1986 Edition

Agriculture

main crops — rice, wheat, other grains, oilseed, cotton; agriculture mainly subsistence; grain imports 9.8 million metric tons in 1984; grain exports (mostly corn) 3. 4 million metric tons (1984)

Peninsular Malaysia: natural rubber, oil palm, rice; 10-15% of rice requirements imported

crops — coconut, limited production of millet, corn, pumpkins, sweet potatoes; shortages — rice, sugar, flour

Airfields

325 total; 266 with permanentsurface runways; 1 1 with runways 3,500 m and over; 80 with runways 2,500 to 3,499 m; 203 with runways 1 ,200 to 2,499 m; 28 with runways less than 1,200 m; 2 seaplane stations; 4 heliports, 5 airfields under construction

136 total, 134 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1, 220-2,439 m

2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m

Area

1200km See rrgional map VIII Hainan / Da° South China Sea Land 9.6 million km2; slightly larger than US; 74.3% desert, waste, or urban (32% of this area consists largely of denuded wasteland, plains, rolling hills, and basins from which about 3% could be reclaimed); 11.0% cultivated (sown area extended by multicropping); 12.7% forest and woodland; 2.0% inland water

Branches

control is exercised by Chinese Communist Party, through State Council, which supervises ministries, commissions, bureaus, etc., all technically under the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

Chinese People's Liberation Army (CPLA), CPLA Navy (including marines), CPLA Air Force

nine state rulers alternate as Paramount Ruler for five-year terms; locus of executive power vested in Prime Minister and Cabinet, who are responsible to bicameral Parliament (Senate, House of Representatives); following communal rioting in May 1969, government imposed state of emergency and suspended constitutional rights of all parliamentary bodies; parliamentary democracy resumed in February 1971

Royal Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force, Royal Malaysian Police Force

popularly elected unicameral national legislature, People's Council (members elected for five-year terms); elected President, chief executive; appointed Chief Justice responsible for administration of Islamic law

until 1979 executive authority exercised by Military Committee of National Liberation (MCNL) composed of 1 1 army officers; now Cabinet composed of civilians and army officers; unicameral legislature (National Council); judiciary

Budget

1985 operating expenditures, $9. 1 billion; development expenditures, $2.8 billion; deficit, $2.7 billion

(1983 est.) revenues, $22.7 million; expenditures, $41.65 million (at official rate of5.50rufiyas=US$l

Capital

Beijing

Peninsular Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur

Male

Bamako

Civil air

approximately 28 major transport aircraft

1 major transport aircraft

Coastline

14,500 km People

2,068 km Peninsular Malaysia, 2,607 km East Malaysia People

644 km (approx.) People

Communists

about 42 million party members in 1984

Peninsular Malaysia: approximately 2,000 armed insurgents on Thailand side of Thai/Malaysia border; approximately 200 full-time inside Peninsular Malaysia

negligible number

a few Communists and some sympathizers (no legal Communist party)

Crude steel

43.4 million metric tons produced, 42 kg per capita (1984)

East Malaysia

136 km 1.000-meter gauge in Sabah

about 5,426 km total (1,644 km in Sarawak, 3,782 km in Sabah); 819 km hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface treatment), 2,936 km gravel or crushed stone, 1,671 km earth

4,200 km (1,569 km in Sabah, 2,518 km in Sarawak)

3 major, 12 minor (2 major, 3 minor in Sabah; 1 major, 9 minor in Sarawak)

Elections

elections held for People's Congress representatives at county level Political parties and leaders: Chinese Communist Party (CCP), headed by Hu Yaobang as General Secretary of Central Committee

minimum of every five years; last elections April 1982 Political parties and leaders: Peninsular

constitutional elections took place June 1979

Electric power

86,220,000 kW capacity (1985); 406 billion kWh produced (1985), 389 kWh per capita

Peninsular Malaysia: 2,732,000 kW capacity (1985); 10.382 billion kWh produced (1985), 808 kWh per capita

4,690 kW capacity (1985); 9 million kWh produced (1985), 51 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

93.3% Han Chinese; 6.7% Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and numerous lesser nationalities

50% Malay, 36% Chinese, 10% Indian, 4% other

admixtures of Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, and black

50% Mande (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole), 17% Peul, 12% Voltaic, 6% Songhai, 5% Tuareg and Moor

Exports

$27.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984); manufactured goods, agricultural products, oil, minerals

$16.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); natural rubber, palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum, light manufactures

US$ 17.3 million (1982)

