2019 Edition

Background

Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995).The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the predominantly Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the predominantly Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called "Bonn Powers." An original NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops assembled in 1995 was succeeded over time by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently, EUFOR deploys around 600 troops in theater in a security assistance and training capacity.

Area

Land

51,187 sq km

Total

51,197 sq km

Water

10 sq km

Area Comparative

slightly smaller than West Virginia

Climate

hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

Coastline

20 km

Elevation

Highest Point

Maglic 2,386 m

Lowest Point

Adriatic Sea 0 m

Mean Elevation

500 m

Environment Current Issues

air pollution; deforestation and illegal logging; inadequate wastewater treatment and flood management facilities; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; land mines left over from the 1992-95 civil strife are a hazard in some areas

Environment International Agreements

Party To

Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

Signed But Not Ratified

none of the selected agreements

Geographic Coordinates

44 00 N, 18 00 E

Geography Note

within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east

Irrigated Land

30 sq km (2012)

Land Boundaries

Border Countries

Croatia 956 km, Montenegro 242 km, Serbia 345 km

Total

1,543 km

Land Use

Agricultural Land

42.2% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Arable Land

19.7% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Crops

2% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Pasture

20.5% (2011 est.)

Forest

42.8% (2011 est.)

Other

15% (2011 est.)

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia

Map References

Europe

Natural Hazards

destructive earthquakes

Natural Resources

coal, iron ore, antimony, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower

Population Distribution

the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated

Terrain

mountains and valleys

Age Structure

0 14 Years

13.24% (male 263,338 /female 246,220)

15 24 Years

11.26% (male 223,824 /female 209,829)

25 54 Years

45.51% (male 881,331 /female 870,601)

55 64 Years

14.95% (male 278,460 /female 297,231)

65 Years And Over

15.04% (male 229,282 /female 349,775) (2018 est.)

Birth Rate

8.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Children Under The Age Of 5 Years Underweight

1.6% (2012)

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

45.8% (2011/12)

Current Health Expenditure

9.2% (2016)

Death Rate

10.1 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Dependency Ratios

Elderly Dependency Ratio

22.5 (2015 est.)

Potential Support Ratio

4.4 (2015 est.)

Total Dependency Ratio

43.3 (2015 est.)

Youth Dependency Ratio

20.7 (2015 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved Rural

100% of population

Improved Total

99.9% of population

Improved Urban

99.7% of population

Unimproved Rural

0% of population

Unimproved Total

0.1% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Urban

0.3% of population

Ethnic Groups

Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1% (2013 est.)

HIV/AIDS Adult Prevalence Rate

<.1% (2018)

HIV/AIDS Deaths

<100 (2018)

HIV/AIDS People Living With HIV/AIDS

<500 (2018)

Hospital Bed Density

3.5 beds/1,000 population (2013)

Infant Mortality Rate

Female

5.3 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

5.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

5.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Languages

Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.)

Life Expectancy at Birth

Female

80.3 years

Male

74.1 years

Total Population

77.1 years (2018 est.)

Literacy

Definition

age 15 and over can read and write

Female

97.5% (2015)

Male

99.5%

Total Population

98.5%

Major Urban Areas Population

343,000 SARAJEVO (capital) (2019)

Maternal Mortality Rate

10 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median Age

Female

43.9 years

Male

40.9 years

Total

42.5 years (2018 est.)

Mother's Mean Age at First Birth

27 years (2014 est.)

Nationality

Adjective

Bosnian, Herzegovinian

Noun

Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)

Net Migration Rate

-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Obesity Adult Prevalence Rate

17.9% (2016)

Physicians Density

1.89 physicians/1,000 population (2013)

Population

3,849,891 (July 2018 est.)

Population Growth Rate

-0.17% (2018 est.)

Religions

Muslim 50.7%, Orthodox 30.7%, Roman Catholic 15.2%, atheist 0.8%, agnostic 0.3%, other 1.2%, undeclared/no answer 1.1% (2013 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved Rural

92% of population (2015 est.)

