2013 Edition

Background

Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire, ushering in a long period of decline. The king placed the country under French protection in 1863, and it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In April 1975, after a five-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh and evacuated all cities and towns. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, forced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A December 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off almost 13 years of civil war. The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a ceasefire, which was not fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy under a coalition government. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the first coalition government, but a second round of national elections in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and renewed political stability. The remaining elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in early 1999. Some of the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders have been tried or are awaiting trial for crimes against humanity by a hybrid UN-Cambodian tribunal supported by international assistance. Elections in July 2003 were relatively peaceful, but it took one year of negotiations between contending political parties before a coalition government was formed. In October 2004, King Norodom SIHANOUK abdicated the throne and his son, Prince Norodom SIHAMONI, was selected to succeed him. Local elections were held in Cambodia in April 2007, with little of the pre-election violence that preceded prior elections. National elections in July 2008 were relatively peaceful, as were commune council elections in June 2012.

Area

181,035 sq km 176,515 sq km 4,520 sq km

total

181,035 sq km

water

4,520 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Oklahoma

Climate

tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation

Coastline

443 km

Elevation extremes

Gulf of Thailand 0 m Phnum Aoral 1,810 m

highest point

Phnum Aoral 1,810 m

lowest point

Gulf of Thailand 0 m

Environment - current issues

illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, most of the population does not have access to potable water; declining fish stocks because of illegal fishing and overfishing

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling Law of the Sea

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

Law of the Sea

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

2.18 cu km/yr (4%/2%/94%) 159.8 cu m/yr (2006)

per capita

159.8 cu m/yr (2006)

total

2.18 cu km/yr (4%/2%/94%)

Geographic coordinates

13 00 N, 105 00 E

Geography - note

a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap (Southeast Asia's largest freshwater lake)

Irrigated land

3,536 sq km (2006)

Land boundaries

2,572 km Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km

border countries

Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km

total

2,572 km

Land use

22.09% 0.86% 77.05% (2011)

arable land

22.09%

other

77.05% (2011)

permanent crops

0.86%

Location

Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

12 nm 24 nm 200 nm 200 nm

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200 nm

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts

Natural resources

oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential

Terrain

mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north

Total renewable water resources

476.1 cu km (2011)

Age structure

31.7% (male 2,428,507/female 2,397,327) 21.2% (male 1,597,990/female 1,627,161) 38.2% (male 2,828,752/female 2,985,226) 4.9% (male 287,073/female 464,991) 3.9% (male 221,356/female 367,156) (2013 est.)

0-14 years

31.7% (male 2,428,507/female 2,397,327)

15-24 years

21.2% (male 1,597,990/female 1,627,161)

25-54 years

38.2% (male 2,828,752/female 2,985,226)

55-64 years

4.9% (male 287,073/female 464,991)

65 years and over

3.9% (male 221,356/female 367,156) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

24.88 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

1,345,269 39 % (2001 est.)

percentage

39 % (2001 est.)

total number

1,345,269

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

29% (2011)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

50.5% (2010/11)

Death rate

7.88 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Dependency ratios

57.3 % 48.9 % 8.4 % 11.9 (2013)

elderly dependency ratio

8.4 %

potential support ratio

11.9 (2013)

total dependency ratio

57.3 %

youth dependency ratio

48.9 %

Drinking water source

urban: 87% of population rural: 58% of population total: 64% of population urban: 13% of population rural: 42% of population total: 36% of population (2010 est.)

rural

42% of population

total

36% of population (2010 est.)

urban

13% of population

Education expenditures

2.6% of GDP (2010)

Ethnic groups

Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%

Health expenditures

5.7% of GDP (2011)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.5% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

3,100 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

63,000 (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.7 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Infant mortality rate

52.7 deaths/1,000 live births 59.54 deaths/1,000 live births 45.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

female

45.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total

52.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Khmer (official) 95%, French, English

Life expectancy at birth

63.41 years 61.01 years 65.93 years (2013 est.)

female

65.93 years (2013 est.)

total population

63.41 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 73.9% 82.8% 65.9% (2009 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

65.9% (2009 est.)

male

82.8%

total population

73.9%

Major infectious diseases

very high bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases

dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria

Major urban areas - population

PHNOM PENH (capital) 1.55 million (2011)

Maternal mortality rate

250 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

23.7 years 23 years 24.4 years (2013 est.)

female

24.4 years (2013 est.)

male

23 years

total

23.7 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

22.8 Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2010 est.)

