within Malaysia, holds 24 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government

republic

Agriculture

Peninsular Malaysia — natural rubber, palm oil, rice; Sabah — mainly subsistence; main crops — rubber, timber, coconut, rice; Sarawak — main crops — rubber, timber, pepper; there is a deficit of rice in all areas; fish catch of 608,000 metric tons in 1987

accounts for about one-third of GNP and 50% of labor force; major crops — rice, coconut, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapple, mango; animal products— pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2 million metric tons annually

Aid

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $170 million; Western (nonUS) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $3.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $42 million

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $3.2 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $6.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-88), $123 million

Budget

revenues $8.8 billion; expenditures $1 1.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.5 billion (1989 est.)

$7.2 billion; expenditures $8.12 billion, including capital expenditures of $0.97 billion (1989 est.)

Currency

ringgit (plural — ringgits); 1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen

Philippine peso (plural — pesos); 1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos

Electricity

5,600,000 kW capacity; 16,500 million kWh produced, 990 kWh per capita (1989)

6,700,000 kW capacity; 25,000 million kWh produced, 385 kWh per capita (1989)

Exchange rates

ringgits (M$) per US$1 — 2.7038 (January 1990), 2.7087 (19«9), 2.6188 (1988), 2.5196 (1987), 2.5814 (1986), 2.4830(1985) Fiscal year calendar year

Philippine pesos (P) per US$1— 22.464 (January 1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988), 20.568 (1987), 20.386 (1986), 18.607 (1985)

Exports

$24 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities — natural rubber, palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum, electronics, light manufactures; partners — Singapore, Japan, USSR, EC, Australia, US

revenues $8.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities — electrical equipment 19%, textiles 16%, minerals and ores 11%, farm products 10%, coconut 10%, chemicals 5%, fish 5%, forest products 4%; partners—US 36%, EC 19%, Japan 18%, ESCAP 9%, ASEAN 7%

External debt

$16.3 billion (1989 est.)

$27.8 billion (1988)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP

$37.9 billion, per capita $2,270; real growth rate 7.7% (1989 est.)

GNP

$40.5 billion, per capita $625; real growth rate 5.2% (1989)

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication efforts

Imports

$20 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities — food, crude oil, consumer goods, intermediate goods, capital equipment, chemicals; partners — Japan, Singapore, FRG, UK, Thailand, China, Australia, US

$10.5 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities— raw materials 53%, capital goods 1 7%, petroleum products 1 7%; partners—US 25%, Japan 17%, ESCAP 13%, EC 11%, ASEAN 10%, Middle East 10% Philippines (continued)

Industrial production

growth rate 13.6% (1988)

growth rate 7.3% (1989)

Industries

Peninsular Malaysia — rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing timber; Sabah — logging, petroleum production; Sarawak — agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging

textiles, Pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3.6% (1989 est.)

10.6% (1989)

Overview

In 1988-89 booming exports helped Malaysia continue to recover from the severe 1985-86 recession. Real output grew by 8.7% in 1988 and about 7.7% in 1989, helped by vigorous growth in manufacturing output and further increases in foreign direct investment, particularly from Japanese and Taiwanese firms facing higher costs at home. Malaysia has become the world's third-largest producer of semiconductor devices (after the US and Japan) and the world's largest exporter of semiconductor devices. Inflation remained low as unemployment stood at about 8% of the labor force and as the government followed prudent fiscal/monetary policies. The country is not self-sufficient in food, and a majority of the rural population subsists at the poverty level. Malaysia's high export dependence (merchandise exports are 63% of GDP) leaves it vulnerable to a recession in the OECD countries or a fall in world commodity prices.

The economy continues to recover from the political turmoil following the ouster of former President Marcos and several coup attempts. After two consecutive years of economic contraction (1984 and 1985), the economy has since 1986 had positive growth. The agricultural sector, together with forestry and fishing, plays an important role in the economy, employing about 50% of the work force and providing almost 30% of GDP. The Philippines is the world's largest exporter of coconuts and coconut products. Manufacturing contributed about 25% of GDP. Major industries include food processing, chemicals, and textiles.

Unemployment rate

7.9% (1989 est.)

