2014 Edition

Background

Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of civil warfare, as well as invasions by Libya, before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998, a rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which has sporadically flared up despite several peace agreements between the government and the insurgents. In 2005, new rebel groups emerged in western Sudan and made probing attacks into eastern Chad despite signing peace agreements in December 2006 and October 2007. In June 2005, President Idriss DEBY held a referendum successfully removing constitutional term limits and won another controversial election in 2006. Sporadic rebel campaigns continued throughout 2006 and 2007. The capital experienced a significant insurrection in early 2008, but has had no significant rebel threats since then, in part due to Chad's 2010 rapprochement with Sudan, which previously used Chadian rebels as proxies. DEBY in 2011 was reelected to his fourth term in an election that international observers described as proceeding without incident. Power remains in the hands of an ethnic minority. In January 2014, Chad began a two year rotation on the UN Security Council.

Area

1.284 million sq km 1,259,200 sq km 24,800 sq km

total

1.284 million sq km

water

24,800 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly more than three times the size of California

Climate

tropical in south, desert in north

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

Djourab 160 m Emi Koussi 3,415 m

highest point

Emi Koussi 3,415 m

lowest point

Djourab 160 m

Environment - current issues

inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

0.88 cu km/yr (12%/12%/76%) 84.81 cu m/yr (2005)

per capita

84.81 cu m/yr (2005)

total

0.88 cu km/yr (12%/12%/76%)

Geographic coordinates

15 00 N, 19 00 E

Geography - note

Chad is largest of Africa's 16 landlocked countries not long ago - geologically speaking - what is today the Sahara was green savanah teeming with wildlife; during the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, a vibrant animal community, including elephants, giraffes, hippos, and antelope lived there; the last remnant of the "Green Sahara" exists in the Lakes of Ounianga (oo-nee-ahn-ga) in northern Chad, a series of 18 interconnected freshwater, saline, and hypersaline lakes now protected as a World Heritage site Lake Chad, the most significant water body in the Sahel, is a remnant of a former inland sea, paleolake Mega-Chad; at its greatest extent, sometime before 5000 B.C., Lake Mega-Chad was the largest of four Saharan paleolakes that existed during the African Humid Period; it covered an area of about 400,000 sq km (150,000 sq mi), i.e., roughly the size of today's Caspian Sea

Irrigated land

302.7 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

6,406 km Cameroon 1,116 km, Central African Republic 1,556 km, Libya 1,050 km, Niger 1,196 km, Nigeria 85 km, Sudan 1,403 km

border countries

Cameroon 1,116 km, Central African Republic 1,556 km, Libya 1,050 km, Niger 1,196 km, Nigeria 85 km, Sudan 1,403 km

total

6,406 km

Land use

3.82% 0.02% 96.16% (2011)

arable land

3.82%

other

96.16% (2011)

permanent crops

0.02%

Location

Central Africa, south of Libya

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues

Natural resources

petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt

Terrain

broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south

Total renewable water resources

43 cu km (2011)

Age structure

44.7% (male 2,588,424/female 2,515,935) 20.6% (male 1,143,812/female 1,211,136) 27.8% (male 1,436,018/female 1,737,901) 3.9% (male 193,173/female 247,584) 3% (male 140,592/female 197,532) (2014 est.)

0-14 years

44.7% (male 2,588,424/female 2,515,935)

15-24 years

20.6% (male 1,143,812/female 1,211,136)

25-54 years

27.8% (male 1,436,018/female 1,737,901)

55-64 years

3.9% (male 193,173/female 247,584)

65 years and over

3% (male 140,592/female 197,532) (2014 est.)

