1988 Edition

Boundary disputes

short section with Argentina is indefinite; Bolivia has wanted a sovereign corridor to Pacific Ocean since Atacama area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water rights; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory)

India, USSR (Pamir, Argun, Amur, and Khabarovsk areas); short section with North Korea is indefinite; British colony of Hong Kong will become a Special Administrative Region in 1997; Portuguese territory of Macau will become a Special Administrative Region in 1999; sporadic border clashes with Vietnam; involved in complex dispute over Spratly Islands with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime dispute with Vietnam; dispute with Vietnam over Paracel Islands

Climate

temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south

extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

Coastline

6,435 km

14,500 km

Comparative area

larger than Texas

slightly larger than conterminous US

Contiguous zone

24 nm

Continental shelf

200 nm

Environment

subject to severe earthquakes, active volcanism, tsunami; Atacama Desert one of world's driest regions; desertification

frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern coasts), damaging floods, earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; desertification

Ethnic divisions

95% European and European-Indian, 3% Indian, 2% other

93.3% Han Chinese; 6.7% Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and numerous lesser nationalities

Exclusive fishing zone

200 nm

Infant mortality rate

20/1,000 (1984)

Labor force

3.84 million; 38.6% services (including government— 12%), 31.3% industry and commerce; 15.9% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 8.7% mining; 4.4% construction (1985); unemployed 13.9% (1984)

476 million (1984 est); 68.2% agriculture and forestry, 18.2% industry and commerce, 3.9% construction and mining, 3.7% social services, 6% other

Land boundaries

6,325 km total

24,000 km total

Land use

7% arable land; NEGL% per- ' manent crops; 16% meadows and pastures; 21% forest and woodland; 56% other; includes 2% irrigated

10% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 31% meadows and pastures; 14% forest and woodland; 45% other; includes 5% irrigated

Language

Spanish

Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (HokkienTaiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see ethnic divisions)

Life expectancy

men 63.8, women 70.4

68

Literacy

94%

over 75%

Nationality

noun — Chilean(s); adjective — Chilean

noun — Chinese (sing., pi.); adjective — Chinese

Organized labor

12% of labor force organized into labor unions (1982)

All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party; membership over 80 million (about 65% of the urban work force) (1985)

Population

12,448,008 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 1.54%

1,064,147,038 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.99%

Religion

89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protestant, and small Jewish population

officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic; most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; about 2-3% Muslim, 1% Christian

Special notes

strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)

world's third largest country (after USSR and Canada)

Terrain

low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in west

mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east

Territorial sea

12 nm

12 nm

Total area

756,950 km2; land area: 748,800 km2

9,596,960 km2; land area: 9,326,410 km2

Administrative divisions

12 regions plus Santiago metropolitan region, 41 provincial subdivisions

22 provinces, 3 centrally governed municipalities, 5 autonomous regions

Branches

four-man Military Junta, which exercises constituent and legislative powers and has delegated executive powers to President; the President has announced a plan for transition from military to civilian rule pursuant to Constitution; state of siege lifted January 1986; National Congress (Senate, House of Representatives) dissolved; civilian judiciary remains

control is exercised by Chinese Communist Party, through State Council, which supervises ministries, commissions, bureaus, etc., all technically under the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

Capital

Santiago

Beijing

Communists

120,000 when PCCh was legal in 1973; active militants now estimated at about 20,000-50,000

about 45 million party members (1986)

Elections

none; voters are being registered for constitutionally mandated presidential plebiscite in 1989 and congressional election in 1990 Political parties and leaders: all political parties are officially recessed or outlawed but have been allowed to function on a very limited basis since 1982 (a law allowing political parties to renew restricted activities has been approved by the Junta and is slated for enactment in March 1987); National Renovation (RN), Ricardo Rivadeneira; Radical Party (PR), Enrique Silva Cimma; Social Democratic Party (PSD), Rene Abeliuk; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Gabriel Valdes; Republican Right, Hugo Zepeda; Socialist Party, Ricardo Nunez; the PR, PSD, PDC, Republican Right, and one faction of the Socialist Party form the Democratic Alliance (AD); Movement of Unitary Popular Action (MAPU); Movement of Unitary Popular Action— Workers/Peasants (MAPU-OC), Oscar Garreton Purcell (in exile); Christian Left (1C), Luis Maira; Communist Party of Chile (PCCh), Luis Corvalan Leppe (in exile); Socialist Party — Almeyda faction (PSCh/Alm), Clodomiro Almeyda (in exile); Socialist Party — Altamirano faction (PSCh/Alt), Carlos Altamirano (in exile); Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Andres Pascal Allende (in exile); the MIR, PSCh/Alm, and PCCh form the leftist Popular Democratic Movement (MDP)

