2020 Edition

Background

Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries.  Attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire, ushering in a long period of decline. The king placed the country under French protection in 1863, and it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In 1975, after a seven-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh and evacuated all cities and towns. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, forced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off 13 years of internecine warfare in which a coalition of Khmer Rouge, Cambodian nationalists, and royalist insurgents, with assistance from China, fought the Vietnamese-backed People’s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK).  The 1991 Paris Agreements ended the country’s civil war and mandated democratic elections, which took place in 1993 and ushered in a period of multi-party democracy with a constitutional monarchy. King Norodom SIHANOUK was reinstated as head of state, and the Cambodian People's Party (CPP) and the royalist FUNCINPEC party formed a coalition government.  Nevertheless, the power-sharing arrangement proved fractious and fragile, and in 1997, a coup led by CPP leader and former PRK prime minister HUN SEN dissolved the coalition and sidelined FUNCINPEC. Despite further attempts at coalition governance, the CPP has since remained in power through elections criticized for lacking fairness, political and judicial corruption, media control, and influence over labor unions, all of which have been enforced with violence and intimidation. HUN SEN remained as prime minister until 2023, when he transferred power to his son, HUN MANET. HUN SEN has subsequently maintained considerable influence as the leader of the CPP and the Senate. The CPP has also placed limits on civil society, press freedom, and freedom of expression. Despite some economic growth and considerable investment from China over the past decade, Cambodia remains one of East Asia's poorest countries. The remaining elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in 1999. A UN-backed special tribunal established in Cambodia in 1997 tried some of the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders for crimes against humanity and genocide. The tribunal concluded in 2022 with three convictions.

Area

land

176,515 sq km

total

181,035 sq km

water

4,520 sq km

Area - comparative

1.5 times the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oklahoma

Climate

tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation

Coastline

443 km

Elevation

highest point

Phnum Aoral 1,810 m

lowest point

Gulf of Thailand 0 m

mean elevation

126 m

Geographic coordinates

13 00 N, 105 00 E

Geography - note

a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap (Southeast Asia's largest freshwater lake)

Irrigated land

3,540 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

border countries

Laos 555 km; Thailand 817 km; Vietnam 1158 km

total

2,530 km

Land use

agricultural land

34.9% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 23.3% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 3% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 8.5% (2023 est.)

forest

39.4% (2023 est.)

other

25.8% (2023 est.)

Location

Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Tonle Sap - 2,700-16,000 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Mekong (shared with China [s], Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam [m]) - 4,350 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Pacific Ocean drainage

Mekong (805,604 sq km)

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200 nm

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts

Natural resources

oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential, arable land

Population distribution

population concentrated in the southeast, particularly in and around the capital of Phnom Penh; further distribution is linked closely to the Tonle Sap and Mekong Rivers

Terrain

mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north

Age structure

0-14 years

28.9% (male 2,497,056/female 2,436,618)

15-64 years

65.8% (male 5,456,941/female 5,765,206)

65 years and over

5.3% (2024 est.) (male 323,591/female 584,257)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

4.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

0.41 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

4.56 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

17.74 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Child marriage

men married by age 18

3.3% (2022)

women married by age 15

1.9% (2022)

women married by age 18

17.9% (2022)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

16.3% (2021 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

67.2% (2022 est.)

Death rate

5.62 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

8.4 (2025 est.)

potential support ratio

11.9 (2025 est.)

total dependency ratio

51.2 (2025 est.)

youth dependency ratio

42.9 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 72.8% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 78% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 93.6% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 27.2% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 22% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 6.4% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP)

2.2% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

11.6% national budget (2025 est.)

Ethnic groups

Khmer 95.4%, Cham 2.4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 0.7% (2019-20 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

1.05 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

7.5% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

7% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.7 beds/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

24.4 deaths/1,000 live births

male

31.3 deaths/1,000 live births

total

27.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages

Khmer (official) 95.8%, minority languages 2.9%, Chinese 0.6%, Vietnamese 0.5%, other 0.2% (2019 est.)

major-language sample(s)

សៀវភៅហេតុការណនៅលើពិភពលោក។ ទីតាំងពត៏មានមូលដានគ្រឹះយាងសំខាន់។. (Khmer) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

73.3 years

male

69.6 years

total population

71.4 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

female

63.6% (2021 est.)

male

81.5% (2021 est.)

total population

71.9% (2021 est.)

