2015 Edition

Background

Various ethnic Burmese and ethnic minority city-states or kingdoms occupied the present borders through the 19th century. Over a period of 62 years (1824-1886), Britain conquered Burma and incorporated the country into its Indian Empire. Burma was administered as a province of India until 1937 when it became a separate, self-governing colony; in 1948, Burma attained independence from the British Commonwealth. Gen. NE WIN dominated the government from 1962 to 1988, first as military ruler, then as self-appointed president, and later as political kingpin. In response to widespread civil unrest, NE WIN resigned in 1988, but within months the military crushed student-led protests and took power.

Multiparty legislative elections in 1990 resulted in the main opposition party - the National League for Democracy (NLD) - winning a landslide victory. Instead of handing over power, the junta placed NLD leader (and Nobel Peace Prize recipient) AUNG SAN SUU KYI under house arrest from 1989 to 1995, 2000 to 2002, and from May 2003 to November 2010. In late September 2007, the ruling junta brutally suppressed protests over increased fuel prices led by prodemocracy activists and Buddhist monks, killing at least 13 people and arresting thousands for participating in the demonstrations. In early May 2008, Burma was struck by Cyclone Nargis, which left over 138,000 dead and tens of thousands injured and homeless. Despite this tragedy, the junta proceeded with its May constitutional referendum, the first vote in Burma since 1990. Legislative elections held in November 2010, considered flawed by many in the international community, saw the ruling Union Solidarity and Development Party garner over 75% of the seats.

The national legislature convened in January 2011 and selected former Prime Minister THEIN SEIN as president. Although the vast majority of national-level appointees named by THEIN SEIN are former or current military officers, the government initiated a series of political and economic reforms leading to a substantial opening of the long-isolated country. These reforms included releasing hundreds of political prisoners, concluding negotiations on a draft nationwide cease-fire with the country's various ethnic armed groups, pursuing legal reform, and gradually reducing restrictions on freedom of the press, association, and civil society. At least due in part to these reforms, AUNG SAN SUU KYI was elected to the national legislature in April 2012 and became chair of the Committee for Rule of Law and Tranquility. In a flawed but largely credible national legislative election in November 2015 featuring more than 90 political parties, the NLD again won a landslide victory. Burma served as chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) for 2014.

Area

land

653,508 sq km

total

676,578 sq km

water

23,070 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Texas

Climate

tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)

Coastline

1,930 km

Elevation extremes

highest point

Gamlang Razi 5,870 m

lowest point

Andaman Sea/Bay of Bengal 0 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease

Environment - international agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

per capita

728.6 cu m/yr (2005)

total

33.23 cu km/yr (10%/1%/89%)

Geographic coordinates

22 00 N, 98 00 E

Geography - note

strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes

Irrigated land

21,100 sq km (2004)

Land boundaries

border countries (5)

Bangladesh 271 km, China 2,129 km, India 1,468 km, Laos 238 km, Thailand 2,416 km

total

6,522 km

Land use

arable land 16.5%; permanent crops 2.2%; permanent pasture 0.5%

agricultural land

19.2%

forest

48.2%

other

32.6% (2011 est.)

Location

Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts

Natural resources

petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower, arable land

Terrain

central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands

Total renewable water resources

1,168 cu km (2011)

Age structure

0-14 years

26.07% (male 7,485,419/female 7,194,500)

15-24 years

18.02% (male 5,138,185/female 5,009,470)

25-54 years

43.31% (male 12,132,302/female 12,261,750)

55-64 years

7.24% (male 1,919,725/female 2,157,789)

65 years and over

5.36% (male 1,313,711/female 1,707,355) (2015 est.)

Birth rate

18.39 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

22.6% (2010)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

46% (2009/10)

Death rate

7.96 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

8%

potential support ratio

12.5% (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

49.1%

youth dependency ratio

41.1%

Drinking water source

urban: 92.7% of population

rural: 74.4% of population

total: 80.6% of population

urban: 7.3% of population

rural: 25.6% of population

total: 19.4% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

0.8% of GDP (2011)

Ethnic groups

Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%

Health expenditures

1.8% of GDP (2013)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.69% (2014 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

10,100 (2014 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

212,600 (2014 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.6 beds/1,000 population (2006)

Infant mortality rate

female

36.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)

male

49.84 deaths/1,000 live births

total

43.55 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Burmese (official)

note

minority ethnic groups have their own languages

Life expectancy at birth

female

68.82 years (2015 est.)

male

63.89 years

total population

66.29 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

91.2% (2015 est.)

