1985 Edition

Agriculture

main crops — rice, wheat, other grains, oilseed, cotton; agriculture mainly subsistence; grain imports 12.7 million metric tons in 1983

main crops — coffee, rice, corn, sugarcane, marijuana, coca, plantains, bananas, cotton, tobacco

main crops — rice, rubber, fruits and vegetables; some corn, manioc, and sugarcane; major food imports — wheat, corn, dairy products Wallis and Fuluna

dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops of yams, taro, bananas

practically none; some barley is grown in nondrought years; fruit and vegetables in the few oases; food imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forces

Aid

accurate data on aid since April 1975 unification unavailable; estimated annual economic aid on annual basis is — USSR, $600 million or more; East European countries, $150 million; non-Communist countries, $50 million; international institutions, $50 million; value of military aid deliveries since 1975 are not available

(1978) France, European Development Fund, $2.6 million

Airfields

322 total; 263 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with runways 3,500 m and over; 66 with runways 2,500 to 3,499 m; 221 with runways 1,200 to 2,499 m; 26 with runways less than 1,200 m; 2 seaplane stations; 7 heliports, 7 airfields under construction

621 total, 608 usable; 61 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,660 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 91 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

217 total, 128 usable; 46 with permanent-surface runways; 1 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 28 with runways 1,2202,439 m Defense Forces

2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanentsurface runways 1,220-2,439 m

Area

9.6 million km2; slightly larger than US; 74.3% desert, waste, or urban (32% of this area consists largely of denuded wasteland, plains, rolling hills, and basins from which about 3% could be reclaimed); 11% cultivated (sown area extended by multicropping); 12.7% forest and woodland; 2-3% inland water

300,440 km2; slightly larger than Nevada; 53% forest, 30% arable, 5% pasture, 12% other Water

329,707 km2; the size of New Mexico; 50% forest; 14% cultivated; 36% urban, inland water, and other

Branches

control is exercised by Chinese Communist Party, through State Council, which supervises ministries, commissions, bureaus, etc., all technically under the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

Chinese People's Liberation Army (CPLA), CPLA Navy (including Marines), CPLA Air Force

President, bicameral legislature (Parliament — Senate, House of Representatives), judiciary

Army of Colombia, Colombian Air Force, National Navy

constitution provides for unicameral legislature (Batasang Pambansa) and a strong executive branch under President and Prime Minister; judicial branch headed by Supreme Court with descending authority in a three-tiered system of local, regional trial, and intermediate appellate courts

bicameral legislature (Council of State, National Assembly); highly centralized executive nominally subordinate to National Assembly

Army, Navy, Air Force

Budget

(1983) revenues, $3.9 billion; expenditures, $5.3 billion

Capital

Beijing (Peking)

Bogota

Manila (de facto), Quezon City (designated)

Hanoi

Matu Uru

Civil air

106 major transport aircraft

military controlled

CNP

$14.8 billion, $245 per capita (1983)

Coastline

14,500km People

2,414 km People

4,828 km People

about 22,540 km People

3,444 km (excluding islands) People

1,110km People

Communists

about 39 million party members in 1981

10,000-12,000 members est.

probably more than 1 million

Crude steel

43.7 million metric tons produced, 42 kg per capita (1984)

391,000 metric tons produced (1980/81 est.), 14 kg per capita

Elections

elections held for People's Congress representatives at county level Political parties and leaders: Chinese Communist Party (CCP), headed by Hu Yaobang as General Secretary of Central Committee

every fourth year; last presidential election held in May 1982; last congressional election March 1982; municipal and departmental elections every two years, last held in March 1984 Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party — leadership currently undergoing changes, with eight congressmen sharing plural leadership; main dissident faction is headed by Luis Carlos Galan; Conservative Party — Alvaro Gomez Hurtado and Misael Pastrana Borrero head the two principal wings united behind current President Belisario Betancur, who leads a small faction; Communist Party (PCC), Gilberto Vieira White; Communist Party/Marxist-Leninist (PCC/ML), Maoist orientation

next provincial elections (for governors and mayors) scheduled for May 1986

pro forma elections held for national and local assemblies; latest election for National Assembly held on 25 April 1976 Political parties and leaders: Vietnam Communist Party (VCP), formerly known as the Vietnam Workers Party, headed by Le Duan

every five years Economy

Electric power

79,200,000 kW capacity (1984); 360 billion kWh produced (1984), 346 kWh per capita China (continued) Colombia