Birth rate

37.29 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

1,475,960 48 % (2010 est.)

percentage

48 % (2010 est.)

total number

1,475,960

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

33.9% (2004)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

4.8% (2010)

Death rate

14.56 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Dependency ratios

102.2 % 97.4 % 4.8 % 20.7 (2014 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

4.8 %

potential support ratio

20.7 (2014 est.)

total dependency ratio

102.2 %

youth dependency ratio

97.4 %

Drinking water source

urban: 71.8% of population rural: 44.8% of population total: 50.7% of population urban: 28.2% of population rural: 55.2% of population total: 49.3% of population (2012 est.)

rural

55.2% of population

total

49.3% of population (2012 est.)

urban

28.2% of population

Education expenditures

2.3% of GDP (2011)

Ethnic groups

Sara 27.7%, Arab 12.3%, Mayo-Kebbi 11.5%, Kanem-Bornou 9%, Ouaddai 8.7%, Hadjarai 6.7%, Tandjile 6.5%, Gorane 6.3%, Fitri-Batha 4.7%, other 6.4%, unknown 0.3% (1993 census)

Health expenditures

4.3% of GDP (2011)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

2.7% (2012 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

14,400 (2012 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

213,100 (2012 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.43 beds/1,000 population (2005)

Infant mortality rate

90.3 deaths/1,000 live births 95.92 deaths/1,000 live births 84.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)

female

84.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)

total

90.3 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects

Life expectancy at birth

49.44 years 48.3 years 50.63 years (2014 est.)

female

50.63 years (2014 est.)

total population

49.44 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic 35.4% 45.6% 25.4% (2011 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic

female

25.4% (2011 est.)

male

45.6%

total population

35.4%

Major infectious diseases

very high bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever malaria and dengue fever schistosomiasis meningococcal meningitis rabies (2013)

animal contact disease

rabies (2013)

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

respiratory disease

meningococcal meningitis

vectorborne diseases

malaria and dengue fever

water contact disease

schistosomiasis

Major urban areas - population

N'DJAMENA (capital) 1.079 million (2011)

Maternal mortality rate

1,100 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

17.2 years 16.1 years 18.2 years (2014 est.)

female

18.2 years (2014 est.)

male

16.1 years

total

17.2 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

18.2 median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2004 est.)

Nationality

Chadian(s) Chadian

adjective

Chadian

noun

Chadian(s)

Net migration rate

-3.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

2.7% (2008)

Physicians density

0.04 physicians/1,000 population (2006)

Population

11,412,107 (July 2014 est.)

Population growth rate

1.92% (2014 est.)

Religions

Muslim 53.1%, Catholic 20.1%, Protestant 14.2%, animist 7.3%, other 0.5%, unknown 1.7%, atheist 3.1% (1993 census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 31.4% of population rural: 6.5% of population total: 11.9% of population urban: 68.6% of population rural: 93.5% of population total: 88.1% of population (2012 est.)

rural

93.5% of population

total

88.1% of population (2012 est.)

urban

68.6% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

7 years 9 years 6 years (2011)

female

6 years (2011)

male

9 years

total

7 years

Sex ratio

1.04 male(s)/female 1.03 male(s)/female 0.94 male(s)/female 0.83 male(s)/female 0.93 male(s)/female 0.72 male(s)/female 0.93 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

0-14 years

1.03 male(s)/female

15-24 years

0.94 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.83 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.72 male(s)/female

at birth

1.04 male(s)/female

total population

0.93 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Total fertility rate

4.68 children born/woman (2014 est.)

Urbanization

21.8% of total population (2011) 3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

21.8% of total population (2011)

Administrative divisions

23 regions (regions, singular - region); Barh el Gazel, Batha, Borkou, Chari-Baguirmi, Ennedi-Est, Ennedi-Quest, Guera, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Kebbi Est, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile, Tibesti, Ville de N'Djamena, Wadi Fira

Capital

N'Djamena 12 06 N, 15 02 E UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

geographic coordinates

12 06 N, 15 02 E

name

N'Djamena

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest passed by referendum 31 March 1996, entered into force 8 April 1996; amended 2005 (2010)