Major urban areas - population

2.281 million PHNOM PENH (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

137 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

female

28.9 years

male

26.9 years

total

28.3 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

23.3 years (2021-22 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Cambodian

noun

Cambodian(s)

Net migration rate

-2.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

3.9% (2016)

Physician density

0.21 physicians/1,000 population (2019)

Population

female

8,868,109

male

8,362,224

total

17,230,333 (2025 est.)

Population growth rate

0.95% (2025 est.)

Religions

Buddhist (official) 97.1%, Muslim 2%, Christian 0.3%, other 0.5% (2019 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 79.6% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 84.7% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 20.4% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 15.3% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

11 years (2023 est.)

male

11 years (2023 est.)

total

11 years (2023 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years

0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.55 male(s)/female

at birth

1.04 male(s)/female

total population

0.94 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

female

4.7% (2025 est.)

male

24.9% (2025 est.)

total

14.5% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.14 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

25.6% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

24 provinces (khett, singular and plural) and 1 municipality (krong, singular and plural) provinces: Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Kandal, Kep, Koh Kong, Kratie, Mondolkiri, Oddar Meanchey, Pailin, Preah Sihanouk, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Pursat, Ratanakiri, Siem Reap, Stung Treng, Svay Rieng, Takeo, Tbong Khmum municipalities: Phnom Penh (Phnum Penh)

Capital

etymology

the name means "mountain of plenty," from the Cambodian words phnom (mountain or hill) and penh (full)

geographic coordinates

11 33 N, 104 55 E

name

Phnom Penh

time difference

UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Cambodia

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

7 years

Constitution

amendment process

proposed by the monarch, by the prime minister, or by the president of the National Assembly if supported by one fourth of the Assembly membership; passage requires two-thirds majority of the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the multiparty democratic form of government and the monarchy cannot be amended

history

previous 1947; latest promulgated 21 September 1993

Country name

conventional long form

Kingdom of Cambodia

conventional short form

Cambodia

etymology

the name is derived from Kambu, a legendary ancestor of the Cambodian people

former

Khmer Republic, Democratic Kampuchea, People's Republic of Kampuchea, State of Cambodia

local long form

Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea (phonetic transliteration)

local short form

Kampuchea

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Bridgette L. WALKER (since August 2024)

email address and website

ACSPhnomPenh@state.gov https://kh.usembassy.gov/

embassy

#1, Street 96, Sangkat Wat Phnom, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh

FAX

[855] (23) 728-700

mailing address

4540 Phnom Penh Place, Washington DC 20521-4540

telephone

[855] (23) 728-000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

4530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011

chief of mission

Ambassador Koy KUONG (since 11 June 2025)

email address and website

camemb.usa@mfaic.gov.kh https://www.embassyofcambodiadc.org/

FAX

[1] (202) 726-8381

telephone

[1] (202) 726-7742

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch

chief of state

King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October 2004)

election/appointment process

monarch chosen by the 9-member Royal Council of the Throne from among all eligible males of royal descent; after legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the monarch

head of government

Prime Minister HUN MANET (since 22 August 2023)

Flag

description: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double-width), and blue; a three-towered, stylized white temple outlined in black is in the center of the red band, representing Angkor Wat meaning: red and blue are traditional Cambodian colors

Government type

parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Independence

9 November 1953 (from France)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB, ARF, ASEAN, CICA, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Council (organized into 5- and 9-judge panels and includes a court chief and deputy chief); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court and Constitutional Council judge candidates recommended by the Supreme Council of Magistracy, a 17-member body chaired by the monarch and includes other high-level judicial officers; judges of both courts appointed by the monarch; Supreme Court judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council judges appointed for 9-year terms with one third of the court renewed every 3 years

subordinate courts

Appellate Court; provincial and municipal courts; Military Court

Legal system

civil law system (influenced by the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia), customary law, Communist legal theory, and common law