8,350,000 kW capacity (1984); 26 billion kWh produced (1984), 920 kWh per capita

1,795,000 kW capacity (1984); 4.5 billion kWh produced (1984), 75 kWh per capita

1,000 kW capacity (1984); 1 million kWh produced (1984), 83 kWh per capita

60,000 kW capacity (1984); 78 million kWh produced (1984), 876 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

93.3% Han Chinese; 6.7% Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and numerous lesser nationalities

58% mestizo, 20% Caucasian, 14% mulatto, 4% black, 3% mixed blackIndian, 1% Indian

basic split between highlanders of predominantly MalayoIndonesian origin, consisting of Merina (1,643,000) and related Betsileo (760,000) on the one hand and coastal tribes — collectively termed the Cotiers — with mixed Negroid, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry on the other; coastal tribes include Betsimisaraka 941,000, Tsimihety 442,000, Antaisaka 415,000, Sakalava 375,000; there are also 10,000-12,000 European French, 5,000 Indians of French nationality, and 5,000 Creoles

91.5% Christian Malay, 4% Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3% other

85-90% predominantly Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic minorities include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham; other mountain tribes

almost entirely Polynesian

Arab and Berber

Exports

$23.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); manufactured goods, agricultural products, oil, minerals

$3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); coffee, fuel oil, cotton, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cattle and hides, bananas, fresh cut flowers

$652 million (1983); agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, ores

negligible

in 1982, up to $5 million in phosphates, all other exports valued at under $3 million

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

Fishing

catch 71,381 metric tons 1982

catch 445,000 metric tons (1982)

GNP

$309 billion (1984 est.), $300 per capita

$48 billion (1984 est).; $1,660 per capita (1984); 69% private consumption, 26% gross investment, 9% public consumption (1982); growth rate 1.5% (1984)

not available

Government leader

Belisario BETANCUR Cuartas, President (since August 1982)

Ferdinand Edralin MARCOS, President (since 1965); Cesar VIRATA, Prime Minister (since 1981)

Muhamad ABDELAZIZ, President of Sahara Democratic Arab Republic (since October 1982) and secretary general of the Polisario (since August 1976) Economy

Government leaders

ZHAO Ziyang, Premier of State Council (since September 1 980); LI Xiannian, President (since June 1983); PENG Zhen, Chairman of NPC Standing Committee (since June 1983)

LE DUAN, Communist Party Secretary General (since December 1976); TRUONG CHINH, Chairman, Council of State (since July 1981)

Mirhel KUHNMUNCH, Superior Administrator and President of Territorial Assembly

Highways

about 1,001,000 km all types roads; about 260,000 km unimproved natural earth roads and tracks; about 581 ,000 km improved earth roads; about 190,000 km paved roads

75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces

100 km of improved road on Uvea Island (1977)

Hranchcs

territorial assembly of 20 memIx-rs; popular election of one deputy to National Assembly in Paris and one senator Wallis and Futuna (continued) Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara)

Imports

$18.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); grain, chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw materials, machinery, equipment

$5.0 billion (c.i.f., 1983); transportation equipment, machinery, industrial metals and raw materials, chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, fuels, fertilizers, paper and paper products, foodstuffs and beverages

$1,550 million (1983); petroleum, steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain

$3.4 million (1977); largely food stuffs and some equipment associated with development programs

up to $30 million (1982); development, fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs

Inland waterways

138,600 km; about 108,900 km navigable

14,300 km, navigable by river boats

about 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by vessels up to 1.8-m draft

Labor force

est. 447.1 million (December 1983J; 74.4% agriculture, 15% industry and commerce^ 10.6% Other Government

9 million (1982); 53% services, 26% agriculture, 21% industry (1980); 14% official unemployment (1984)

about 3.4 million, of which 90% are nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence agriculture; of 175,000 wage and salary earners, 26% agriculture, 17% domestic service, 15% industry, 14% commerce, 11% construction, 9% services, 6% transportation, 2% miscellaneous

17.8 million (1982 est); 47% agriculture, 20% industry and commerce, 13.5% services, 10% government, 9.5% other Government

approximately 29 million, not including military Government

12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsistence farming, 50% other

Land boundaries

24,000 km Water

6,035 km Water

4,562 km Water

2,086 km Water

Language

Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Can, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see ethnic divisions)

Spanish

French and Malagasy official

Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English (both official)

Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)

Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic

Legal system

a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal; little ostensible development of uniform code of administrative and civil law; highest judicial organ is Supreme People's Court, which reviews lower court decisions; laws and legal procedure subordinate to priorities of party policy; regime has attempted to write civil and Communist codes; new legal codes in effect 1 January 1980; party and state constitutions revised in September and November 1982, respectively; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil and commercial law

based on Spanish law; religious courts regulate marriage and divorce; constitution decreed in 1886, amendments codified in 1946 and 1968; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

based on Spanish, Islamic, and Anglo-American law; parliamentary constitution passed 1973; constitution amended in 1981 to provide for French-style mixed presidential-parliamentary system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University, and 71 other law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; martial law lifted in January 1981

based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system

Limits of territorial waters

12 mil (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) (.'.oast line: about 129 km People