Nationality

Cambodian(s) Cambodian

adjective

Cambodian

noun

Cambodian(s)

Net migration rate

-0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

2.1% (2008)

Physicians density

0.23 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

Population

15,205,539 (July 2013 est.) estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

Population growth rate

1.67% (2013 est.)

Religions

Buddhist (official) 96.4%, Muslim 2.1%, other 1.3%, unspecified 0.2% (1998 census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 73% of population rural: 20% of population total: 31% of population urban: 27% of population rural: 80% of population total: 69% of population (2010 est.)

rural

80% of population

total

69% of population (2010 est.)

urban

27% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

10 years 11 years 10 years (2008)

female

10 years (2008)

male

11 years

total

10 years

Sex ratio

1.05 male(s)/female 1.01 male(s)/female 0.98 male(s)/female 0.94 male(s)/female 0.63 male(s)/female 0.6 male(s)/female 0.94 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

0-14 years

1.01 male(s)/female

15-24 years

0.98 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.94 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.63 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.6 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.94 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.72 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

3.4% 3.5% 3.3% (2008)

female

3.3% (2008)

total

3.4%

Urbanization

20% of total population (2011) 2.13% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

2.13% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

20% of total population (2011)

Administrative divisions

23 provinces (khett, singular and plural) and 1 municipality (krong, singular and plural) Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Kandal, Kep, Koh Kong, Kratie, Mondolkiri, Oddar Meanchey, Pailin, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Pursat, Ratanakiri, Siem Reap, Sihanoukville, Stung Treng, Svay Rieng, Takeo Phnom Penh (Phnum Penh)

municipalities

Phnom Penh (Phnum Penh)

provinces

Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Kandal, Kep, Koh Kong, Kratie, Mondolkiri, Oddar Meanchey, Pailin, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Pursat, Ratanakiri, Siem Reap, Sihanoukville, Stung Treng, Svay Rieng, Takeo

Capital

Phnom Penh 11 33 N, 104 55 E UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

geographic coordinates

11 33 N, 104 55 E

name

Phnom Penh

time difference

UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

previous 1947; latest promulgated 21 September 1993; amended 1999, 2008 (2008)

Country name

Kingdom of Cambodia Cambodia Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea (phonetic pronunciation) Kampuchea Khmer Republic, Democratic Kampuchea, People's Republic of Kampuchea, State of Cambodia

conventional long form

Kingdom of Cambodia

conventional short form

Cambodia

former

Khmer Republic, Democratic Kampuchea, People's Republic of Kampuchea, State of Cambodia

local long form

Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea (phonetic pronunciation)

local short form

Kampuchea

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador William E. TODD (since 17 April 2012) #1, Street 96, Sangkat Wat Phnom, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh Box P, APO AP 96546 [855] (23) 728-000 [855] (23) 728-600

chief of mission

Ambassador William E. TODD (since 17 April 2012)

embassy

#1, Street 96, Sangkat Wat Phnom, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh

FAX

[855] (23) 728-600

mailing address

Box P, APO AP 96546

telephone

[855] (23) 728-000

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador HENG HEM (since 29 January 2009) 4530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 [1] (202) 726-7742 [1] (202) 726-8381

chancery

4530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011

chief of mission

Ambassador HENG HEM (since 29 January 2009)