male

95.2%

total population

93.1%

Major infectious diseases

animal contact disease

rabies

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

note

highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)

vectorborne diseases

dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese encephalitis

water contact disease

leptospirosis

Major urban areas - population

RANGOON (Yangon) (capital) 4.802 million; Mandalay 1.167 million; Nay Pyi Taw 1.03 million (2015)

Maternal mortality rate

178 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Median age

female

28.9 years (2015 est.)

male

27.7 years

total

28.3 years

Nationality

adjective

Burmese

noun

Burmese (singular and plural)

Net migration rate

-0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

2.9% (2014)

Physicians density

0.61 physicians/1,000 population (2012)

Population

56,320,206

note

estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2015 est.)

Population growth rate

1.01% (2015 est.)

Religions

Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, Animist 1%, other 2%

Sanitation facility access

urban: 84.3% of population

rural: 73.9% of population

total: 77.4% of population

urban: 15.7% of population

rural: 26.1% of population

total: 22.6% of population (2012 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

NA (2007)

male

NA

total

9 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.03 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.99 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.89 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.77 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.16 children born/woman (2015 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

2.49% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

34.1% of total population (2015)

Administrative divisions

7 regions (taing-myar, singular - taing), 7 states (pyi ne-myar, singular - pyi ne), 1 union territory

regions

Ayeyawady (Irrawaddy), Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Taninthayi, Yangon (Rangoon)

states

Chin, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Mon, Rakhine (Arakan), Shan

union territory

Nay Pyi Taw

Capital

geographic coordinates

16 48 N, 96 09 E

name

Rangoon (Yangon); note - Nay Pyi Taw is the administrative capital

time difference

UTC+6.5 (11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

both parents must be citizens of Burma

dual citizenship recognized

no

note

an applicant for naturalization must be the child or spouse of a citizen

residency requirement for naturalization

none

Constitution

previous 1947, 1974 (suspended until 2008); latest approved by referendum 29 May 2008 (2015)

Country name

conventional long form

Union of Burma

conventional short form

Burma

etymology

both Burma and Myanmar derive from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group

former

Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, Union of Myanmar

local long form

Pyidaungzu Thammada Myanma Naingngandaw (translated as the Republic of the Union of Myanmar)

local short form

Myanma Naingngandaw

note

since 1989 the military authorities in Burma and the current parliamentary government have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; the US Government has not adopted the name

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Derek J. MITCHELL (since 11 July 2012)

embassy

110 University Avenue, Kamayut Township, Rangoon

FAX

[95] (1) 511-069

mailing address

Box B, APO AP 96546

telephone

[95] (1) 536-509, 535-756, 538-038

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador KYAW MYO HTUT (since 3 December 2013)

consulate(s) general

Los Angeles, New York

FAX

[1] (202) 332-4351

telephone

[1] (202) 332-3344

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet appointments shared by the president and the commander-in-chief

chief of state

President THEIN SEIN (since 4 February 2011); Vice Presidents SAI MAUK KHAM (since 3 February 2011), NYAN TUN (since 15 August 2012); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

election results

president (pending); Presidential Electoral College vote NA

elections/appointments

president indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the legislature's Presidential Electoral College from among 3 vice presidential nominees - 1 each from the Upper House, the Lower House, and military members of the legislature (president elected for a 5-year term); note - the next president will be elected in February 2016

head of government

President THEIN SEIN (since 4 February 2011)

Flag description

design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes; the design revives the triband colors used by Burma from 1943-45, during the Japanese occupation

Government type

parliamentary government took power in March 2011

Independence

4 January 1948 (from the UK)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ADB, ARF, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, CP, EAS, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), NAM, OPCW (signatory), SAARC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court of the Union (consists of the chief justice and 7-11 judges)

judge selection and term of office

chief justice and judges nominated by the president, with approval of the Lower House, and appointed by the president; judges normally serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts

High Courts of the Region; High Courts of the State; Court of the Self-Administered Division; Court of the Self-Administered Zone; district and township courts; special courts (for juvenile, municipal, and traffic offenses); courts martial

Legal system

mixed legal system of English common law (as introduced in codifications designed for colonial India) and customary law