Improved Total

94.8% of population (2015 est.)

Improved Urban

98.9% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Rural

8% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Total

5.2% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Urban

1.1% of population (2015 est.)

School Life Expectancy Primary To Tertiary Education

Female

15 years (2014)

Male

14 years

Total

14 years

Sex Ratio

0 14 Years

1.07 male(s)/female

15 24 Years

1.07 male(s)/female

25 54 Years

1.01 male(s)/female

55 64 Years

0.94 male(s)/female

65 Years And Over

0.66 male(s)/female

At Birth

1.07 male(s)/female

Total Population

0.95 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Total Fertility Rate

1.31 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Unemployment Youth Ages 15 24

Female

51.4% (2017 est.)

Male

43.1%

Total

45.8%

Urbanization

Rate Of Urbanization

0.55% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Urban Population

48.6% of total population (2019)

Administrative Divisions

3 first-order administrative divisions - Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt) (ethnically mixed), Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) (predominantly Bosniak-Croat), Republika Srpska (predominantly Serb)

Capital

Daylight Saving Time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Geographic Coordinates

43 52 N, 18 25 E

Name

Sarajevo

Time Difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship By Birth

no

Citizenship By Descent Only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Dual Citizenship Recognized

yes, provided there is a bilateral agreement with the other state

Residency Requirement For Naturalization

8 years

Constitution

Amendments

decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2009 (2016)

History

14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); note - each of the political entities has its own constitution

Country Name

Abbreviation

BiH

Conventional Long Form

none

Conventional Short Form

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Etymology

the larger northern territory is named for the Bosna River; the smaller southern section takes its name from the German word "herzog," meaning "duke," and the ending "-ovina," meaning "land," forming the combination denoting "dukedom"

Former

People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Local Long Form

none

Local Short Form

Bosna i Hercegovina

Diplomatic Representation From The Us

Branch Office S

Banja Luka, Mostar

Chief Of Mission

Ambassador Eric NELSON (since 19 February 2019)

Embassy

1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71000 Sarajevo

Fax

[387] (33) 659-722

Mailing Address

use embassy street address

Telephone

[387] (33) 704-000

Diplomatic Representation In The Us

Chancery

2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037

Chief Of Mission

Ambassador Bojan VUJIC (since 16 September 2019)

Consulate's General

Chicago, New York

Fax

[1] (202) 337-1502

Telephone

[1] (202) 337-1500

Executive Branch

Cabinet

Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman, approved by the state-level House of Representatives

Chief Of State

Chairman of the Presidency Zeljko KOMSIC (chairman since 20 July 2019, presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Croat seat); Milorad DODIK (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Serb seat); Sefik DZAFEROVIC (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Bosniak seat)

Election Results

percent of vote - Milorad DODIK (SNSD) 53.9% - Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 52.6% - Croat seat; Sefik DZAFEROVIC (SDA) 36.6% - Bosniak seat

Elections Appointments

3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months with the new member of the presidency elected with the highest number of votes starting the new mandate as chair; election last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives

Head Of Government

Chairman of the Council of Ministers Zoran TEGELTIJA (since 5 December 2019)

Flag Description

a wide blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia

Government Type

parliamentary republic

Independence

1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia); note - referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992

International Law Organization Participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International Organization Participation

BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Judicial Branch

Highest Courts

Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); Court of BiH (consists of 44 national judges and 7 international judges organized into 3 divisions - Administrative, Appellate, and Criminal, which includes a War Crimes Chamber)

Judge Selection And Term Of Office

BiH Constitutional Court judges - 4 selected by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina House of Representatives, 2 selected by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and 3 non-Bosnian judges selected by the president of the European Court of Human Rights; Court of BiH president and national judges appointed by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; Court of BiH president appointed for renewable 6-year term; other national judges appointed to serve until age 70; international judges recommended by the president of the Court of BiH and appointed by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina; international judges appointed to serve until age 70