FAX

[1] (202) 726-8381

telephone

[1] (202) 726-7742

Executive branch

King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October 2004) Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985) [co-prime minister from 1993 to 1997]; Permanent Deputy Prime Minister MEN SAM AN (since 25 September 2008); Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992); SOK AN, TEA BANH, HOR NAMHONG, NHEK BUNCHHAY (since 16 July 2004); BIN CHHIN (since 5 September 2007); KEAT CHHON, YIM CHHAI LY (since 24 September 2008); KE KIMYAN (since 12 March 2009) Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch the king chosen by a Royal Throne Council from among all eligible males of royal descent; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the king

cabinet

Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch

chief of state

King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October 2004)

elections

the king chosen by a Royal Throne Council from among all eligible males of royal descent; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the king

head of government

Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985) [co-prime minister from 1993 to 1997]; Permanent Deputy Prime Minister MEN SAM AN (since 25 September 2008); Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992); SOK AN, TEA BANH, HOR NAMHONG, NHEK BUNCHHAY (since 16 July 2004); BIN CHHIN (since 5 September 2007); KEAT CHHON, YIM CHHAI LY (since 24 September 2008); KE KIMYAN (since 12 March 2009)

Flag description

three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band; red and blue are traditional Cambodian colors only national flag to incorporate an actual building in its design

Government type

multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy

Independence

9 November 1953 (from France)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB, ARF, ASEAN, CICA, CICA (observer), EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (organized into 5- and 9-judge panels and includes a court chief and deputy chief); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members) note - in 1997, the Cambodian Government requested UN assistance in establishing trials to prosecute former Khmer Rouge senior leaders for crimes against humanity committed during the 1975-1979 Khmer Rouge regime; the Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts in Cambodia were established and began hearings for the first case in 2009 Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judge candidates recommended by the Supreme Council of Magistracy, a 9-member body chaired by the monarch and includes other high-level judicial officers; judges of both courts appointed by the monarch; Supreme Court judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed for 9-year terms with one-third of the court renewed every 3 years municipal and provincial courts; appellate courts; military court

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (organized into 5- and 9-judge panels and includes a court chief and deputy chief); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judge candidates recommended by the Supreme Council of Magistracy, a 9-member body chaired by the monarch and includes other high-level judicial officers; judges of both courts appointed by the monarch; Supreme Court judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed for 9-year terms with one-third of the court renewed every 3 years

subordinate courts

municipal and provincial courts; appellate courts; military court

Legal system

civil law system (influenced by the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia) customary law, Communist legal theory, and common law

Legislative branch

bicameral, consists of the Senate (61 seats; 2 members appointed by the monarch, 2 elected by the National Assembly, and 57 elected by parliamentarians and commune councils; members serve five-year terms) and the National Assembly (123 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) Senate - last held on 4 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2018); National Assembly - last held on 28 July 2013 (next to be held in July 2018) Senate - percent of vote by party - CPP 77.8%, CNRP (SRP) 22.2%; seats by party - CPP 46, CNRP (SRP) 11; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 48.8%, NRP 44.5%, FUNCINPEC 3.9%, others 2.8%; seats by party - CPP 68, CNRP 55

election results

Senate - percent of vote by party - CPP 77.8%, CNRP (SRP) 22.2%; seats by party - CPP 46, CNRP (SRP) 11; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 48.8%, NRP 44.5%, FUNCINPEC 3.9%, others 2.8%; seats by party - CPP 68, CNRP 55

elections

Senate - last held on 4 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2018); National Assembly - last held on 28 July 2013 (next to be held in July 2018)

National anthem

"Nokoreach" (Royal Kingdom) CHUON NAT/F. PERRUCHOT and J. JEKYLL adopted 1941, restored 1993; the anthem, based on a Cambodian folk tune, was restored after the defeat of the Communist regime

lyrics/music

CHUON NAT/F. PERRUCHOT and J. JEKYLL

name

"Nokoreach" (Royal Kingdom)

National holiday

Independence Day, 9 November (1953)

National symbol(s)

Angkor Wat temple; kouprey (wild ox)