Legislative branch

description

bicameral Assembly of the Union or Pyidaungsu consists of an Upper House, called the House of Nationalities or Amyotha Hluttaw, (224 seats; 168 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed and 56 appointed by the military; members serve 5-year terms) and a Lower House, called the House of Representatives or Pyithu Hluttaw, (440 seats; 330 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 110 appointed by the military; members serve 5-year terms)

election results

Upper House - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NLD 135, USDP 11, ANP 10, SNLD 3, ZCD 2, TNP 2, independent 2, other 3, military appointees 56; Lower House - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NLD 255, USDP 30, ANP 12, SNLD 12, PNO 3, TNP 3, ZCD 2, LNDP 2, independent 1, other 3, canceled due to insurgence 7, military appointees 110

elections

last held on 8 November 2015 (next to be held in 2020)

National anthem

lyrics/music

SAYA TIN

name

"Kaba Ma Kyei" (Till the End of the World, Myanmar)

note

adopted 1948; Burma is among a handful of non-European nations that have anthems rooted in indigenous traditions; the beginning portion of the anthem is a traditional Burmese anthem before transitioning into a Western-style orchestrated work

National holiday

Independence Day, 4 January (1948); Union Day, 12 February (1947)

National symbol(s)

chinthe (mythical lion); national colors: yellow, green, red, white

Political parties and leaders

All Mon Region Democracy Party or AMRDP [NAING NGWE THEIN]

Arakan National Party or ANP [Dr. AYE MAUNG] (formed from the 2013 merger of the Rakhine Nationalities Development Party and the Arakan League for Democracy)

National Democratic Force or NDF [KHIN MAUNG SWE]

National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SAN SUU KYI]

National Unity Party or NUP [THAN TIN]

Pa-O National Organization or PNO [AUNG KHAN HTI]

Shan Nationalities Democratic Party or SNDP [SAI AIK PAUNG]

Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [KHUN HTUN OO]

Ta'ang National Party or TNP [AIK MONE]

Union Solidarity and Development Party or USDP [HTAY OO]

Zomi Congress for Democracy or ZCD [PU CIN SIAN THANG]

numerous smaller parties

Political pressure groups and leaders

Federation of Trade Unions-Burma or FTUB (exile trade union and labor advocates)

National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB (self-proclaimed government in exile) ["Prime Minister" Dr. SEIN WIN] consists of individuals, some legitimately elected to the People's Assembly in 1990 (the group fled to a border area and joined insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government in exile)

National Council-Union of Burma or NCUB (exile coalition of opposition groups)

United Nationalities Federal Council or UNFC

Karen National Union or KNU

Karenni National People's Party or KNPP

United Wa State Army or UWSA

88 Generation Students (pro-democracy movement)

several other Chin, Karen, Mon, and Shan factions

inside Burma

Kachin Independence Organization

note

freedom of expression has been highly restricted in Burma; the restrictions are being relaxed by the government; a limited number of political groups, other than parties are approved by the government

Thai border

Ethnic Nationalities Council or ENC

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

rice, pulses, beans, sesame, groundnuts, sugarcane; fish and fish products; hardwood

Budget

expenditures

$4.401 billion (2014 est.)

revenues

$2.675 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.7% of GDP (2014 est.)

Central bank discount rate

9.95% (31 December 2010)

12% (31 December 2009)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

13% (31 December 2014 est.)

13% (31 December 2013 est.)

Current account balance

-$3.851 billion (2014 est.)

-$2.96 billion (2013 est.)

Debt - external

$6.616 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$7.367 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Economy - overview

Since the transition to a civilian government in 2011, Burma has begun an economic overhaul aimed at attracting foreign investment and reintegrating into the global economy. Economic reforms have included establishing a managed float of the Burmese kyat in 2012, re-writing the Foreign Investment Law in 2012 to allow more foreign investment participation, granting the Central Bank operational independence in July 2013, enacting a new Anti-corruption Law in September 2013, and authorizing a small number of foreign banks to open branch offices for limited operations beginning in 2015. The government’s commitment to reform, and the subsequent easing of most Western sanctions, has begun to pay dividends as growth accelerated in 2013 and 2014. Burma’s abundant natural resources, young labor force, and proximity to Asia’s dynamic economies have attracted foreign investment in the energy sector, garment industry, information technology, and food and beverages. Pledged foreign direct investment grew from US$1.4 billion in FY 2012 to US$4.1 billion in FY 2013. Despite these improvements, living standards have not improved for the majority of the people residing in rural areas. Burma remains one of the poorest countries in Asia – nearly one-third of the country’s 51 million people live in poverty. The previous government’s isolationist policies and economic mismanagement have left Burma with poor infrastructure, endemic corruption, underdeveloped human resources, and inadequate access to capital, which will require a major commitment to reverse. The Burmese government has been slow to address impediments to economic development such as insecure land rights, a restrictive trade licensing system, an opaque revenue collection system, and an antiquated banking system. Key benchmarks of sustained economic progress would include modernizing and opening the financial sector, increasing budget allocations for social services, and accelerating agricultural and land reforms.