elections held for People's Congress representatives at county level Political parties and leaders: Chinese Communist Party (CCP), headed by Zhao Ziyang as Acting General Secretary of Central Committee

Government leaders

Gen. Augusto PINOCHET Ugarte, President (since September 1973); Adm. Jose Toribio MERINO Castro (since September 1973), Air Force Gen. Fernando MATTHEI Aubel (since July 1978), Army Lt. Gen. Humberto GORDON Rubio (since December 1986), Gen. Rodolfo STANCE Oecklers (since August 1985), Junta members

ZHAO Ziyang, Premier of State Council (since September 1980); LI Xiannian, President (since June 1983); PENG Zhen, Chairman of NPC Standing Committee (since June 1983)

Legal system

based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes influenced by French and Austrian law; current constitution came into effect in March 1981; the constitution provides for continued direct rule until 1989, with a phased return to full civilian rule by 1997; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal; little ostensible development of uniform code of administrative and civil law; highest judicial organ is Supreme People's Court, which reviews lower court decisions; laws and legal procedure subordinate to priorities of party policy; regime has attempted to write civil and Communist codes; new legal codes in effect since 1 January 1980; party and state constitutions revised in September and November 1982, respectively; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil and commercial law

Member of

CIPEC, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE — Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

ADB, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

National holiday

Independence Day, 18 September

National Day, 1 October

Official name

Republic of Chile

People's Republic of China

Other political or pressure groups

revitalized university student federations at all major universities dominated by political groups; labor — National Workers Command (CNT) includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor confederations; Roman Catholic Church

such opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions that vary by issue rather than organized groups

Suffrage

universal over age 18

Type

republic

Communist state; real authority lies with Communist Party's Politburo; the National People's Congress, in theory the highest organ of government, usually ratifies the party's programs; the State Council actually directs the government

Voting strength

(1970 presidential election) 36.6% Popular Unity coalition, 35.3% conservative independent, 28.1% Christian Democrat; (1973 congressional election) 56% Democratic Confederation (PDC and Chile (continued) China (Taiwan entry on page 274) PN), 44% Popular Unity coalition (socialists and Communists)

Agriculture

main crops — wheat, potatoes, corn, sugar beets, onions, beans, fruits; net agricultural importer

main crops — rice, wheat, other grains, oilseed, cotton; agriculture mainly subsistence; grain imports 5.4 million metric tons; grain exports (mostly corn) 9 million metric tons (1985)

Budget

revenues, $4.6 billion; expenditures, $5.1 billion (1985)

Crude steel

765,000 metric tons capacity (1980); 684,000 metric tons produced (1985), 55 kg per capita

46.6 million metric tons produced, 45 kg per capita (1985)

Electric power

3,315,000 kW capacity; 13,950 million kWh produced, 1,100 kWh per capita (1986)

91,300,000 kW capacity; 430,000 million kWh produced, 410 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1985); copper, molybdenum, iron ore, paper products, steel products, fishmeal, fruits, wood products

$31.3 billion (f.o.b., 1985); manufactured goods, agricultural products, oil, minerals

Fiscal year

calendar year

calendar year

Fishing

catch 4 million metric tons (1983); exports $275.5 million (1984)

GDP

$16.1 billion, $1,330 per capita; 51.6% private consumption, 26.9% government consumption; 13.7% gross investment; real growth rate 2.4% (1985)

GNP

$262 billion, $250 per capita (1986 est.)