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

Fishing

catch 741,000 metric tons (1983)

catch 38,500 metric tons (1983)

GDP

$74 million (1982), $462 per capita; real growth rate (est. 1983), 10%

GNP

$343 billion (1985 est.), $330 per capita

$28.4 billion (1984), $1,870 per capita; annual growth 5.0% (1984)

Government leader

Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad, Prime Minister (since July 1981)

Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM, President (since 1978)

Gen. Moussa TRAORE, President (led Mali as President of MCNL during 1968-79; President since 1979)

Government leaders

ZHAO Ziyang, Premier of State Council (since September 1980); LI Xiannian, President (since June 1983); PENG Zhen, Chairman of NPC Standing Committee (since June 1983)

Highways

about 950,000 km all types roads; about 240,000 km unimproved natural earth roads and tracks, 540,000 km improved earth roads, 150,000 km paved roads

Peninsular Malaysia: 19,753 km total; 15,900 km hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface treatment), 3,000 km crushed stone/gravel, 883 km improved or unimproved earth

none

Imports

$25. 1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); grain, chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw materials, machinery, equipment

$14.1 billion (c.i.f., 1984)

US$46.0 million (1982)

Infant mortality rate

25/1,000 (1985)

88/1,000(1984)

152/1,000(1984)

Inland waterways

138,600 km; about 108,900 km navigable

Peninsular Malaysia: 3,209 km

Labor force

est. 460 million (December 1983); 74.4% agriculture, 15.0% industry and commerce, 10.6% other

Malaysia: 5.95 million (1985); 33% agriculture; 22% manufacturing, 15% government

total employment is approximately 66,000; fishing industry employs 80% of the labor force Government

3. 1 million (1981); 80% agriculture, 19% services, 1% industry and commerce

Land boundaries

24,000 km Water

509 km Peninsular Malaysia, 1,786 km East Malaysia Water

7,459 km People

Language

Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (HokkienTaiwanese), Xiang, Can, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see ethnic divisions)

Peninsular Malaysia: Malay (official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil

Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from Arabic); English spoken by most government officials

French (official); Bambara spoken by about 80% of the population

Legal system

a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal; little ostensible development of uniform code of administrative and civil law; highest judicial organ is Supreme People's Court, which reviews lower court decisions; laws and legal procedure subordinate to priorities of party policy; regime has attempted to write civil and Communist codes; new legal codes in effect since 1 January 1980; party and state constitutions revised in September and November 1982, respectively; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil and commercial law

based on English common law; constitution came into force 1963; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of Supreme Head of the Federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution adopted 1974, came into full effect in 1979; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of State; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Life expectancy

68

67.7

46.5

45

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12

12 nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)

the land and sea between latitudes 7°9'N and 0°45'S and between longitudes 72°30'E and 73°48'E; these coordinates form a rectangle of approximately 37,000 nm; territorial sea ranges from 2.75 to 55 nm; fishing, approximately 100 nm; 37 to 310 nm exclusive economic zone

Literacy

over 75%

72% overall Peninsular Malaysia: 75%

36%

10%

Major industries

iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum China (continued) Christmas Island

Peninsular Malaysia: rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing timber

fishing, tourism, some coconut processing, garment industry, woven mats, shipping, coir (rope)

Major trade partners

Japan, Hong Kong, US, FRG, Jordan, Canada, Brazil, Singapore (1984)

exports — 22% Singapore, 20% Japan, 15% EC, 13% US; imports— 25% Japan, 16% US, 14% EC, 14% Singapore (1983)

Japan, Sri Lanka, Thailand

Malaysia

National Front, a confederation of 1 1 political parties dominated by United Malay National Organization (UMNO), Mahathir bin Mohamad; major opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP), Chen Man Hin; and Pan Malayan Islamic Party (PAS), Yusof Rawa

Member of

ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ITU, Multifiber Arrangement, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy

ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Association of Tin Producing Countries, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy

ADB, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth (special member), ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE — Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, QIC, SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy

Af DB, APC, CEAO, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OIC, OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $1.8 billion; about 14% of central government budget & 'V Male Atoll Arabian );;," V«_ Sea ?4 ';' Laccadive Sea "f '!Gan Land 298 km2; twice the size of Washington, D. C; 2,000 islands grouped into 19 atolls; about 220 islands inhabited Water

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, about $1.8 million See region*) mip VII Land 1,240,000 km2; larger than Texas and California combined; 75% sparse pasture or desert, about 25% arable, negligible forest

