2010 Edition

Background

Britain conquered Burma over a period of 62 years (1824-1886) and incorporated it into its Indian Empire. Burma was administered as a province of India until 1937 when it became a separate, self-governing colony; independence from the Commonwealth was attained in 1948. Gen. NE WIN dominated the government from 1962 to 1988, first as military ruler, then as self-appointed president, and later as political kingpin. In September 1988, the military deposed NE WIN and established a new ruling junta. Despite multiparty legislative elections in 1990 that resulted in the main opposition party - the National League for Democracy (NLD) - winning a landslide victory, the junta refused to hand over power. NLD leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient AUNG SAN SUU KYI, who was under house arrest from 1989 to 1995 and 2000 to 2002, was imprisoned in May 2003 and subsequently transferred to house arrest. She was finally released in November 2010. After the ruling junta in August 2007 unexpectedly increased fuel prices, tens of thousands of Burmese marched in protest, led by prodemocracy activists and Buddhist monks. In late September 2007, the government brutally suppressed the protests, killing at least 13 people and arresting thousands for participating in the demonstrations. Since then, the regime has continued to raid homes and monasteries and arrest persons suspected of participating in the pro-democracy protests. Burma in early May 2008 was struck by Cyclone Nargis which official estimates claimed left over 80,000 dead and 50,000 injured. Despite this tragedy, the junta proceeded with its May constitutional referendum, the first vote in Burma since 1990. Parliamentary elections held in November 2010, considered flawed by many in the international community, saw the junta's Union Solidarity and Development Party garnering over 70 percent of the seats. Parliament is constitutionally mandated to convene within 90 days of the election; the president, two vice presidents, and ministers will be selected at that time.

Area

land

653,508 sq km

total

676,578 sq km

water

23,070 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Texas

Climate

tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)

Coastline

1,930 km

Elevation extremes

highest point

Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m

lowest point

Andaman Sea 0 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease

Environment - international agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

per capita

658 cu m/yr (2000)

total

33.23 cu km/yr (1%/1%/98%)

Geographic coordinates

22 00 N, 98 00 E

Geography - note

strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes

Irrigated land

18,700 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

border countries

Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km

total

5,876 km

Land use

arable land

14.92%

other

83.77% (2005)

permanent crops

1.31%

Location

Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts

Natural resources

petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower

Terrain

central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands

Total renewable water resources

1,045.6 cu km (1999)

Age structure

0-14 years: 25.3% (male 6,193,263/female 5,990,658) 15-64 years: 69.3% (male 16,510,648/female 16,828,462) 65 years and over: 5.4% (male 1,121,412/female 1,493,298) (2010 est.)

Birth rate

19.49 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)

Death rate

8.23 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Education expenditures

1.2% of GDP (2001)

Ethnic groups

Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.7% (2007 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

25,000 (2007 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

240,000 (2007 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

43.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)

male

57.85 deaths/1,000 live births

total

50.76 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Burmese (offical) minority ethnic groups have their own languages

Life expectancy at birth

female

66.94 years (2010 est.)

male

62.23 years

total population

64.52 years

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

female

86.4% (2006 est.)

male

93.9%

total population

89.9%

Major infectious diseases

animal contact disease

rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases

dengue fever and malaria

water contact disease

leptospirosis

Median age

female

27.1 years (2010 est.)

male

26 years

total

26.5 years

Nationality

adjective

Burmese

noun

Burmese (singular and plural)

Net migration rate

-0.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population

Population

53,414,374 note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2010 est.)

Population growth rate

1.096% (2010 est.)

Religions

Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, animist 1%, other 2%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

8 years (2007)

male

8 years

total

9 years

Sex ratio

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female

total population

0.99 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.28 children born/woman (2010 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

2.9% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

urban population

33% of total population (2008)

Administrative divisions

7 divisions (taing-myar, singular - taing) and 7 states* (pyi ne-myar, singular - pyi ne)

divisions

Ayeyarwady, Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Tanintharyi, Yangon

states

Chin, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Mon, Rakhine (Arakan), Shan

Capital

geographic coordinates

16 48 N, 96 09 E

name

Rangoon (Yangon)

time difference

UTC+6.5 (11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: Nay Pyi Taw is administrative capital

Constitution

3 January 1974; suspended since 18 September 1988; a constitution officially received 92.48% support in a flawed May 2008 referendum that most observers judged fell far short of international standards of free and fair elections; note - a new constitution is to take effect when a parliament is convened possibly in late January 2011