Subordinate Courts

the Federation has 10 cantonal courts plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has a supreme court, 5 district courts, and a number of municipal courts

Legal System

civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts

Legislative Branch

Description

bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of: House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members designated by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's House of Peoples and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve 4-year terms) House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats to include 28 seats allocated to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 to the Republika Srpska; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); note - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature that consists of the House of Peoples (58 seats - 17 Bosniak, 17 Croat, 17 Serb, 7 other) and the House of Representatives (98 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); Republika Srpska's unicameral legislature is the National Assembly (83 directly elected delegates serve 4-year terms)

Election Results

House of Peoples - percent of vote by coalition/party - NA; seats by coalition/party - NA; composition - men 13, women 2, percent of women 13.3% House of Representatives - percent of vote by coalition/party - SDA 17%, SNSD 16%, SDS/NDP/NS/SRS-VS 9.8%, SDP 9.1%, HDZ-BiH/HSS/HKDU/HSP-AS BiH/HDU BiH 9.1%, DF, 5.8%, PDP 5.1%, DNS 4.2%, SBB BiH 4.2%, NS/HC 2.9%, NB 2.5%, PDA 2.3%, SP 1.9%, A-SDA 1.8%, other 17.4%; seats by coalition/party - SDA 9, SNSD 6, SDP 5, HDZ-BiH/HSS/HKDU/HSP-AS BiH/HDU BiH 5, SDS/NDP/NS/SRS-VS 3, DF 3, PDP 2, SBB BiH 2, NS/HC 2, DNS 1, NB 1 PDA 1, SP 1, A-SDA 1; composition - men 33, women 9, percent of women 21.4%; note - total Parliamentary Assembly percent of women 19.3%

Elections

House of Peoples - last held on 18 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022) House of Representatives - last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022)

National Anthem

Lyrics Music

none officially; Dusan SESTIC and Benjamin ISOVIC/Dusan SESTIC

Name

"Drzavna himna Bosne i Hercegovine" (The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina)

National Holiday

Independence Day, 1 March (1992) and Statehood Day, 25 November (1943) - both observed in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity; Victory Day, 9 May (1945) and Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November (1995) - both observed in the Republika Srpska entity

National Symbol S

golden lily; national colors: blue, yellow, white

Political Parties And Leaders

Alliance for a Better Future of BiH or SBB BiH [Fahrudin RADONCIC] Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK] Alternative Party for Democratic Activity or A-SDA [Nermin OGRESEVIC] Croat Peasants' Party or HSS [Mario KARAMATIC] Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan MUSA] Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDU-BiH [Miro GRABOVAC-TITAN] Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC] Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ-1990 [Ilija CVITANOVIC] Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starcevic or HSP-AS Bih [Karlo STARCEVIC] Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Nedeljko CUBRILOVIC] Democratic Front of DF [Zeljko KOMSIC] Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC] Independent Bloc or NB [Senad SEPIC] Movement for Democratic Action or PDA [Mirsad KUKIC] Progressive Srpska or NS [Goran DORDIC] Our Party or NS/HC [Predrag KOJOVIC] Party for Democratic Action or SDA [Bakir IZETBEGOVIC] Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Branislav BORENOVIC] People's Democratic Movement or NDP [Dragan CAVIC] Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Vukota GOVEDARICA] Serb Radical Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Vojislav SESELJ] (members joined the PDP) Social Democratic Party or SDP [Nermin NIKSIC] Socialist Party or SP [Petar DOKIC] United Srpska or US [Nenad STEVANDIC]

Suffrage

18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Agriculture Products

wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock

Budget

Expenditures

7.607 billion (2017 est.)

Revenues

7.993 billion (2017 est.)