Country name

Republic of Chad Chad Republique du Tchad/Jumhuriyat Tshad Tchad/Tshad

conventional long form

Republic of Chad

conventional short form

Chad

local long form

Republique du Tchad/Jumhuriyat Tshad

local short form

Tchad/Tshad

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador James KNIGHT (since 13 March 2013) Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena B. P. 413, N'Djamena [235] 2251-70-09 [235] 2251-56-54

chief of mission

Ambassador James KNIGHT (since 13 March 2013)

embassy

Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena

FAX

[235] 2251-56-54

mailing address

B. P. 413, N'Djamena

telephone

[235] 2251-70-09

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Mahamat NASSER (since 21 May 2014) 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 [1] (202) 462-4009 [1] (202) 265-1937

chancery

2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Mahamat NASSER (since 21 May 2014)

FAX

[1] (202) 265-1937

telephone

[1] (202) 462-4009

Executive branch

President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. (since 4 December 1990) Prime Minister Kalzeube Pahimi DEUBET (since 21 November 2013) Council of State; members are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last election held on 25 April 2011 (next to be held by 2016); prime minister appointed by the president Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 83.6%, Albert Pahimi PADACKE 8.6%, Nadji MADOU 7.8%

cabinet

Council of State; members are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

chief of state

President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. (since 4 December 1990)

election results

Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 83.6%, Albert Pahimi PADACKE 8.6%, Nadji MADOU 7.8%

elections

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last election held on 25 April 2011 (next to be held by 2016); prime minister appointed by the president

head of government

Prime Minister Kalzeube Pahimi DEUBET (since 21 November 2013)

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; yellow represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France

Government type

republic

Independence

11 August 1960 (from France)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, EITI (candidate country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (consists of a chief justice and 15 judges or councilors and divided into 3 chambers); Constitutional Council (consists of 3 judges and 6 jurists) Supreme Court chief justice selected by the president; councilors - 8 designated by the president and 7 by the speaker of the National Assembly; chief justice and councilors appointed for life; Constitutional Council judges - 2 appointed by the president and 1 by the speaker of the National Assembly; jurists - 3 each by the president and by the speaker of the National Assembly; judges term NA High Court of Justice; Courts of Appeal; tribunals; justices of the peace

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of a chief justice and 15 judges or councilors and divided into 3 chambers); Constitutional Council (consists of 3 judges and 6 jurists)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court chief justice selected by the president; councilors - 8 designated by the president and 7 by the speaker of the National Assembly; chief justice and councilors appointed for life; Constitutional Council judges - 2 appointed by the president and 1 by the speaker of the National Assembly; jurists - 3 each by the president and by the speaker of the National Assembly; judges term NA

subordinate courts

High Court of Justice; Courts of Appeal; tribunals; justices of the peace

Legal system

mixed legal system of civil and customary law

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly (188 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) National Assembly - last held on 13 February 2011 (next to be held by 2015); note - legislative elections, originally scheduled for 2006, were first delayed by National Assembly action and subsequently by an accord, signed in August 2007, between government and opposition parties percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ART 133, UNDR 11, others 44

election results

percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ART 133, UNDR 11, others 44

elections

National Assembly - last held on 13 February 2011 (next to be held by 2015); note - legislative elections, originally scheduled for 2006, were first delayed by National Assembly action and subsequently by an accord, signed in August 2007, between government and opposition parties

National anthem

"La Tchadienne" (The Chadian) Louis GIDROL and his students/Paul VILLARD adopted 1960

lyrics/music

Louis GIDROL and his students/Paul VILLARD

name

"La Tchadienne" (The Chadian)

National holiday

Independence Day, 11 August (1960)

National symbol(s)

goat (north); lion (south)

Political parties and leaders

Alliance for the Renaissance of Chad or ART, an alliance among the ruling MPS, RDP, and Viva-RNDP Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR] National Rally for Development and Progress or Viva-RNDP [Dr. Nouradine Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE] National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO] Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Jean-Baptiste LAOKOLE] Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman] Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol Mahamat CHOUA] Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Sande NGARYIMBE]

Political pressure groups and leaders

rebel groups

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, cassava (manioc, tapioca), cattle, sheep, goats, camels

Budget

$2.753 billion $3.557 billion (2013 est.)

expenditures

$3.557 billion (2013 est.)

revenues

$2.753 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-5.9% of GDP (2013 est.)