Country name

conventional long form

Union of Burma

conventional short form

Burma

former

Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma note: since 1989 the military authorities in Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; the US Government did not adopt the name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw

local long form

Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar)

local short form

Myanma Naingngandaw

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Charge d'Affaires Larry M. DINGER - note: The United States does not have an ambassador to Burma

embassy

110 University Avenue, Kamayut Township, Rangoon

FAX

[95] (1) 650-306

mailing address

Box B, APO AP 96546

telephone

[95] (1) 536-509, 535-756, 538-038

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires HAN THU - note: Burma does not have an ambassador to the United States

consulate(s) general

none; Burma has a Mission to the UN in New York

FAX

[1] (202) 332-4351

telephone

[1] (202) 332-3344

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet is overseen by the military regime that assumed power 18 September 1988 under the name State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC); changed in 1997 to SPDC (For more information visit the World Leaders website )

chief of state

Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)

elections

none

head of government

Prime Minister Lt. Gen THEIN SEIN (since 24 October 2007)

Flag description

design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes; the design revives the triband colors used by Burma from 1943-45, during the Japanese occupation

Government type

military regime

Independence

4 January 1948 (from the UK)

International organization participation

ADB, ARF, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), SAARC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

remnants of the British-era legal system are in place, but there is no guarantee of a fair public trial; the judiciary is not independent of the executive

Legal system

based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

bicameral, consists of the House of Nationalities [Amyotha Hluttaw] (224 seats, 168 directly elected and 56 appointed by the military; members serve five-year terms) and the House of Representatives [Pythu Hluttaw] (440 seats, 330 directly elected and 110 appointed by the military; members serve five-year terms)

election results

House of Nationalities - percent of vote by party - USDP 74.8%, others (NUP, SNDP, RNDP, NDF, AMRDP) 25.2%; seats by party - USDP 129, others 39; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - USDP 79.6%, others (NUP, SNDP, RNDP, NDF, AMRDP) 20.4%; seats by party - USDP 259, others 66

elections

last held on 7 November 2010 (next to be held in December 2015)

National anthem

lyrics/music

SAYA TIN note: adopted 1948; Burma is among a handful of non-European nations that have anthems rooted in indigenous traditions; the beginning portion of the anthem is a traditional Burmese anthem before transitioning into a Western-style orchestrated work

name

"Kaba Ma Kyei" (Till the End of the World, Myanmar)

National holiday

Independence Day, 4 January (1948); Union Day, 12 February (1947)

Political parties and leaders

All Mon Region Democracy Party or AMRDP; National Democratic Force or NDF [KHIN MAUNG SWE]; National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, AUNG SAN SUU KYI]; note - the party is defunct because it did not register for the 2010 election; National Unity Party or NUP [TUN YE]; Rakhine Nationalities Development Party or RNDP; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [HKUN HTUN OO]; Union Solidarity and Development Party or USDP [THEIN SEIN]; numerous smaller parties

Political pressure groups and leaders

Inside Burma

Kachin Independence Organization or KIO; Karen National Union or KNU; Karenni National People's Party or KNPP; Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (pro-regime, a social and political mass-member organization) [HTAY OO, general secretary] became the Union Solidarity and Development Party in 2010; United Wa State Army or UWSA; 88 Generation Students (pro-democracy movement); several other Shan factions

Thai border

Ethnic Nationalities Council or ENC; Federation of Trade Unions-Burma or FTUB (exile trade union and labor advocates); National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB (self-proclaimed government in exile) ["Prime Minister" Dr. SEIN WIN] consists of individuals, some legitimately elected to the People's Assembly in 1990 (the group fled to a border area and joined insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government in exile); National Council-Union of Burma or NCUB (exile coalition of opposition groups)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

rice, pulses, beans, sesame, groundnuts, sugarcane; hardwood; fish and fish products

Central bank discount rate

12% (31 December 2009) 12% (31 December 2008)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

17% (31 December 2009 est.) 17% (31 December 2008 est.)

Current account balance

$652 million (2010 est.) $705 million (2009 est.)