Military manpower

males 15-49, 291,558,000; 162,738,000 fit for military service; 13,270,000 reach military age (18) annually s •••

males 15-49, 4,037,000; 2,560,000 fit for military service; 176,000 reach military age (21) annually External defense dependent on loose Five Power Defense Agreement (FPDA), which replaced AngloMalayan Defense Agreement of 1957 as amended in 1963

Monetary conversion rate

3.06 renminbi yuan=US$l (October 1985)

2.371 ringgits=US$l (September 1984)

5.50 Maldivian rufiyas=US$l, official rate; 7.05 Maldivian rufiyas=US$l, market rate (August 1983)

National holiday

National Day, 1 October

Day August, Independence

Independence Day, 22 September

National holidays

Independence Day, 26 July; Republic Day, 1 1 November

Nationality

noun — Chinese (sing., pi); adjective— Chinese

noun — Malaysian(s); adjective— Malaysian

noun — Maldivian(s); adjective— Maldivian

noun — Malian(s); adjective — Malian

Natural resources

coal, iron, petroleum, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydroelectric power (world's largest potential)

tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron

fish Maldives (continued) Mali

NOTE

established on 16 September 1963, Malaysia consists of Peninsular Malaysia, which includes 1 1 states of the former Federation of Malaya, plus East Malaysia, which includes the two former colonies of North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak

Official name

People's Republic of China

Malaysia

Republic of Maldives

Republic of Mali

Organized labor

All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party; membership about 77 million Government

620,000 (1985), about 10% of total labor force; unemployment about 6.2% of total labor force (1985), but higher in urban areas Government

National Union of Malian Workers (UNTM) is umbrella organization over 13 national unions Government

Other political or pressure groups

such opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions that vary by issue rather than organized groups

Peninsular Malaysia

131,313 km2; larger than New Mexico; 26% forest reserve, 20% cultivated, 54% other;

13,002,000 (July 1986), average annual growth rate 2.1%

executive branches of 1 1 states vary in detail but are similar in design; a Chief Minister, appointed by hereditary ruler or Governor, heads an executive council (cabinet), which is responsible to an elected, unicameral legislature Sarawak and Sabah: executive branch headed by Governor appointed by central government, largely ceremonial role; executive power exercised by Chief Minister who heads parliamentary cabinet responsible to unicameral legislature; judiciary part of Malaysian judicial system

Peninsular Malaysian states

hereditary rulers in all but Penang and Melaka where Governors appointed by Malaysian Government; powers of state governments limited by federal constitution

Pipelines

crude, 6,500 km; refined products, 1,100 km; natural gas, 4,200 km

crude oil, 707 km; natural gas, 379km

Political subdivisions

22 provinces, 3 centrally governed municipalities, 5 autonomous regions

14 states (including Sabah and Sarawak)

19 administrative districts corresponding to atolls, plus capital city

8 administrative regions

Population

1,045,537,000 (July 1986), average annual growth rate 0.8%

15,820, 000 (July 1986), average annual growth rate 2.3%

184,000 (July 1986), average annual growth rate 3. 1 %

7,898,000 (July 1986), average annual growth rate 2.3%

Ports

15 major, approximately 180 minor

Peninsular Malaysia: 3 major, 14 mi-

2 minor (Male, Can)

Railroads

networks total about 52,500 route km common carrier lines; about 600 km 1.000-meter gauge; rest 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track except approximately 9,500 km double track on standard gauge lines; approximately 4,200 km electrified; about 10,000 km industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 meters)

Peninsular Malaysia: 1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double track; government owned

none

Religion

officially atheist; since even before 1949 most people have been pragmatic, eclectic, and not seriously religious; most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, ancestor worship; about 2-3% Muslim, 1% Christian

Peninsular Malaysia: Malays nearly all Muslim, Chinese predominantly Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu

Sunni Muslim

90% Muslim, 9% indigenous beliefs, 1 % Christian

Sabah

76,146 km2; smaller than Nebraska; 34% forest reserve, 13% cultivated, 53% other

1,293,000 (July 1986), average annual growth rate 3. 9%

38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45% other

English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Mandarin and Hakka dialects predominate among Chinese

58%

self-governing state within Malaysia in which it holds 16 seats in House of Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government

Kota Kinabalu

Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohamad Noor Haji Mansodr; Bersatu Sabaj (PBS), Joseph Pairin Kitingan; United Sabah National Organization (USNO), Tun Datuk Mustapha