Exchange rates

kyats (MMK) per US dollar -

984.35 (2014 est.)

984.35 (2013 est.)

853.48 (2012 est.)

815 (2011 est.)

5.58 (2010 est.)

Exports

$8.962 billion (2014 est.)

$9.022 billion (2013 est.)

note

official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh

Exports - commodities

natural gas, wood products, pulses, beans, fish, rice, clothing, jade and gems

Exports - partners

China 63%, Thailand 15.8%, India 5.7% (2014)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

GDP - composition, by end use

(2014 est.)

exports of goods and services

28.2%

government consumption

3.8%

household consumption

79.6%

imports of goods and services

-31.9%

investment in fixed capital

19.9%

investment in inventories

0.4%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

37.1%

industry

21.3%

services

41.6% (2014 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$4,800 (2014 est.)

$4,400 (2013 est.)

$4,000 (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

8.5% (2014 est.)

8.4% (2013 est.)

7.3% (2012 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$63.14 billion (2014 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$244.4 billion (2014 est.)

$225.3 billion (2013 est.)

$207.8 billion (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

Gross national saving

19.4% of GDP (2014 est.)

17.7% of GDP (2013 est.)

13.8% of GDP (2012 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

32.4% (1998)

lowest 10%

2.8%

Imports

$12.17 billion (2014 est.)

$9.462 billion (2013 est.)

note

import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India

Imports - commodities

fabric, petroleum products, fertilizer, plastics, machinery, transport equipment; cement, construction materials, crude oil; food products, edible oil

Imports - partners

China 42.4%, Thailand 19%, Singapore 10.9%, Japan 5.4% (2014)

Industrial production growth rate

12% (2014 est.)

Industries

agricultural processing; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; oil and natural gas; garments, jade, gems

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

5.9% (2014 est.)

5.7% (2013 est.)

Labor force

35.23 million (2014 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

70%

industry

7%

services

23% (2001)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

32.7% (2007 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$9.417 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$8.727 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$16.91 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$15.75 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$14.07 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$12.38 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

4.2% of GDP (2014 est.)

Unemployment rate

5.1% (2014 est.)

5.2% (2013 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

13.34 million Mt (2012 est.)

Crude oil - exports

2,717 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - imports

40 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - production

20,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

50 million bbl (1 January 2015 est.)

Electricity - consumption

7.765 billion kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2013 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

24.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

75.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2013 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

3.591 million kW (2012 est.)

Electricity - production

10.48 billion kWh (2012 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

4.6 billion cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - exports

8.5 billion cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - production

13.1 billion cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

283.2 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

25,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

8,557 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

15,780 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Broadcast media

government controls all domestic broadcast media; 2 state-controlled TV stations with 1 of the stations controlled by the armed forces; 2 pay-TV stations are joint state-private ventures; access to satellite TV is limited; 1 state-controlled domestic radio station and 9 FM stations that are joint state-private ventures; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available in parts of Burma; the Voice of America (VOA), Radio Free Asia (RFA), BBC Burmese service, the Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), and Radio Australia use shortwave to broadcast in Burma; VOA, RFA, and DVB produce daily TV news programs that are transmitted by satellite to audiences in Burma

Internet country code

.mm

Internet users

percent of population

1.2% (2014 est.)

total

646,700

Radio broadcast stations

AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 3 (2007)

Telephone system

domestic

system barely capable of providing basic service; mobile-cellular phone system is grossly underdeveloped

general assessment

meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and government

international

country code - 95; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2, Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and ShinSat (2011)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

1 (2014 est.)

total subscriptions

530,000

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

48 (2014 est.)

total

26.6 million

Television broadcast stations

4 (2008)

Airports

64 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

12

2,438 to 3,047 m

11

over 3,047 m

12

total

36

under 914 m

1 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

13 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

4

914 to 1,523 m

10

over 3,047 m

1

total

28

Heliports

11 (2013)

Merchant marine

by type

cargo 22, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 3, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 1

foreign-owned

2 (Germany 1, Japan 1)

registered in other countries

3 (Panama 3) (2010)

total

29

Pipelines

gas 3,739 km; oil 551 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s)

Moulmein, Sittwe

river port(s)

Rangoon (Yangon) (Rangoon River)