Debt - external

$7.145 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $7.079 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Economy - overview

Burma, a resource-rich country, suffers from pervasive government controls, inefficient economic policies, corruption, and rural poverty. Despite Burma's emergence as a natural gas exporter, socio-economic conditions have deteriorated under the regime's mismanagement, leaving most of the public in poverty, while military leaders and their business cronies exploit the country's ample natural resources. The economy suffers from serious macroeconomic imbalances - including rising inflation, fiscal deficits, multiple official exchange rates that overvalue the Burmese kyat, a distorted interest rate regime, unreliable statistics, and an inability to reconcile national accounts to determine a realistic GDP figure. Burma's poor investment climate hampers the inflow of foreign investment; in recent years, foreign investors have shied away from nearly every sector except for natural gas, power generation, timber, and mining. The business climate is widely perceived as opaque, corrupt, and highly inefficient. Over 60% of the FY 2009-10 budget is allocated to state owned enterprises - most operating at a deficit. The government has recently privatized a number of state owned enterprises, but most of the benefits have accrued to regime insiders and cronies. The most productive sectors will continue to be in extractive industries - especially oil and gas, mining, and timber - with the latter two causing significant environmental degradation. Other areas, such as manufacturing, tourism and services, struggle in the face of inadequate infrastructure, unpredictable trade policies, neglected health and education systems, and endemic corruption. A major banking crisis in 2003 caused 20 private banks to close; private banks still operate under tight restrictions, limiting the private sector's access to credit. The United States, the European Union, Canada, and Australia have imposed financial and economic sanctions on Burma, prohibiting most financial transactions with Burmese entities, imposing travel bans on Burmese officials and others connected to the ruling regime, and banning imports of certain Burmese products. These sanctions affected the country's fledgling garment industry, isolated the struggling banking sector, and raised the costs of doing business with Burmese companies, particularly firms tied to Burmese regime leaders. The global crisis of 2008-09 caused exports and domestic consumer demand to drop. Remittances from overseas Burmese workers - who had provided significant financial support for their families - slowed or dried up as jobs were lost and migrant workers returned home. Though the Burmese government has good economic relations with its neighbors, better investment and business climates and an improved political situation are needed to promote serious foreign investment, exports, and tourism.

Electricity - consumption

4.403 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - production

6.286 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Exchange rates

kyats (MMK) per US dollar - 1,000 (2010), 1,055 (2009), 1,205 (2008), 1,296 (2007), 1,280 (2006)

Exports

$7.841 billion (2010 est.) $6.862 billion (2009 est.) note: official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh

Exports - commodities

natural gas, wood products, pulses, beans, fish, rice, clothing, jade and gems

Exports - partners

Thailand 46.57%, India 12.99%, China 9.01%, Japan 5.65% (2009)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture

43.2%

industry

20%

services

36.8% (2010 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$1,100 (2010 est.) $1,100 (2009 est.) $1,100 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

3.1% (2010 est.) 1.8% (2009 est.) 1.1% (2008 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$35.65 billion (2010 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$60.07 billion (2010 est.) $58.27 billion (2009 est.) $57.24 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)

Imports

$4.532 billion (2010 est.) $4.02 billion (2009 est.) note: import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India

Imports - commodities

fabric, petroleum products, fertilizer, plastics, machinery, transport equipment; cement, construction materials, crude oil; food products, edible oil

Imports - partners

China 33.1%, Thailand 26.28%, Singapore 15.18% (2009)

Industrial production growth rate

4.3% (2010 est.)

Industries

agricultural processing; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; oil and natural gas; garments, jade and gems

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

9.6% (2010 est.) 1.5% (2009 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

15.1% of GDP (2010 est.)

Labor force

31.68 million (2010 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

70%

industry

7%

services

23% (2001 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Natural gas - consumption

3.85 billion cu m (2008 est.)

Natural gas - exports

8.55 billion cu m (2008 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2008 est.)

Natural gas - production

12.4 billion cu m (2008 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

283.2 billion cu m (1 January 2010 est.)

Oil - consumption

42,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)

Oil - exports

2,200 bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - imports

18,250 bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - production

18,880 bbl/day (2009 est.)

Oil - proved reserves

50 million bbl (1 January 2010 est.)

Population below poverty line

32.7% (2007 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$3.762 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $3.561 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of broad money

$7.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $6.231 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$8.552 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $6.858 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$4.907 billion (31 December 2010 est) $4.038 billion (31 December 2009 est) note: this number reflects the vastly overvalued official exchange rate of 5.38 kyat per dollar in 2007; at the unofficial black market rate of 1,305 kyat per dollar for 2007, the stock of kyats would equal only US$2.465 billion and Burma's velocity of money (the number of times money turns over in the course of a year) would be six, in line with the velocity of money for other countries in the region; in 2009, the unofficial black market rate averaged 1,090 kyat per dollar.

Unemployment rate

5.7% (2010 est.) 4.9% (2009 est.)