Central bank discount rate

4.25% (31 December 2009) 4.75% (31 December 2008)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

15.5% (31 December 2013 est.) 15.5% (31 December 2012 est.)

Current account balance

-$827.1 million (2013 est.) -$378.9 million (2012 est.)

Debt - external

$1.828 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $1.794 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Economy - overview

Oil and agriculture drive Chad’s economy. At least 80% of Chad's population relies for its livelihood on subsistence farming and livestock raising and oil provides the bulk of export revenues. Cotton, cattle, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's non-oil export earnings. Remittances have also been an important source of income and Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most public and private sector investment. Oil production came on stream in late 2003 and Chad began to export oil in 2004. Economic growth has been positive in recent years due to high oil prices and strong local harvests, but Chad’s fiscal situation is repeatedly exposed to declining oil prices and drought . Recently, the economy has been strained by the costs of repatriating Chadians fleeing the violence in South Sudan and the Central African Republic. Chad's investment climate remains challenging due to limited infrastructure, a lack of trained workers, extensive government bureaucracy, and corruption.

Exchange rates

Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar - 500.7 (2013 est.) 510.53 (2012 est.) 495.28 (2010 est.) 472.19 (2009) 447.81 (2008)

Exports

$3.865 billion (2013 est.) $4.126 billion (2012 est.)

Exports - commodities

oil, cattle, cotton, gum arabic

Exports - partners

US 81.9%, China 6.7% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

25.9% 12.2% 53% 0.3% 32% -23.4% (2013 est.)

exports of goods and services

32%

government consumption

12.2%

household consumption

25.9%

imports of goods and services

-23.4%

investment in fixed capital

53%

investment in inventories

0.3%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

46.3% 9.9% 43.8% (2013 est.)

agriculture

46.3%

industry

9.9%

services

43.8% (2013 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$2,500 (2013 est.) $2,500 (2012 est.) $2,400 (2011 est.) data are in 2013 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

3.9% (2013 est.) 8.9% (2012 est.) 0.1% (2011 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$13.59 billion (2013 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$28 billion (2013 est.) $26.94 billion (2012 est.) $24.74 billion (2011 est.) data are in 2013 US dollars

Gross national saving

46.4% of GDP (2013 est.) 45.6% of GDP (2012 est.) 45.4% of GDP (2011 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

2.6% 30.8% (2003)

highest 10%

30.8% (2003)

lowest 10%

2.6%

Imports

$2.701 billion (2013 est.) $NA (2012 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners

China 20.2%, Cameroon 18.2%, France 16.1%, Saudi Arabia 5.6%, US 4.2% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

10% (2013 est.)

Industries

oil, cotton textiles, meatpacking, brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

4.5% (2013 est.) 10.2% (2012 est.)

Labor force

4.293 million (2007)

Labor force - by occupation

80% 20% (2006 est.)

agriculture

80%

industry and services

20% (2006 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

80% (2001 est.)

Public debt

30.5% of GDP (2013 est.) 31.3% of GDP (2012 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$1.304 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $1.174 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of broad money

$1.804 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $1.559 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$NA

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$NA $4.5 billion (2006 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$832.4 million (31 December 2013 est.) NA% (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$1.598 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $1.442 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

20.3% of GDP (2013 est.)

Unemployment rate

NA%

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

289,800 Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

125,700 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

104,500 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

1.5 billion bbl (1 January 2013 est.)