Imports

$3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1985); petroleum, sugar, wheat, capital goods, vehicles

$39.5 billion (f.o.b., 1985); grain, chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw materials, machinery, equipment

Major industries

copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, pulp, paper, and forestry products

iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum

Major trade partners

exports — 26% US, 11% Japan, 10% FRG, 6.2% Brazil, 5.4% UK (1984); imports— 21.5% US, 9% Japan, 8.5% Brazil, 7.2% Venezuela, 6.2% FRG (1983)

Japan, Hong Kong, US, FRG, Singapore, USSR, Italy, Brazil (1985)

Monetary conversion rate

202 pesos=US$l (December 1986)

3.71 renminbi yuan = US$1 (October 1986)

Natural resources

copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum

coal, iron, petroleum, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydroelectric power (world's largest potential)

Shortages

complex machinery and equipment, highly skilled scientists and technicians, energy, and transport

Airfields

393 total, 356 usable; 47 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 52 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

325 total; 266 with permanentsurface runways; 11 with runways 3,500 m and over; 80 with runways 2,500 to 3,499 m; 203 with runways 1,200 to 2,499 m; 28 with runways less than 1,200 m; 2 seaChina (continued) Christmas Island plane stations; 4 heliports, 5 airfields under construction

Branches

Army of the Nation, National Navy, Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile

Chinese People's Liberation Army (CPLA), CPLA Navy (including marines), CPLA Air Force

Civil air

22 major transport aircraft

Highways

79,065 km total; 9,365 km paved, 37,700 km gravel, 32,000 km improved and unimproved earth

about 930,000 km all types roads; about 240,000 km unimproved natural earth roads and tracks, 540,000 km improved earth roads, 150,000 km paved roads

Inland waterways

725 km

138,600 km; about 109,300 km navigable

Military manpower

males 15-49, 3,321,000; 2,490,000 fit for military service; 117,000 reach military age (19) annually 1200km Sec regional map VIII Oao South China Sea

males 15-49, 310,258,000; 173,945,000 fit for military service; 13,317,000 reach military age (18) annually

Pipelines

crude oil, 755 km; refined products, 785 km; natural gas, 320 km

crude, 6,500 km; refined products, 1,100 km; natural gas, 4,200 km

Ports

10 major, 13 minor

15 major, about 180 minor

Railroads

8,613 km total; 4,257 km 1.676meter gauge, 135 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 4,221 km 1.000-meter gauge; electrification, 1,578 km 1.676-meter gauge, 76 km 1.000-meter gauge

total about 52,500 km common carrier lines; 600 km 1.000-meter gauge; rest 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track except 9,500 km double track on standard gauge lines; 4,200 km electrified; 10,000 km industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 meters)

Telecommunications

modern telephone system based on extensive radio-relay facilities; 629,000 telephones (5.4 per 100 popl.); 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas; 3 domestic satellite stations; 154 AM, 119 TV, 14 shortwave stations Defense Forces

domestic and international services exist primarily for official purposes; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and most townships; services in interior and border regions limited; nearly 4 million telephone exchange lines, including 40,000 long-distance telephone exchange lines with direct, automatic service to over 24 cities; 6.0 million telephones (3-5 telephones per 100 popl. in large cities, 1 telephone per 170 popl. national average); 53,000 post and telegraph offices with about 700 main telegraph centers capable of general message service at the county level and above; subscriber teleprinter exchange (telex) services available in 25 main metropolitan areas; unknown number of facsimile and data transmission points; domestic audio radiobroadcast coverage provided by 122 main AM centers and about 525 transmitter relay stations; unknown number of FM radio and wired rebroadcast stations with 215 million receivers; 2 domestic telecommunications satellites, 5 ground stations, over 2,000 TV receiving stations; at least 202 TV centers; over 400 local and network TV relay transmitter stations; 7,000 supplementary video recorder and redistribution facilities; 50 million monochrome and 10 million color TV receiver sets (domestically produced); 2 major international switching centers; satellite communications, longhaul point-to-point radio circuits, regional cable and wire landlines, directional radiorelay, and seabed coaxial telephone cable (damaged) permit linkage with most countries; direct voice and message communications with 46 countries and regions; TV exchange to major cities on 5 continents through INTELSAT Pacific and Indian Ocean earth satellite; AM radio broadcasts in 38 languages to 140 countries and regions Defense Forces