Political parties and leaders

Cambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM] Cambodian National Rescue Party or CNRP [SAM RANGSI also spelled SAM RAINSY] National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [KEV PUT REAKSMEI] Nationalist Party or NP former Norodom Ranariddh Party or NRP [SAO RANY] the CNRP is a merger between the former Human Rights Party or HRP [KHEM SOKHA, also spelled KEM SOKHA] and the Sam Rangsi Party or SRP

Political pressure groups and leaders

Cambodian Freedom Fighters or CFF Partnership for Transparency Fund or PTF (anti-corruption organization) Students Movement for Democracy The Committee for Free and Fair Elections or Comfrel human rights organizations; vendors

other

human rights organizations; vendors

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

rice, rubber, corn, vegetables, cashews, cassava (manioc), silk

Budget

$2.41 billion $2.817 billion (2012 est.)

expenditures

$2.817 billion (2012 est.)

revenues

$2.41 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.9% of GDP (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate

NA% (31 December 2012) 5.25% (31 December 2007)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

12.98% (31 December 2012 est.) 15.22% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

$-1.208 billion (2012 est.) $-711.8 million (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$4.567 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $4.336 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

37.9 (2008 est.) 41.9 (2004 est.)

Economy - overview

Since 2004, garments, construction, agriculture, and tourism have driven Cambodia's growth. GDP climbed more than 6% per year between 2010 and 2012. The garment industry currently employs more about 400,000 people and accounts for about 70% of Cambodia's total exports. In 2005, exploitable oil deposits were found beneath Cambodia's territorial waters, representing a potential revenue stream for the government, if commercial extraction becomes feasible. Mining also is attracting some investor interest and the government has touted opportunities for mining bauxite, gold, iron and gems. The tourism industry has continued to grow rapidly with foreign arrivals exceeding 2 million per year since 2007 and reaching over 3 million visitors in 2012. Cambodia, nevertheless, remains one of the poorest countries in Asia and long-term economic development remains a daunting challenge, inhibited by endemic corruption, limited educational opportunities, high income inequality, and poor job prospects. Approximately 4 million people live on less than $1.25 per day, and 37% of Cambodian children under the age of 5 suffer from chronic malnutrition. More than 50% of the population is less than 25 years old. The population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the impoverished countryside, which also lacks basic infrastructure. The Cambodian Government is working with bilateral and multilateral donors, including the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and IMF, to address the country's many pressing needs; more than 50% of the government budget comes from donor assistance. The major economic challenge for Cambodia over the next decade will be fashioning an economic environment in which the private sector can create enough jobs to handle Cambodia's demographic imbalance.

Exchange rates

riels (KHR) per US dollar - 4,033 (2012 est.) 4,058.5 (2011 est.) 4,184.9 (2010 est.) 4,139 (2009) 4,070.94 (2008)

Exports

$6.016 billion (2012 est.) $5.22 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

clothing, timber, rubber, rice, fish, tobacco, footwear

Exports - partners

US 32.6%, UK 8.3%, Germany 7.7%, Canada 7.7%, Singapore 6.6%, Vietnam 5.7%, Japan 4.7% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

77.1% 7.9% 16.5% 1% 67.9% -71.9% (2012 est.)

exports of goods and services

67.9%

government consumption

7.9%

household consumption

77.1%

imports of goods and services

-71.9%

investment in fixed capital

16.5%

investment in inventories

1%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

35.7% 23.9% 40.4% (2012 est.)

agriculture

35.7%

industry

23.9%

services

40.4% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$2,400 (2012 est.) $2,300 (2011 est.) $2,100 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

7.3% (2012 est.) 7.1% (2011 est.) 6.1% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$13.93 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$36.54 billion (2012 est.) $34.05 billion (2011 est.) $31.8 billion (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

Gross national saving

9.1% of GDP (2012 est.) 12% of GDP (2011 est.) 10.6% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

3% 37.3% (2007)

highest 10%

37.3% (2007)

lowest 10%

3%

Imports

$7.965 billion (2012 est.) $6.71 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction materials, machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products

Imports - partners

Thailand 27.1%, Vietnam 20.3%, China 19.5%, Singapore 7.1%, Hong Kong 5.8%, South Korea 4.3% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

9.2% (2012 est.)