Broadcast media

government controls all domestic broadcast media; 3 state-controlled television stations with 1 of the stations controlled by the armed forces; a fourth TV channel, a pay-TV station, is a joint state-private venture; access to satellite TV is limited with residents required to register and pay a fee for all satellite television receivers; 2 state-controlled domestic radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available in Burma; the opposition-backed station Democratic Voice of Burma broadcasts into Burma via shortwave (2009)

Internet country code

.mm

Internet hosts

172 (2010)

Internet users

110,000 (2009)

Telephone system

domestic

system barely capable of providing basic service; mobile-cellular phone system is grossly underdeveloped with a subscribership base of only 1 per 100 persons

general assessment

meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and government

international

country code - 95; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2, Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and ShinSat (2009)

Telephones - main lines in use

812,000 (2009)

Telephones - mobile cellular

448,000 (2009)

Airports

76 (2010)

Airports - with paved runways

total

37 over 3,047 m: 12 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 15 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2010)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total

39 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 23 (2010)

Heliports

6 (2010)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 1, cargo 19, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 3, specialized tanker 1

foreign-owned

3 (Cyprus 1, Germany 1, Japan 1)

registered in other countries

3 (Panama 3) (2010)

total

26

Pipelines

gas 2,228 km; oil 558 km (2009)

Ports and terminals

Moulmein, Rangoon, Sittwe

Railways

narrow gauge

3,955 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)

total

3,955 km

Roadways

paved

3,200 km

total

27,000 km

unpaved

23,800 km (2006)

Waterways

12,800 km (2008)

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 14,558,921 females age 16-49: 14,539,703 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 10,281,131 females age 16-49: 10,988,695 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

female

510,538 (2010 est.)

male

526,557

Military branches

Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw)

Army (Tatmadaw Kyi), Navy (Tatmadaw Yay), Air Force (Tatmadaw Lay) (2010)

Military expenditures

2.1% of GDP (2005 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-35 years of age (men) and 18-27 years of age (women) for compulsory military service; service obligation 2 years; male (ages 18-45) and female (ages 18-35) professionals (including doctors, engineers, mechanics) serve up to 3 years; service terms may be streched to 5 years in an officially declared emergency; forced conscription of children, although officially prohibited, reportedly continues (2011)

Disputes - international

over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups who have substantial numbers of kin in neighboring countries; Thailand must deal with Karen and other ethnic refugees, asylum seekers, and rebels, as well as illegal cross-border activities from Burma; Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructing the Hatgyi Dam on the Salween River near the border with Burma; citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China is reconsidering construction of 13 dams on the Salween River but energy-starved Burma with backing from Thailand remains intent on building five hydro-electric dams downstream, despite identical regional and international protests; India seeks cooperation from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists, such as the United Liberation Front of Assam, from hiding in remote Burmese Uplands; after 21 years, Bangladesh in January 2008 resumed talks with Burma on delimiting a maritime boundary

Illicit drugs

remains world's second largest producer of illicit opium with an estimated production in 2008 of 340 metric tons, an increase of 26%, and poppy cultivation in 2008 totaled 22,500 hectares, a 4% increase from 2007; production in the United Wa State Army's areas of greatest control remains low; Shan state is the source of 94% of Burma's poppy cultivation; lack of government will to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional consumption (2008) page last updated on January 24, 2011 ======================================================================

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

503,000 (government offensives against ethnic insurgent groups near the eastern borders; most IDPs are ethnic Karen, Karenni, Shan, Tavoyan, and Mon) (2007)

Trafficking in persons

current situation

Burma is a source country for women, children, and men trafficked for the purpose of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation; Burmese women and children are trafficked to East and Southeast Asia for commercial sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, and forced labor; Burmese children are subjected to conditions of forced labor in Thailand as hawkers and beggars; women are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation to Malaysia and China; some trafficking victims transit Burma from Bangladesh to Malaysia and from China to Thailand; Burma's internal trafficking remains the most serious concern occurring primarily from villages to urban centers and economic hubs for labor in industrial zones, agricultural estates, and commercial sexual exploitation; the Burmese military continues to engage in the unlawful conscription of child soldiers, and continues to be the main perpetrator of forced labor inside Burma; ethnic insurgent groups also used compulsory labor of adults and unlawful recruitment of children; the regime's widespread use of and lack of accountability in forced labor and recruitment of child soldiers is particularly worrying and represents the top causal factor for Burma's significant trafficking problem

tier rating

Tier 3 - serious problems remain in Burma, and in some areas, most notably in the area of forced labor, the Government of Burma is not making significant efforts to comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, warranting a ranking of Tier 3; in other areas, particularly with regard to international sex trafficking of women and girls, the Government of Burma is making significant efforts (2010)