Legislative branch

legislative structure

bicameral

legislature name

Parliament

Legislative branch - lower chamber

chamber name

National Assembly (Radhsphea Ney Preah Recheanachakr Kampuchea)

electoral system

proportional representation

expected date of next election

July 2028

most recent election date

7/23/2023

number of seats

125 (all directly elected)

parties elected and seats per party

Cambodian People's Party (CPP) (120); United National Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Co-operative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) (5)

percentage of women in chamber

13.6%

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

5 years

Legislative branch - upper chamber

chamber name

Senate

expected date of next election

February 2030

most recent election date

2/25/2024

number of seats

62 (60 indirectly elected; 2 appointed)

percentage of women in chamber

19.4%

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

6 years

National anthem(s)

history

adopted 1941, restored 1993; the anthem, based on a Cambodian folk tune, was restored after the defeat of the Communist regime

lyrics/music

CHUON NAT/F. PERRUCHOT and J. JEKYLL

title

"Nokoreach" (Royal Kingdom)

National coat of arms

Cambodia’s coat of arms is also the Royal Arms of Cambodia; the lions symbolize strength, courage, and the divine protection of the monarchs; the lion on the left is a gajasingha (a lion with an elephant’s trunk), and the lion on the right is a rajasingha (royal lion); both hold five-tiered umbrellas representing the king and queen, and they stand on a blue ribbon that says “Preah Chao Krung Kampuche”' (King of the Kingdom of Cambodia); between the lions is a crown with the Unalome, the Buddhist and Hindu symbol for the spiritual path to enlightenment, under it and a ray of light on top

National color(s)

red, blue

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Angkor; Temple of Preah Vihear; Sambor Prei Kuk; Koh Ker: Archaeological Site of Ancient Lingapora or Chok Gargyar; Cambodian Memorial Sites: From centres of repression to places of peace and reflection (c)

total World Heritage Sites

5 (all cultural)

National holiday

Independence Day, 9 November (1953)

National symbol(s)

Angkor Wat temple, kouprey (wild ox)

Political parties

Cambodian People's Party (CPP)  United National Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Co-operative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

cassava, rice, maize, sugarcane, vegetables, oil palm fruit, rubber, bananas, jute, pork (2023)

Average household expenditures

on alcohol and tobacco

1.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on food

40.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$8.285 billion (2023 est.)

revenues

$7.076 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2022

-$7.582 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

$552.346 million (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

$222.108 million (2024 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2023

$8.019 billion (2023 est.)

Economic overview

one of the fastest growing Southeast Asian economies; rebounding tourism and clothing exports; substantial manufacturing and construction sectors; new trade agreements expanding agricultural markets; significant public debt; investing in new ports and roads

Exchange rates

Currency

riels (KHR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

4,092.783 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

4,098.723 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

4,102.038 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

4,110.653 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

4,072.397 (2024 est.)

Exports

Exports 2022

$25.497 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$27.753 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$31.712 billion (2024 est.)

Exports - commodities

garments, semiconductors, trunks and cases, footwear, gold (2023)

Exports - partners

USA 36%, Germany 6%, China 6%, Japan 6%, Thailand 5% (2023)

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

71.4% (2024 est.)

government consumption

5.8% (2024 est.)

household consumption

59.8% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services

-72.1% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital

31.6% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories

0.6% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

16.6% (2024 est.)

industry

41.8% (2024 est.)

services

35.6% (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$46.353 billion (2024 est.)

Imports

Imports 2022

$34.759 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$29.421 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$34.329 billion (2024 est.)

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, fabric, gold, plastic products, synthetic fabric (2023)

Imports - partners

China 39%, Thailand 20%, Vietnam 12%, Singapore 6%, Indonesia 3% (2023)

Industrial production growth rate

9.5% (2024 est.)

Industries

tourism, garments, construction, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

2.9% (2021 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

5.3% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

2.1% (2023 est.)

Labor force

9.904 million (2024 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2023

50.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$111.095 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$116.658 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$123.676 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2022

5.1% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

5% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

6% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2022

$6,500 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$6,700 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$7,000 (2024 est.)