Railways

narrow gauge

5,031 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)

total

5,031 km

Roadways

total

34,377 km (includes 358 km of expressways) (2010)

Waterways

12,800 km (2011)

Manpower available for military service

females age 16-49

14,710,871 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

14,747,845

Manpower fit for military service

females age 16-49

11,181,537 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

10,451,515

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

female

506,388 (2010 est.)

male

522,478

Military branches

Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw): Army (Tatmadaw Kyi), Navy (Tatmadaw Yay), Air Force (Tatmadaw Lay) (2013)

Military service age and obligation

18-35 years of age (men) and 18-27 years of age (women) for voluntary military service; no conscription (a 2010 law reintroducing conscription has not yet entered into force); 2-year service obligation; male (ages 18-45) and female (ages 18-35) professionals (including doctors, engineers, mechanics) serve up to 3 years; service terms may be stretched to 5 years in an officially declared emergency; Burma signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) on 15 August 1991; on 27 June 2012, the regime signed a Joint Action Plan on prevention of child recruitment; in February 2013, the military formed a new task force to address forced child conscription; approximately 600 children have been released from military service since the signing of the joint action plan (2015)

Disputes - international

over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups who have substantial numbers of kin in neighboring countries; the Naf River on the border with Bangladesh serves as a smuggling and illegal transit route; Bangladesh struggles to accommodate 29,000 Rohingya, Burmese Muslim minority from Arakan State, living as refugees in Cox's Bazar; Burmese border authorities are constructing a 200 km (124 mi) wire fence designed to deter illegal cross-border transit and tensions from the military build-up along border with Bangladesh in 2010; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Burmese forces attempting to dig in to the largely autonomous Shan State to rout local militias tied to the drug trade, prompts local residents to periodically flee into neighboring Yunnan Province in China; fencing along the India-Burma international border at Manipur's Moreh town is in progress to check illegal drug trafficking and movement of militants; over 90,000 mostly Karen refugees and asylum seekers fleeing civil strife, political upheaval, and economic stagnation in Burma were living in remote camps in Thailand near the border as of year-end 2013

Illicit drugs

world's third largest producer of illicit opium with an estimated production in 2012 of 690 metric tons, an increase of 13% over 2011, and poppy cultivation in 2012 totaled 51,000 hectares, a 17% increase over 2011; production in the United Wa State Army's areas of greatest control remains low; Shan state is the source of 94.5% of Burma's poppy cultivation; lack of government will to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional consumption (2013)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

up to 662,400 (government offensives against armed ethnic minority groups near its borders with China and Thailand) (2015)

stateless persons

1.45 million (2014); note - Rohingya Muslims, living in Rakhine State, are Burma's main group of stateless people; the Burmese Government does not recognize the Rohingya as a "national race" and stripped them of their citizenship under the 1982 Citizenship law, categorizing them as "non-national" or "foreign residents"; under the Rakhine State Action Plan drafted in October 2014, the Rohingya must demonstrate their family has lived in Burma for at least 60 years to qualify for a lesser naturalized citizenship and the classification of Bengali or be put in detention camps and face deportation; native-born but non-indigenous people, such as Indians, are also stateless; the Burmese Government does not grant citizenship to children born outside of the country to Burmese parents who left the country illegally or fled persecution, such as those born in Thailand

Trafficking in persons

current situation

Burma is a source country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purpose of forced labor and for women and children subjected to sex trafficking; Burmese adult and child labor migrants travel to East Asia, the Middle East, South Asia, and the US, where men are forced to work in the fishing, manufacturing, forestry, and construction industries and women and girls are forced into prostitution, domestic servitude, or forced labor in the garment sector; some Burmese economic migrants and Rohingya asylum seekers have become forced laborers on Thai fishing boats; some military personnel and armed ethnic groups unlawfully conscript child soldiers or coerce adults and children into forced labor; domestically, adults and children from ethnic areas are vulnerable to forced labor on plantations and in mines, while children may also be subject to forced prostitution, domestic service, and begging

tier rating

Tier 2 Watch List – Burma does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, but it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making a significant effort toward meeting the minimum standard for eliminating human trafficking; in 2014, law enforcement continued to investigate and prosecute cross-border trafficking offenses but did little to address domestic trafficking; no civilians or government officials were prosecuted or convicted for the recruitment of child soldiers, a serious problem that is hampered by corruption and the influence of the military; victim referral and protection services remained inadequate, especially for men, and left victims vulnerable to being re-trafficked; the government coordinated anti-trafficking programs as part of its five-year national action plan (2015)