Electricity - consumption

91.14 million kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

100% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

31,000 kW (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

98 million kWh (2010 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

999.5 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

1,817 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

1,754 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

1 state-owned TV station; state-owned radio network, Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne (RNT), operates national and regional stations; about 10 private radio stations; some stations rebroadcast programs from international broadcasters (2007)

Internet country code

.td

Internet hosts

6 (2012)

Internet users

168,100 (2009)

Telephone system

inadequate system of radiotelephone communication stations with high costs and low telephone density fixed-line connections for less than 1 per 100 persons coupled with mobile-cellular subscribership base of only about 35 per 100 persons country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)

domestic

fixed-line connections for less than 1 per 100 persons coupled with mobile-cellular subscribership base of only about 35 per 100 persons

general assessment

inadequate system of radiotelephone communication stations with high costs and low telephone density

international

country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

29,900 (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

4.2 million (2012)

Airports

59 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

2

2,438 to 3,047 m

4

over 3,047 m

2

total

9

under 914 m

1 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

11 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

14

2,438 to 3,047 m

2

914 to 1,523 m

22

over 3,047 m

1

total

50

Pipelines

oil 582 km (2013)

Roadways

40,000 km consists of 25,000 km of national and regional roads and 15,000 km of local roads; 206 km of urban roads are paved (2011)

total

40,000 km

Waterways

(Chari and Legone rivers are navigable only in wet season) (2012)

Manpower available for military service

2,090,244 2,441,321 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

2,441,321 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

2,090,244

Manpower fit for military service

1,183,242 1,395,811 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

1,395,811 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

1,183,242

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

128,723 128,244 (2010 est.)

female

128,244 (2010 est.)

male

128,723

Military branches

Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale du Tchad, ANT): Ground Forces (l'Armee de Terre, AdT), Chadian Air Force (l'Armee de l'Air Tchadienne, AAT), National Gendarmerie, National and Nomadic Guard of Chad (GNNT) (2013)

Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale du Tchad, ANT)

Ground Forces (l'Armee de Terre, AdT), Chadian Air Force (l'Armee de l'Air Tchadienne, AAT), National Gendarmerie, National and Nomadic Guard of Chad (GNNT) (2013)

Military expenditures

NA% (2012) 2.28% of GDP (2011) NA% (2010)

Military service age and obligation

20 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service, with a 3-year service obligation; 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a parent or guardian; women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age of 21 (2012)

Disputes - international

since 2003, ad hoc armed militia groups and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad; Chad wishes to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Refugees and internally displaced persons

352,948 (Sudan); 110,000 (Central African Republic) (2014) 90,000 (majority are in the east) (2013)

IDPs

90,000 (majority are in the east) (2013)

refugees (country of origin)

352,948 (Sudan); 110,000 (Central African Republic) (2014)

Trafficking in persons

Chad is a source, transit, and destination country for children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the trafficking problem is mainly internal and frequently involves family members entrusting children to relatives or intermediaries in return for promises of education, apprenticeships, goods, or money; child trafficking victims are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude, forced cattle herding, forced begging, involuntary agricultural labor, or commercial sexual exploitation; some Chadian girls who travel to larger towns in search of work are forced into prostitution; in 2012, Chadian children were identified in some government military training centers and among rebel groups Tier 2 Watch List - Chad does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has made a limited commitment to increased anti-trafficking law enforcement but continues to lack formal victim identification procedures; draft revisions to Chad's penal code that would prohibit child trafficking and provide protection for victims were not enacted for the third consecutive year; the government continues its nationwide campaign on human rights issues, including human trafficking, and high-ranking officials, such as the president and prime minister, are speaking out publicly against human trafficking (2013)

current situation

Chad is a source, transit, and destination country for children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the trafficking problem is mainly internal and frequently involves family members entrusting children to relatives or intermediaries in return for promises of education, apprenticeships, goods, or money; child trafficking victims are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude, forced cattle herding, forced begging, involuntary agricultural labor, or commercial sexual exploitation; some Chadian girls who travel to larger towns in search of work are forced into prostitution; in 2012, Chadian children were identified in some government military training centers and among rebel groups

tier rating

Tier 2 Watch List - Chad does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has made a limited commitment to increased anti-trafficking law enforcement but continues to lack formal victim identification procedures; draft revisions to Chad's penal code that would prohibit child trafficking and provide protection for victims were not enacted for the third consecutive year; the government continues its nationwide campaign on human rights issues, including human trafficking, and high-ranking officials, such as the president and prime minister, are speaking out publicly against human trafficking (2013)