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm

12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)

50 nm (economic, including fishing, 150 nm)

0-300 nm (under an archipelago theory, waters within straight lines joining appropriate points of outermost islands are considered internal waters; waters between these baselines and the limits described in the Treaty of Paris, 10 December 1898, the US-Spain Treaty of 7 November 1900, and the US-UK Treaty of 2 January 1930 are considered to be the territorial sea); economic, including fishing, 200 nm

1 2 nm plus 12 nm contiguous customs and security zone (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)

6 nm (fishing 12 nm)

Literacy

over 75%

81%

53%

about 88%

78%

among Moroccans, probably nearly 20%; among Saharans, perhaps 5%

Major industries

iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum

textiles, food processing, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, metal products, and cement

food processing, textiles, machinebuilding, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires

phosphate, fishing, and handicrafts

Major trade partners

Japan, Hong Kong, US, FRG, Jordan, Canada, Brazil, Singapore (1983)

exports — 29% US, 18% FRG, 7% Venezuela, 5% Italy, 4.5% Japan; imports— 35% US, 11% Japan, 7% Venezuela, 6% FRG, 3% France, 2.5% Spain, 1% Ecuador (1983)

exports — USSR, East European countries, Japan, other Asian markets; imports — USSR, East Europe, Japan

Morocco claims administrative control over Western Sahara and controls all trade with the country; Western Sahara trade figures are included in overall Moroccan accounts

Member of

FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ITU, Multifiber Arrangement, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy

FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,.IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, LAIA and Andean Sub-Regional Group, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy

ADB, CEMA, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee, NAM, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy

Military budget

no expenditure estimates are available; military aid from the USSR has been so extensive that actual allocation of Vietnam's domestic resources to defense has not been indicative of total military effort MATAUTUJN South Pacific Ocean lie Futuna S*t regioni) map \ Land About 207 km2; about the size of New York City Water

Military manpower

males 15-49, 285,513,000; 159,299,000 fit for military service; 13,080,000 reach military age (18) annually Caribbean Sea . Barranquilla Sec regional map IV Land 1,138,914 km2; about the size of Texas and New Mexico combined; 72% unsettled (mostly forest and savannah); 28% settled (consisting of 5% crop and fallow; 14% pasture, 6% forest, swamp, and water; 3% urban and other)

males 15-49, 7,646,000; 5,421,000 fit for military service; about 356,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 106,000; 61,000 fit for military service Land 592,900 km2; slightly smaller than Texas; 58% pasture, 21% forest, 8% waste, 5% cultivated, 2% rivers and lakes, 6% other Water

males 15-49, 14,185,000; 9,014,000 fit for military service; 671,000 reach military age (17) annually

Monetary conversion rate

2.64 renminbi yuan=US$l (31 October 1983)

108.129 pesos=US$l (31 October 1984)

10.7 dong=US$l (November 1984)

127.05 Colonial Francs Pacifique (CFP)=US$1 (December 1982) Communications

National holiday

National Day, 1 October

Independence Day, 30 July

Independence Day, 12 June

2 September

Nationality

noun — Chinese (sing., pi.); adjective— Chinese

noun — Colombian(s); adjective— Colombian

noun — Malagasy (sing, and pi.); adjective — Malagasy

noun — Filipino(s); adjective — Philippine

noun — Vietnamese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Vietnamese

noun Wallisiun(s), Fulunan(s), or Wallis and Kutnna Islanders; adjective — Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander

noun — Saharan(s), Moroccan(s); adjective — Saharan, Moroccan

Official name

People's Republic of China

Republic of Colombia

Democratic Republic of

Republic of the Philippines

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Western Sahara

Organized labor

1,418,321 members (1982) Government

4% of labor force Government

none Government

Other political or pressure groups

such opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions that vary by issue rather than organized groups; the People's Liberation Army has conventionally been seen as a major force, but its political influence has been much reduced over the past few years

Pipelines

crude, 6,000 km; refined products, 1,100 km; natural gas, 3,600 km

crude oil, 3,585 km; refined products, 1,350 km; natural gas, 830 km; natural gas liquids, 125 km

100 km, refined products

Political mbditrtxions

three districts

Political parties

national parties are Marcos 's New Society Party (KBL); UNIDO, a coalition of moderate opposition groups; and the Liberals, Nacionalistas, and PDPLaban; prominent regional parties include the Mindanao Alliance and the Pusyon Visaya Philippines (continued)

Political subdivisions

21 provinces, 3 centrally governed municipalities, 5 autonomous regions

22 departments, 3 intendancies, 5 commissariats, Bogota Special District

72 provinces and 61 chartered cities

36 provinces, 3 municipalities under central government control, 1 special zone

Population

1,041,346,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.9%

29,506,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.1%

9,941,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.8%

56,808,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.3%

60,492,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.4%

12,000 (July 1985) average annual growth rate 2.5??