Industries

tourism, garments, construction, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

2.9% (2012 est.) 5.5% (2011 est.)

Labor force

7.9 million (2011 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

55.8% 16.9% 27.3% (2010 est.)

agriculture

55.8%

industry

16.9%

services

27.3% (2010 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

20% (2012 est.)

Public debt

NA% of GDP

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$4.938 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $4.069 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$5.695 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $5.037 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$4.801 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $3.115 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$995.1 million (31 December 2012 est.) $965.8 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

17.3% of GDP (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate

0% (2011 est.) 0.3% (2010 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

4.39 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

0.5 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2013 es)

Electricity - consumption

2.573 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

94.8% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

3.6% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

1.6% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

1.83 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

359,900 kW (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

1.019 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2013 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

39,350 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

26,250 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

mixture of state-owned, joint public-private, and privately owned broadcast media; 9 TV broadcast stations with most operating on multiple channels, including 1 state-operated station broadcasting from multiple locations, 6 stations either jointly operated or privately owned with some broadcasting from several locations, and 2 TV relay stations - one relaying a French TV station and the other relaying a Vietnamese TV station; multi-channel cable and satellite systems are available; roughly 50 radio broadcast stations - 1 state-owned broadcaster with multiple stations and a large mixture of public and private broadcasters; several international broadcasters are available (2009)

Internet country code

.kh

Internet hosts

13,784 (2012)

Internet users

78,500 (2009)

Telephone system

adequate fixed-line and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; mobile-cellular phone systems are widely used in urban areas to bypass deficiencies in the fixed-line network; mobile-phone coverage is rapidly expanding in rural areas fixed-line connections stand at about 4 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage, aided by competition among service providers, is increasing rapidly and stands at 92 per 100 persons country code - 855; adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) (2011)

domestic

fixed-line connections stand at about 4 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage, aided by competition among service providers, is increasing rapidly and stands at 92 per 100 persons

general assessment

adequate fixed-line and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; mobile-cellular phone systems are widely used in urban areas to bypass deficiencies in the fixed-line network; mobile-phone coverage is rapidly expanding in rural areas

international

country code - 855; adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

584,000 (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

19.1 million (2012)

Airports

16 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

2

2,438 to 3,047 m

3

914 to 1,523 m

1 (2013)

total

6

Airports - with unpaved runways

1 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

2

914 to 1,523 m

7

total

10

Heliports

1 (2013)

Merchant marine

bulk carrier 38, cargo 459, carrier 7, chemical tanker 4, container 4, liquefied gas 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 8, refrigerated cargo 11, roll on/roll off 4, vehicle carrier 1 352 (Belgium 1, Canada 2, China 177, Cyprus 4, Egypt 4, Estonia 1, French Polynesia 1, Gabon 1, Greece 2, Hong Kong 10, Indonesia 2, Ireland 1, Japan 1, Lebanon 5, Russia 50, Singapore 3, South Korea 10, Syria 22, Taiwan 1, Turkey 15, UAE 2, UK 1, Ukraine 35, Vietnam 1) (2010)

foreign-owned

352 (Belgium 1, Canada 2, China 177, Cyprus 4, Egypt 4, Estonia 1, French Polynesia 1, Gabon 1, Greece 2, Hong Kong 10, Indonesia 2, Ireland 1, Japan 1, Lebanon 5, Russia 50, Singapore 3, South Korea 10, Syria 22, Taiwan 1, Turkey 15, UAE 2, UK 1, Ukraine 35, Vietnam 1) (2010)

total

544

Ports and terminals

Sihanoukville (Kampong Saom) Phnom Penh (Mekong)

major seaport(s)