(April 1985 election) State Assembly—Berjaya Party, 6 seats; USNO, 16 seats; PBS, 26 seats

insignificant

mainly subsistence; main crops — rubber, timber, coconut, rice; food deficit — rice

logging, petroleum production

430,000 kW capacity (1985); 1,252 million kWh produced (1985), 1,010 kWh per capita

adequate intercity radio-relay network extends to Sarawak via Brunei; 43,000 telephones (3. 94 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 1 FM, 7 TV stations; SEACOM submarine cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore; 1 ground satellite station

Sarawak

125,097 km2; larger than New Mexico; 24% forest reserves, 21% cultivated, 55% other

1,525,000 (July 1986), average annual growth rate 2.5%

35% tribal religion, 24% Buddhist and Confucianist, 20% Muslim, 16% Christian, 2% other

English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages

55%

self-governing state within Malaysia in which it holds 24 seats in House of Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, and internal security, and other powers are delegated to federal government

Kuching

coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka Bumipatra Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Abdul Taib; the United People's Party (SUPP), Wong Soon Kai; and the Sarawak National Party (SNAP), Datuk James Wong; opposition is Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Leo Moggie Malaysia (continued)

(1979 election) State Assembly National Front controlled about 30 of 46 seats

less than 100, North Kalimantan Communist Party

main crops — rubber, timber, pepper; food deficit — rice

agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging

350,000 kW capacity (1985); 1,019 million kWh produced (1985), 685 kWh per capita

adequate intercity radio-relay network extends to Sabah via Brunei; 64,512 telephones (4.65 per 100 popl.); 5 AM stations, no FM, 6 TV stations Maldives Defense Forces

Shortages

complex machinery and equipment, highly skilled scientists and technicians, energy, and transport

Suffrage

universal over age 18

universal over age 21

universal over age 21 Political parties and leaders: no organized political parties; country governed by the Didi clan for the past eight centuries

universal over age 21 Political parties and leaders: Democratic Union of Malian People (UDPM) is the sole political party; under civilian leadership

Telecommunications

domestic and international services exist primarily for official purposes; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and most townships; services in interior and border regions limited; nearly 3 million equipped telephone exchange lines, including 30,000 long-distance telephone exchange lines with direct, automatic service to 24 cities; 5.2 million telephones (3-5 telephones per 100 pop!, in large cities, 1 telephone per 200 popl. national average); 50,000 post and telegraph offices with about 700 main telegraph centers capable of general message service at the county level and above; subscriber teleprinter exchange (telex) services available in 25 main metropolitan areas; unknown number of facsimile and data information transfer points; domestic audio radio broadcast coverage provided by 122 main AM centers and about 525 transmitter relay stations; unknown number of FM radio and wired rebroadcast stations with 215 million receivers; at least 52 TV centers; about 400 local and network TV relay transmitter stations; 7,000 supplementary video recorder and redistribution facilities; 40 million monochrome and color TV receiver sets; 2 major international switching centers; satellite communications, long-haul point-topoint radio circuits, regional cable and wire landlines, directional radiorelay, and seabed coaxial telephone cable (damaged) permit linkage with most countries; direct voice and message communications with 46 countries and regions; TV exchange to major cities on 5 continents through INTELSAT Pacific and Indian Ocean earth satellite; AM radio broadcasts in 38 languages to 140 countries and regions Defense Forces

Peninsular Malaysia: good intercity service provided mainly by microwave relay; international service good; good coverage by radio and television broadcasts; 609,288 telephones (5. 13 per 100 popl.); 26 AM, 1 FM, 20 TV stations; IOCON submarine cables extend to India; connected to SEACOM submarine cable terminal at Singapore by microwave relay; 2 international ground satellite stations; 1 domestic ground satellite station

minimal domestic and international telecommunication facilities; 1,060 telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.); 1 TV, 1 FM, 2 AM stations; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT station

Type

Communist state; real authority lies with Communist Party's Politburo; the National People's Congress, in theory the highest organ of government, usually ratifies the party's programs; the State Council actually directs the government

Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963 Malaysia: constitutional monarchy nominally headed by Paramount Ruler (King); a bicameral Parliament consisting of a 58-member Senate and a 154-member House of Representatives

republic

republic; single-party constitutional government

Voting strength

Peninsular Malaysia: (1982 election) lower house of parliament; National Front, 132 seats; DAP, 9 seats; PAS, 5 seats; independents, 8 seats