2002 Edition

Background

Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of ethnic warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually suppressed or came to terms with most political-military groups, settled a territorial dispute with Libya on terms favorable to Chad, drafted a democratic constitution, and held multiparty presidential and National Assembly elections in 1996 and 1997 respectively. In 1998 a new rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which continued to escalate throughout 2000. A peace agreement, signed in January 2002 between the government and the rebels, provides for the demobilization of the rebels and their reintegration into the political system. Despite movement toward democratic reform, power remains in the hands of a northern ethnic oligarchy.

Occupied by the Portuguese in the 16th century and the Dutch in the 17th century, the island was ceded to the British in 1802. As Ceylon it became independent in 1948; its name was changed in 1972. Tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted in violence in the mid-1980s. Tens of thousands have died in an ethnic war that continues to fester.

Area

total: 1.284 million sq km water: 24,800 sq km land: 1,259,200 sq km

total: 65,610 sq km water: 870 sq km land: 64,740 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly more than three times the size of California

slightly larger than West Virginia

Climate

tropical in south, desert in north

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

1,340 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m

Environment - current issues

inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification

deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from mining activities and increased pollution; freshwater resources being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste disposal; air pollution in Colombo

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates

15 00 N, 19 00 E

7 00 N, 81 00 E

Irrigated land

200 sq km (1998 est.)

6,510 sq km (1998 est.)

Land boundaries

total: 5,968 km border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km

0 km

Land use

arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% other: 97% (1998 est.)

arable land: 13% permanent crops: 16% other: 71% (1998 est.)

Location

Central Africa, south of Libya

Southern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of India

Map references

Africa

Asia

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

12 NM exclusive economic zone: Climate: tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)

Natural hazards

hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues

occasional cyclones and tornadoes

Natural resources

petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)

limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower

Terrain

broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south

mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior

Age structure

0-14 years: 47.8% (male 2,162,732; female 2,135,354) 15-64 years: 49.4% (male 2,108,134; female 2,340,189) 65 years and over: 2.8% (male 103,683; female 147,145) (2002 est.)

0-14 years: 25.6% (male 2,559,246; female 2,446,393) 15-64 years: 67.7% (male 6,446,320; female 6,802,515) 65 years and over: 6.7% (male 628,398; female 693,911) (2002 est.)

Birth rate

47.74 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)

16.36 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Death rate

15.06 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)

6.45 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Ethnic groups

200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane (Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are Muslim; in the south: are Christian or animist; about 1,000 French citizens live in Chad

Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and Vedda 1%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

5%-7% (2001)

0.07% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

14,000 (confirmed AIDS cases, actual number far higher but difficult to estimate) (2001)

490 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

300,000 (2001)

7,500 (1999 est.)

Infant mortality rate

93.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)

15.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)

Languages

French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects

Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8% note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by about 10% of the population

Life expectancy at birth

53.4 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility rate: 6.5 children born/woman (2002 est.)

75 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility rate: 1.93 children born/woman (2002 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic total population: 40% male: 49% female: 31% (1998)

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 90.2% male: 93.4% female: 87.2% (1995 est.)

Nationality

noun: Chadian(s) adjective: Chadian

noun: Sri Lankan(s) adjective: Sri Lankan

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)

-1.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Population

8,997,237 (July 2002 est.)

19,576,783 note: since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and armed Tamil separatists in the mid-1980s, several hundred thousand Tamil civilians have fled the island; as of mid-1999, approximately 66,000 were housed in 133 refugee camps in south India, another 40,000 lived outside the Indian camps, and more than 200,000 Tamils have sought refuge in the West (July 2002 est.)

Population growth rate

3.27% (2002 est.)

0.85% (2002 est.)

Religions

Muslim 51%, Christian 35%, animist 7%, other 7%

Buddhist 70%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 7% (1999)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2002 est.)

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2002 est.)