Sihanoukville (Kampong Saom)

river port(s)

Phnom Penh (Mekong)

Railways

690 km 690 km 1.000-m gauge under restoration (2010)

total

690 km

Roadways

39,618 km 2,492 km 37,126 km (2009)

total

39,618 km

unpaved

37,126 km (2009)

Waterways

3,700 km (mainly on Mekong River) (2012)

Manpower available for military service

3,883,724 4,003,585 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

4,003,585 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

3,883,724

Manpower fit for military service

2,638,167 2,965,328 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

2,965,328 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

2,638,167

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

151,143 154,542 (2010 est.)

female

154,542 (2010 est.)

male

151,143

Military branches

Royal Cambodian Armed Forces: Royal Cambodian Army, Royal Khmer Navy, Royal Cambodian Air Force (2013)

Royal Cambodian Armed Forces

Royal Cambodian Army, Royal Khmer Navy, Royal Cambodian Air Force (2013)

Military expenditures

2.4% of GDP (2012)

Military service age and obligation

18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2012)

Disputes - international

Cambodia is concerned about Laos' extensive upstream dam construction; Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of boundary; in 2011 Thailand and Cambodia resorted to arms in the dispute over the location of the boundary on the precipice surmounted by Preah Vihear Temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962 and part of a UN World Heritage site; Cambodia accuses Vietnam of a wide variety of illicit cross-border activities; progress on a joint development area with Vietnam is hampered by an unresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands

Illicit drugs

narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police; limited methamphetamine production; vulnerable to money laundering due to its cash-based economy and porous borders

Trafficking in persons

Cambodia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Cambodian men, women, and children migrate to countries within the region for legitimate work but are subsequently subjected to sex trafficking, domestic servitude, debt bondage, or forced labor; the inability to understand formal obligations, read contracts, or pay processing fees, and inadequate government regulatory oversight renders some Cambodian migrant workers vulnerable to such exploitation; poor Cambodian children are subject to forced labor, including forced begging in Thailand and Vietnam; Cambodian and ethnic Vietnamese women and girls are trafficked from rural areas to urban centers for sexual exploitation; Cambodian men are the main exploiters of child prostitutes, but men from other Asian countries, the US, and Europe travel to Cambodia for child sex tourism Tier 2 Watch List - Cambodia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has prosecuted and convicted fewer trafficking offenders and identified fewer victims than in the previous year; corruption continues to impede anti-trafficking endeavors; authorities systematically refer identified victims to NGO shelters, which provide the majority of services but lack long-term care services, making victims, particularly children, vulnerable to re-trafficking; the government has established a migration working group within its anti-trafficking committee to better address the exploitation of Cambodian workers abroad, but laws governing migrant workers abroad remain weak (2013)

current situation

Cambodia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Cambodian men, women, and children migrate to countries within the region for legitimate work but are subsequently subjected to sex trafficking, domestic servitude, debt bondage, or forced labor; the inability to understand formal obligations, read contracts, or pay processing fees, and inadequate government regulatory oversight renders some Cambodian migrant workers vulnerable to such exploitation; poor Cambodian children are subject to forced labor, including forced begging in Thailand and Vietnam; Cambodian and ethnic Vietnamese women and girls are trafficked from rural areas to urban centers for sexual exploitation; Cambodian men are the main exploiters of child prostitutes, but men from other Asian countries, the US, and Europe travel to Cambodia for child sex tourism

tier rating

Tier 2 Watch List - Cambodia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has prosecuted and convicted fewer trafficking offenders and identified fewer victims than in the previous year; corruption continues to impede anti-trafficking endeavors; authorities systematically refer identified victims to NGO shelters, which provide the majority of services but lack long-term care services, making victims, particularly children, vulnerable to re-trafficking; the government has established a migration working group within its anti-trafficking committee to better address the exploitation of Cambodian workers abroad, but laws governing migrant workers abroad remain weak (2013)