91,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.8%

Ports

15 major, approximately 180 minor

6 major (Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, San Andres, Santa Marta, Tumaco)

9 major, 23 minor

2 minor

Railroads

networks total about 52,500 route km common carrier lines; about 600 km 1.000-meter gauge; rest 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track except approximately 9,500 km double track on standard gauge lines; approximately 3,000 km electrified; about 10,000 km industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 meters)

3,563 km, all 0.914-meter gauge, single track

2,816 km total; 2,224 1.000-meter gauge, 130 km standard gauge, 230 km dual gauge, 212 km unoperablc Htg/iu)ays:41,190kmtotal;5,471 km bituminous, 27,030 km gravel or improved earth, 8,690 km unimproved earth

Religion

officially atheist; most people, even before 1949, have been pragmatic and eclectic, not seriously religious; most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, ancestor worship; about 23% Muslim, 1% Christian

95% Roman Catholic

more than half indigenous beliefs; about 41% Christian, 7% Muslim

83% Roman Catholic, 9% Protestant, 5% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other

Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic, and Protestant

largely Roman Catholic Government Official name. Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands

Muslim

Shortages

complex machinery and equipment, highly skilled scientists and technicians, energy, and transport

foodgrains, petroleum, capital goods and machinery, fertilizer

water

Suffrage

universal over age 18

age 18 and over

universal and compulsory

universal over age 18

universal adult

Supply

dependent on the USSR and East European Communist countries for virtually all new equipment; produces negligible quantities of infantry weapons, ammunition and explosive devices (Vietnam possesses a huge but dated inventory of US-manufactured weapons and equipment captured from the RVN)

Telecommunications

fair to good domestic and international services exist primarily for official purposes; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and most townships; 29,092 long-distance telephone exchange lines with direct, automatic service to 26 cities; 5. 15 million direct line telephones (3-5 telephones per 100 popl. in large cities, 1 telephone per 200popl. national average); local public nets are 65% automatic; 40,000 post and telegraph offices with about 700 main telegraph centers capable of general message service at the county level and above; subscriber teleprinter exchange (telex) and facsimile available in 14 main metropolitan areas; unknown number of data information transfer points; domestic audio radio broadcast coverage to 64.5% of • the population; 122 main AM and 630 transmitter and relay stations; unknown number of FM radio and wired rebroadcast stations with 215 million receivers; TV coverage to 60% of the population; 52 TV centers; about 400 local and network TV relay transmitter stations; 7,000 low-power recorder and redistribution facilities; 36 million monochrome and color TV receiver sets; 2 major international switching centers and 1 regional outlet, satellite communications and long-haul point-to-point radio circuits, regional cable and wire landlines, directional radio-relay, and sealed coaxial telephone cable (damaged) permit linkage with most countries; direct voice and message communications with 46 countries and regions; TV exchange to major cities on 5 continents through INTELSAT Pacific and Indian. Ocean earth satellite; AM radio broadcasts in 38 languages to 140 countries and regions Defense Forces

nationwide radiorelay system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station with 2 antennas and 8 domestic satellite stations; 1.75 million telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 375 AM, 130 FM, 85 TV stations Defense Forces

148 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.) Defense Forces Defense is the responsibility of France 200km Land 266,770 km2; larger than Utah; nearly all desert

Type

Communist state; real authority lies with Communist Party's Polituro; the National People's Congress, in theory the highest organ of government, usually ratifies the party's programs; the State Council actually directs the government

republic; executive branch dominates government structure

republic

Communist state

overseas territory of France

legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved — territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring the northern two-thirds, including the rich phosphate reserves at Bu Craa. Mauritania, under pressure from the Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control there; the Polisario's government in exile seated as an OAU member in 1984, while guerrilla activities continue into 1985

Voting strength

(1982 presidential election) Belisario Betancur 46.8%, Alfonso Lopez Michelsen 40.7%, Luis Carlos Galan 11.1%, Gerardo Molina 1.2%, other 1.2%; 49% abstention