Remittances

Remittances 2022

6.5% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

6.6% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

6.1% of GDP (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$17.801 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$19.984 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$22.506 billion (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

12.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2022

0.3% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

0.3% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

0.3% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

0.9% (2024 est.)

male

0.7% (2024 est.)

total

0.8% (2024 est.)

Coal

consumption

4.39 million metric tons (2023 est.)

imports

4.36 million metric tons (2023 est.)

production

27,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

consumption

16.998 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports

5.096 billion kWh (2023 est.)

installed generating capacity

3.673 million kW (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

1.882 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - rural areas

88%

electrification - total population

92.3% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas

99%

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

fossil fuels

55.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity

38.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar

5.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

15.664 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption

77,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

3 (2022 est.)

total

510,000 (2022 est.) Slowly increase as focus is on mobile internet

Broadcast media

mix of state-owned, joint public-private, and privately owned broadcast media; 27 TV stations, with most operating on multiple channels, including 1 state-operated station with multiple locations and 11 stations either jointly operated or privately owned, some with several locations; multi-channel cable and satellite systems; 84 radio stations, including 1 state-owned broadcaster with multiple stations and a mix of public and private broadcasters; one international broadcaster is available, as well as one TV station that is jointly run by China and the Ministry of Interior; several TV and radio operators broadcast online only (often via Facebook) (2019)

Internet country code

.kh

Internet users

percent of population

61% (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

(2024 est.) less than 1

total subscriptions

29,100 (2024 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

116 (2024 est.)

total subscriptions

20.5 million (2024 est.)

Airports

12 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

XU

Heliports

1 (2025)

Merchant marine

by type

container ship 2, general cargo 123, oil tanker 18, other 52

total

195 (2023)

Ports

key ports

Kampong Saom, Phsar Ream

large

0

medium

1

ports with oil terminals

1

small

0

total ports

2 (2024)

very small

1

Railways

narrow gauge

642 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge

total

642 km (2014)

Military - note

the primary responsibilities of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF) are border, coastal, and internal security; key security partners include China and Vietnam; in July 2025, following months of rising tensions, the RCAF and the military forces of Thailand clashed in multiple locations along their disputed border; both sides blamed the other for provoking the five-day conflict, which included cross-border artillery shelling by both sides and air attacks by RTARF fighter aircraft and drones the RCAF was re-established in 1993 under the first coalition government from the merger of the Cambodian Government’s military forces (Cambodian People’s Armed Forces) and the two non-communist resistance forces (Sihanoukist National Army, aka National Army for Khmer Independence, and the Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces); thousands of communist Khmer Rouge fighters began surrendering by 1994 under a government amnesty program and the last of the Khmer Rouge forces (National Army of Democratic Kampuchea) were demobilized or absorbed into the RCAF in 1999 (2025)

Military and security forces

Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF): Royal Cambodian Army, Royal Khmer Navy, Royal Cambodian Air Force, Royal Gendarmerie (Military Police); National Committee for Maritime Security (2025)

Military and security service personnel strengths

information varies; estimated 200,000 Armed Forces, including Gendarmerie (2025)

Military deployments

340 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 180 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the RCAF is armed largely with older Chinese and Russian/Soviet origin armaments; in recent years it has received limited amounts of more modern equipment from several suppliers, particularly China (2025)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2020

2.3% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

2.3% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

2.1% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

1.5% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18 is the legal minimum age for military service for men and women (2025)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

2,526 (2024 est.)

refugees

28 (2024 est.)

stateless persons

75,000 (2024 est.)

Trafficking in persons

tier rating

Tier 3 — Cambodia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Cambodia remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/cambodia/

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

8.026 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

10.753 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total emissions

18.779 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

habitat and biodiversity loss from illegal logging and strip mining; destruction of mangrove swamps; soil erosion; limited access to potable water in rural areas; illegal fishing and overfishing; deforestation leading to sediment build-up in coastal ecosystems

International environmental agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

Law of the Sea

Particulate matter emissions

18.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources

476.1 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

2.053 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

industrial

33 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

municipal

98 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

1.089 million tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

12.4% (2022 est.)