Administrative divisions

14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile note: instead of 14 prefectures, there may be a new administrative structure of 28 departments (departments, singular - department), and 1 city*; Assongha, Baguirmi, Bahr El Gazal, Bahr Koh, Batha Oriental, Batha Occidental, Biltine, Borkou, Dababa, Ennedi, Guera, Hadjer Lamis, Kabia, Kanem, Lac, Lac Iro, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Boneye, Mayo-Dallah, Monts de Lam, N'djamena*, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile Oriental, Tandjile Occidental, Tibesti

8 provinces; Central, North Central, North Eastern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western; note - North Eastern province may have been divided in two - Northern and Eastern

Capital

N'Djamena

Colombo; note - Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte is the legislative capital

Constitution

passed by referendum 31 March 1996

adopted 16 August 1978

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Chad conventional short form: Chad local long form: Republique du Tchad local short form: Tchad

conventional long form: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka conventional short form: Sri Lanka former: Serendib, Ceylon

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher E. GOLDTHWAIT embassy: Avenue B. P. 413, N'Djamena telephone:

chief of mission: Ambassador E. Ashley WILLS embassy: 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3 mailing address: P. O. Box 106, Colombo telephone: [94] (1) 448007 FAX: [94] (1) 437345

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Hassaballah Abdelhadi Ahmat SOUBIANE chancery: 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 FAX: [1] (202) 265-1937 telephone: [1] (202) 462-4009

chief of mission: Ambassador Warnasena RASAPUTRAM consulate(s): New York [1] (202) 232-7181 telephone: Washington, DC 20008

Executive branch

chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990) head of government: Prime Minister Nagoum YAMASSOUM (since 13 December 1999) cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY reelected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh KEBZABO 7% note: government coalition - MPS, UNDR, and URD elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president

chief of state: President Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (since 12 November 1994); note - Ranil WICKREMASINGHE (since 9 December 2001) is the prime minister; in Sri Lanka the president is considered both the chief of state and head of government, in contrast to the more common practice of dividing the roles between the president and the prime minister when both offices exist head of government: President Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (since 12 November 1994); note - Ranil WICKREMASINGHE (since 9 December 2001) is the prime minister; in Sri Lanka the president is considered both the chief of state and head of government, in contrast to the more common practice of dividing the roles between the president and the prime minister when both offices exist cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 21 December 1999 (next to be held NA December 2005) election results: Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA reelected president; percent of vote - Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (PA) 51%, Ranil WICKREMASINGHE (UNP) 42%, other 7%

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France

yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels

Government type

republic

republic

Independence

11 August 1960 (from France)

4 February 1948 (from UK)

International organization participation

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, CEMAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts

Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; judges for both courts are appointed by the president

Legal system

based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim, Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

bicameral according to constitution, consists of a National Assembly (155 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and a Senate (not yet created and size unspecified, members to serve six-year terms, one-third of membership renewable every two years) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPS 110, RDP 12, FAR 9, RNDP 5, URD 5, UNDR 3, others 11 elections: National Assembly - last held 25 April 2002 (next to be held in NA April 2006)

unicameral Parliament (225 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of a modified proportional representation system by district to serve six-year terms) elections: last held 7 December 2001 (next to be held NA December 2007) election results: percent of vote by party or electoral alliance - UNP, SLMC and CWC 46.8%, PA and EPDP 38%, JVP 9.1%, Tamil National Alliance 3.89%, PLOTE 0.19%; seats by party or electoral alliance - UNP, SLMC and CWC 114, PA and EPDP 79, JVP 16, Tamil National Alliance 15, PLOTE 1

National holiday

Independence Day, 11 August (1960)

Independence Day, 4 February (1948)

Political parties and leaders

Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarlejy YORONGAR]; National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Mamadou BISSO]; National Union for Development and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; National Union for Renewal and Democracy or UNRD [leader NA]; Party for Liberty and Democracy or PLD [Ibni Oumar Mahamat SALEH]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman] (originally in opposition but now the party in power and the party of the president); Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lal Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Democracy and the Republic or UDR [Jean Bawoyeu ALINGUE]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]; Viva Rally for Development and Progress or Viva RNDP [Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]

All Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [KUMARGURUPARAM]; Ceylon Workers Congress or CWC [Arumugam THONDAMAN]; Communist Party or CP [D. GUNASEKERA]; Democratic United National (Lalith) Front or DUNLF [Shrimani ATULATHMUDALI]; Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP [Douglas DEVANANDA]; Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front or EPRLF [Suresh PREMACHANDRAN]; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP [Tilvan SILVA]; National Unity Alliance or NUA [Ferial ASHRAFF]; People's Alliance or PA [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA]; People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE [leader NA]; Sihala Urumaya or SU [Tilak KARUNARATNE]; Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA]; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM]; Sri Lanka Progressive Front or SLPF [P. Nelson PERERA]; Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization or TELO [SABARATNAM]; Tamil National Alliance or TNA [Nadarajah RAVIRAJ]; Tamil United Liberation Front or TULF [R. SAMPATHAN]; United National Party or UNP [Ranil WICKREMASINGHE]; Upcountry People's Front or UPF [P. CHANDRASEKARAN]; several ethnic Tamil and Muslim parties, represented in either Parliament or provincial councils

Political pressure groups and leaders

NA

Buddhist clergy; labor unions; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam or LTTE [Velupillai PRABHAKARAN](insurgent group fighting for a separate state); radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups such as the National Movement Against Terrorism; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca); cattle, sheep, goats, camels

rice, sugarcane, grains, pulses, oilseed, spices, tea, rubber, coconuts; milk, eggs, hides, beef

Budget

revenues: $198 million expenditures: $218 million, including capital expenditures of $146 million (1998 est.)

revenues: $2.8 billion expenditures: $4.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)

Currency

Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)

Currency code

XAF

LKR

Debt - external

$1.1 billion (2000 est.)

$9.9 billion (2000)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

34.4 (1995)

Economic aid - recipient

$238.3 million (1995); note - $125 million committed by Taiwan (August 1997); $30 million committed by African Development Bank

$577 million (1998)

Economy - overview

In 1977, Colombo abandoned statist economic policies and its import substitution trade policy for market-oriented policies and export-oriented trade. Sri Lanka's most dynamic sectors now are food processing, textiles and apparel, food and beverages, telecommunications, and insurance and banking. By 1996 plantation crops made up only 20% of exports (compared with 93% in 1970), while textiles and garments accounted for 63%. GDP grew at an average annual rate of 5.5% throughout the 1990s until a drought and a deteriorating security situation lowered growth to 3.8% in 1996. The economy rebounded in 1997-2000 with average growth of 5.3%. But 2001 saw the first contraction in the country's history, due to a combination of power shortages, severe budgetary problems, the global slowdown, and continuing civil strife.

Electricity - consumption

85.56 million kWh (2000)

6.156 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2000)

0 kWh (2000)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2000)

0 kWh (2000)

Electricity - production

92 million kWh (2000)

6.619 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% other: 0% (2000) nuclear: 0%

fossil fuel: 31.86% hydro: 68.14% other: 0% (2000) nuclear: 0%

Exchange rates

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 742.79 (January 2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 93.383 (January 2002), 89.383 (2001), 77.005 (2000), 70.635 (1999), 64.450 (1998), 58.995 (1997)

Exports

$172 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

$4.9 billion (f.o.b., 2001)

Exports - commodities

cotton, cattle, gum arabic

textiles and apparel 15%, tea, diamonds, coconut products, petroleum products

Exports - partners

Portugal 38%, Germany 12%, Thailand, Costa Rica, South Africa, France, Nigeria (2001)

US 39%, UK 13%, Middle East 8%, Germany 4%, Japan 4% (2000)

Fiscal year

calendar year

calendar year

GDP

purchasing power parity - $8.9 billion (2001 est.)

purchasing power parity - $62.7 billion (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 38% industry: 13% services: 49% (2001 est.)

agriculture: 21% industry: 27% services: 52% (2000)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $1,030 (2001 est.)

purchasing power parity - $3,250 (2001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

8% (2001 est.)