Budget Surplus Or Deficit

2.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate

31 December 2016

5.24%

31 December 2017

4.38%

Current Account Balance

2016

-$821 million

2017

-$873 million

Debt External

31 December 2016

$10.64 billion

31 December 2017

$10.87 billion

Distribution Of Family Income Gini Index

2007

33.1

2011

33.8

Economy Overview

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles, and furniture as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. The economy is among the least competitive in the region. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, control much of the banking sector, though the largest bank is a private domestic one. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro through a currency board arrangement, which has maintained confidence in the currency and has facilitated reliable trade links with European partners. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. In 2016, Bosnia began a three-year IMF loan program, but it has struggled to meet the economic reform benchmarks required to receive all funding installments.Bosnia and Herzegovina's private sector is growing slowly, but foreign investment dropped sharply after 2007 and remains low. High unemployment remains the most serious macroeconomic problem. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a steady source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray-market activity, though public perceptions of government corruption and misuse of taxpayer money has encouraged a large informal economy to persist. National-level statistics have improved over time, but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded.Bosnia and Herzegovina's top economic priorities are: acceleration of integration into the EU; strengthening the fiscal system; public administration reform; World Trade Organization membership; and securing economic growth by fostering a dynamic, competitive private sector.

Exchange Rates

2013

1.4718

2014

1.7626

2015

1.7674

2016

1.7674

2017

1.729

Currency

konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar -

Exports

2016

$4.288 billion

2017

$5.205 billion

Exports Commodities

metals, clothing, wood products

Exports Partners

Germany 14.7%, Croatia 11.8%, Italy 11.1%, Serbia 10%, Slovenia 9%, Austria 8.3% (2017)

Fiscal Year

calendar year

GDP Composition By End Use

Exports Of Goods And Services

38.7% (2017 est.)

Government Consumption

20% (2017 est.)

Household Consumption

77.4% (2017 est.)

Imports Of Goods And Services

-55.1% (2017 est.)

Investment In Fixed Capital

16.6% (2017 est.)

Investment In Inventories

2.3% (2017 est.)

GDP Composition By Sector Of Origin

Agriculture

6.8% (2017 est.)

Industry

28.9% (2017 est.)

Services

64.3% (2017 est.)

GDP Official Exchange Rate

$18.17 billion (2017 est.)

GDP Per Capita Ppp

2015

$11,900

2016

$12,400

2017

$12,800

GDP Purchasing Power Parity

2015

$42.19 billion

2016

$43.54 billion

2017

$44.83 billion

GDP Real Growth Rate

2015

3.1%

2016

3.2%

2017

3%

Gross National Saving

2015

10.5% of GDP

2016

11.1% of GDP

2017

11% of GDP

Household Income Or Consumption By Percentage Share

Highest 10

25.8% (2011 est.)

Lowest 10

2.9%

Imports

2016

$8.337 billion

2017

$9.547 billion

Imports Commodities

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports Partners

Germany 11.6%, Italy 11.3%, Serbia 11.1%, Croatia 10.1%, China 6.5%, Slovenia 5%, Russia 4.7%, Turkey 4.2% (2017)

Industrial Production Growth Rate

3% (2017 est.)

Industries

steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining

Inflation Rate Consumer Prices

2016

-1.1%

2017

1.2%

Labor Force

1.38 million (2017 est.)

Labor Force By Occupation

Agriculture

18%

Industry

30.4%

Services

51.7% (2017 est.)

Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares

NA

Population Below Poverty Line

16.9% (2015 est.)

Public Debt

2016

44.1% of GDP

2017

39.5% of GDP

Reserves Of Foreign Exchange And Gold

31 December 2016

$5.137 billion

31 December 2017

$6.474 billion

Stock Of Broad Money

31 December 2016

$5.013 billion

31 December 2017

$6.483 billion

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment Abroad

2014

$0

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment at Home

31 December 2015

$7.071 billion

31 December 2016

$7.332 billion

Stock Of Domestic Credit

31 December 2016

$9.27 billion

31 December 2017

$11.3 billion

Stock Of Narrow Money

31 December 2016

$5.013 billion

31 December 2017

$6.483 billion

Taxes And Other Revenues

44% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment Rate

2016

25.4%

2017

20.5%

Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption Of Energy

22.07 million Mt (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Imports

18,480 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Production

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude Oil Proved Reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity Access

100% (2016)

Electricity Consumption

11.87 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Exports

6.007 billion kWh (2015 est.)