8.7% (1989)

Airports

392 total, 352 usable; 49 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 57 with runways 1,2202,439 m

330 total, 330 usable; 260 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 10 with runways over 3,500 m; 90 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 200 with runways 1, 220-2,439 m

301 total, 237 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 49 with runways 1,2202,439 m

Branches

Army of the Nation, National Navy, Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile Military manpower males 1 5-49, 3,491,854; 2,610,048 fit for military service; 1 18,569 reach military age (19) annually

Chinese People's Liberation Army (CPLA), CPLA Navy (including Marines), CPLA Air Force

Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Constabulary — Integrated National Police

Civil air

22 major transport aircraft

53 major transport aircraft

Defense expenditures

4.0% of GDP (1987) Boundary representation it not necessarily authoritative 'V Claim Chinese line of control See rational map VIII

$5.28 billion (1988)

2.1% of GNP, or $850 million (1 990 est.) Oeno _ Pitcairn South Pacific Ocean Stt regional map X

Highways

79,025 km total; 9,913 km paved, 33,140 km gravel, 35,972 km improved and unimproved earth (1984)

about 980,000 km all types roads; 162,000 km paved roads, 617,200 km gravel/improved earth roads, 200,800 km unimproved natural earth roads and tracks

Peninsular Malaysia — 23,600 km (19,352 km hard surfaced, mostly

156,000 km total (1984); 29,000 km paved; 77,000 km gravel, crushed-stone, or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways

725 km

138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable

3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels

Merchant marine

35 ships (1,000 CRT or over) totaling 498,354 GRT/804,809 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 10 bulk; note — in addition, 1 naval tanker and 1 military transport are sometimes used commercially

1,373 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1 3,303,685 GRT/ 20,092,833 DWT; includes 25 passenger, 41 short-sea passenger, 17 passenger-cargo, 7 cargo/training, 766 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 65 container, 17 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction barge carriers, 1 73 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 237 bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 liquefied gas; note — China beneficially owns an additional 175 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 5,380,415 DWT that operate under the registry of Panama, UK, Hong Kong, Liberia, and Malta

595 ships (1,000 CRT or over) totaling 9,134,924 GRT/ 15,171,692 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 10 short-sea passenger, 16 passenger-cargo, 1 66 cargo, 1 7 refrigerated cargo, 30 vehicle carrier, 8 livestock carrier, 7 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 6 container, 36 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 282 bulk, 5 combination bulk; note — many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who are principally in Japan and FRG Pitcairn Islands (dependent territory of the UK)

Military manpower

males 15-49, 330,353,665; 184,515,412 fit for military service; 11,594,366 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 16,160,543; 11,417,451 fit for military service; 684,976 reach military age (20) annually

Pipelines

crude oil, 755 km; refined products, 785 km; natural gas, 320 km

crude, 6,500 km; refined products, 1,100 km; natural gas, 6,200 km Christmas Island (territory of Australia)

refined products, 357 km

Ports

Antofagasta, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Valparaiso, San Antonio, Talcahuano, Arica

Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang, Zhanjiang, Ningbo

Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic Bay

Railroads

8,613 km total; 4,257 km 1.676-meter gauge, 135 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 4,221 km 1.000-meter gauge; electrification, 1,578 km 1.676meter gauge, 76 km 1 .000-meter gauge

total about 54,000 km common carrier lines; 53,400 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 600 km 1 .000-meter gauge; all single track except 1 1 ,200 km double track on standard-gauge lines; 6,500 km electrified; 10,000 km industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 meters)

Peninsular Malaysia — 1,665 km 1 .04-meter gauge; 1 3 km double track, government owned; Sabah — 136 km 1 .000-meter gauge

378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982)

Telecommunications

modern telephone system based on extensive radio relay facilities; 768,000 telephones; stations — 159 AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11 shortwave; satellite stations — 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic Defense Forces

domestic and international services are increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and most townships; 11,000,000 telephones (December 1989); stations — 274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 relays) TV; more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million TVs; satellite earth stations — 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 55 domestic Defense Forces

good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; stations— 267 AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth stations—I Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 1 1 domestic Defense Forces