-1% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 28% (1995)

Imports

$223 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

$6 billion (f.o.b., 2001)

Imports - commodities

machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles

machinery and equipment, textiles, petroleum, foodstuffs

Imports - partners

France 40%, Cameroon 13%, Nigeria 12%, India 5% (1999)

Japan 9%, India 8%, Hong Kong 7%, Singapore 7%, South Korea 5% (2000)

Industrial production growth rate

5% (1995)

1.4% (2001)

Industries

cotton textiles, meatpacking, beer brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials

rubber processing, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities; clothing, cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3% (2000 est.)

14.2% (2001 est.)

Labor force

NA

6.6 million (1998)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture more than 80% (subsistence farming, herding, and fishing)

services 45%, agriculture 38%, industry 17% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line

80% (2001 est.)

22% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate

NA%

7.7% (2001)

Internet country code

.td

.lk

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

1 (2000)

5 (2000)

Internet users

1,000 (2000)

121,500 (2001)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 5 (1998)

AM 26, FM 45, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios

1.67 million (1997)

3.85 million (1997)

Telephone system

general assessment: primitive system domestic: fair system of radiotelephone communication stations international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

general assessment: very inadequate domestic service, particularly in rural areas; likely improvement with privatization of national telephone company and encouragement to private investment; good international service (1999) domestic: national trunk network consists mostly of digital microwave radio relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo area and two fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competition is strong in mobile cellular systems; telephone density remains low at 2.6 main lines per 100 persons (1999) international: submarine cables to Indonesia and Djibouti; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (1999)

Telephones - main lines in use

10,260 (2000)

494,509 (1998)

Telephones - mobile cellular

20,000 (2002)

228,604 (1999)

Television broadcast stations

1 (1997)

21 (1997)

Televisions

10,000 (1997)

1.53 million (1997)

Airports

49 (2001)

15 (2001)

Airports - with paved runways

total: 7 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2001)

total: 14 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 6 (2001)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 42 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 20 under 914 m: 10 (2001)

total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2001)

Highways

total: 33,400 km paved: 450 km note: probably no more than 8,000 km of the total receive maintenance, the remainder being desert tracks (2000) unpaved: 32,950 km

total: 11,285 km paved: 10,721 km unpaved: 564 km (1998 est.)

Merchant marine

total: 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 137,321 GRT/233,367 DWT ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 15, container 1, petroleum tanker 1, includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Germany 9, Hong Kong 1, United Arab Emirates 1 (2002 est.)

Pipelines

crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987)

Ports and harbors

none

Colombo, Galle, Jaffna, Trincomalee

Railways

0 km

total: 1,463 km broad gauge: 1,404 km 1.676-m gauge narrow gauge: 59 km 0.762-m gauge (2001)

Waterways

2,000 km

430 km (navigable by shallow-draft craft)

Military branches

Armed Forces (including National Army, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), Rapid Intervention Force, National and Nomadic Guard (GNNT), Presidential Security Guard, Police

Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force

Military expenditures - dollar figure

$31 million (FY01)

$719 million (FY98)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP

1.9% (FY01)

4.2% (FY98)

Military manpower - availability

males age 15-49: 1,881,769 (2002 est.)

males age 15-49: 5,347,153 (2002 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service

males age 15-49: 985,094 (2002 est.)

males age 15-49: 4,148,825 (2002 est.)

Military manpower - military age

20 years of age (2002 est.)

18 years of age (2002 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually

males: 82,003 (2002 est.)

males: 193,522 (2002 est.)

Disputes - international

Lake Chad Commission urges signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria to ratify delimitation treaty over lake region, the site of continuing armed clashes; Nigeria requests and Chad rejects redemarcation of boundary, which lacks clear demarcation in sections and has caused several cross-border incidents; Chadian rebels from Aozou reside in Libya This page was last updated on 1 January 2002 Sri Lanka

none This page was last updated on 1 January 2002 Congo, Republic of the