Electricity From Fossil Fuels

49% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity From Hydroelectric Plants

51% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Nuclear Fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Other Renewable Sources

1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity Imports

3.084 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Installed Generating Capacity

4.676 million kW (2016 est.)

Electricity Production

16.99 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Natural Gas Consumption

226.5 million cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Imports

226.5 million cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Production

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Proved Reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Consumption

32,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Exports

4,603 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Imports

18,280 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Production

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

17 (2017 est.)

Total

663,670

Broadcast Media

3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV broadcasting stations; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations

Internet Country Code

.ba

Internet Users

Percent Of Population

69.3% (July 2016 est.)

Total

2,677,502

Telephone System

Domestic

fixed-line teledensity roughly 20 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly and stands at roughly 90 telephones per 100 persons (2018)

General Assessment

post-war reconstruction of the telecommunications network, aided by an internationally sponsored program, resulted in sharp increases in fixed-line telephone availability; integration with the EU has given stability to the present economy, additionally a regulatory framework and the market has been liberalised; DSL and cable are the chief platforms for fixed-line connectivity, there is a small market presence of fibre broadband; new mobile roaming fees come into effect similar to other EU countries; rural areas still suffer from insufficient connectivity (2018)

International

country code - 387; no satellite earth stations

Telephones Fixed Lines

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

20 (2017 est.)

Total Subscriptions

759,344

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

89 (2017 est.)

Total Subscriptions

3,440,085

Airports

24 (2013)

Airports With Paved Runways

1 524 To 2 437 M

1 (2017)

2 438 To 3 047 M

4 (2017)

Total

7 (2017)

Under 914 M

2 (2017)

Airports With Unpaved Runways

1 524 To 2 437 M

1 (2013)

914 To 1 523 M

5 (2013)

Total

17 (2013)

Under 914 M

11 (2013)

Civil Aircraft Registration Country Code Prefix

T9 (2016)

Heliports

6 (2013)

National Air Transport System

Annual Freight Traffic On Registered Air Carriers

87 mt-km (2015)

Annual Passenger Traffic On Registered Air Carriers

7,070 (2015)

Inventory Of Registered Aircraft Operated By Air Carriers

1 (2015)

Number Of Registered Air Carriers

1 (2015)

Pipelines

147 km gas, 9 km oil (2013)

Ports And Terminals

Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, Brcko, Orasje (Sava River)

Railways

Standard Gauge

965 km 1.435-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2014)

Total

965 km (2014)

Roadways

Paved

19,426 km (4,652 km of interurban roads) (2010)

Total

22,926 km (2010)

Unpaved

3,500 km (2010)

Waterways

(Sava River on northern border; open to shipping but use limited) (2011)

Military And Security Forces

Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Operations Command (includes Army, Air, and Air Defense units), Support Command (2019)

Military Expenditures

2014

1.03% of GDP

2015

1% of GDP

2016

0.99% of GDP

2017

0.91% of GDP

2018

1.11% of GDP

Military Service Age And Obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 35 or after 15 years of service for E-1 through E-4, mandatory retirement at age 50 and 30 years of service for E-5 through E-9, mandatory retirement at age 55 and 30 years of service for all officers (2014)

Disputes International

Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute

Illicit Drugs

increasingly a transit point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement, and instances of corruption

Refugees And Internally Displaced Persons

Idps

99,000 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-95 war) (2018)

Refugees Country Of Origin

5,120 (Croatia) (2018)

Stateless Persons

90 (2018)